Learning management systems (LMS) are software tools designed to manage online and virtual classroom learning. They allow instructors to create and deliver content, monitor student progress, and assess performance. Both commercial and open-source LMS exist. The document discusses several open-source LMS like Moodle, Sakai, Claroline and OLAT and how higher education institutions in India can adopt open-source LMS to bridge the digital divide and effectively coordinate online learning while still pursuing organizational goals.