1.1 Dr Yatsu, Opening Global Forum Tokyo
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1) Japan experienced rapid increases in municipal solid waste from 1955-1970 due to economic growth. Similar increases occurred in industrial waste. 2) To address the waste problems, Japan enacted numerous laws from the 1960s onward to promote proper waste treatment, recycling, and the establishment of a sound material-cycle society. 3) Current policies focus on reducing waste generation, increasing recycling rates, and reducing the amount of final waste disposal. The 3rd Fundamental Plan aims to further these goals by 2020.
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Resources productivity
(GDP/natural resources input)
Recycling rate
Final disposal volume of waste
[Target
FY2020 ]
460,000
yen/ton
[Target
FY2020 ]
17%
[Target
FY2020]
17 million
tons
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
[FY2000]
56 million
tons [FY2010]
19 million
tons
[FY2000]
248,000
yen/ton
[FY2010]
374,000
yen/ton
[FY2000 ]
10.0%
[FY2010 ]
15.3%
cyclical use / (natural resource input + cyclical use)
Japan’s progress towards establishing a SMC society
– changes in major indexes and goals targeted by the 3rd Fundamental Plan –](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-140627085733-phpapp02/85/1-1-Dr-Yatsu-Opening-Global-Forum-Tokyo-16-320.jpg)
1.1 Dr Yatsu, Opening Global Forum Tokyo
- 1. Japan’s International Cooperation on 3R Promotion Ryutaro Yatsu, Ph.D. Vice-Minister Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1 Global Forum on Environment Tokyo, Japan, 17 June 2014
- 2. 2 IntroductionIntroduction Changes in Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Japan
- 3. 3 • Rapid increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) witnessed for 1955 – 1970, in terms of annual amount of generation and per- capita generation • This is closely related to the initial economic growth • Change in life-style and population increase, caused by the economic growth, also had great effects on the volume and composition of MSW • Similar changes are taking place in Industrial Waste IntroductionIntroduction Clarify problems caused by changes regarding waste and how Japan addressed to those problems Examine what we need to do in order to make appropriate waste management, based on such experiences
- 4. Period Contents Enactment of laws Post war - 1950s - Waste treatment as a measure for environment and health protection - Conservation of healthy and comfortable living environment - Public Cleaning Act (1954) 1960s - 1970s - Amount of industrial waste increases along with the high economic growth and the problem of pollution comes to the fore. - Waste treatment as a measures for environment conservation 1980s - Improvement of waste treatment plants is promoted - Environment conservation along with the waste treatment 1990s - Waste disposal control and promotion of recycling - Establish various recycling systems - Countermeasures for hazardous substances (incl. dioxin) - Introduction of systems for proper waste treatment, to accommodate a large variety of kinds and characteristics of waste 2000 - - 3R Promotion for building of a sound material-cycle society - Reinforcement of measures of industrial waste treatment - Control enhancement of illegal waste disposals History of regulations related to recycling 4 - Act on urgent measures for improvement of living environment (1963) - Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1970) - Amendment of the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1976) - Act on Bay Area Marine and Environment Consolidation Centers (1981) - Law for Combine Household Wastewater Treatment Facility (1983) - Amendment of the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1991) - Act on Promotion of Development of Specified Facilities for the Disposal of Industrial Waste (1992) - Basic Environmental Act (1993) - Act for Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging (1995) - Amendment of the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (1997) - Home Appliance Recycling Act (1998) - Act on Special Measures against Dioxins (1999) - Basic Act on Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (2000) - Law for the Promotion of the construction material recycling and Utilization of Recyclable Food Resources (2000) - Amendment of the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (2000) - Act Concerning Special Measures Against PCB Waste (2001) - End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law (2002) - Act on Special Measures concerning Removal of Environmental Problems Caused by Industrial Wastes (2003) - Amendment of the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Act (2003 - 2006, 2010) - Small Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling Act (2013)
- 5. 5 Municipal Waste Incineration Technology
- 6. 6 Gasification melting system Gasification reform system Shaft furnace type Kiln type Fluidized bed type Stoker + ash melting furnace Fluidized bed + ash melting furnace ash melting furnace Electric melting system Surface melting system Plasma type Arc type Electric resistance type Fix type Rotate type Separate system (waste combustion + ash melting) Classification of “waste-to-energy” incineration technology
- 7. 7 • located near Shibuya Station • a high technology with a capacity of 200t/day • strict gas emission regulations for NOx, SOx, smoke, dioxin and other gases • A steam turbine generator that generates a maximum of 4,200kW. • Excess electricity being sold to Tokyo Electric Power Company. • Operation under automatic control Source: Clean Association of TOKYO 23 Shibuya Incineration Plant Constructed in 2001 Shinagawa Incineration Plant Waste incineration facilities in residential and commercial areas
- 8. 8 Reduced dioxin emissions by 98% compared to 1997 from incineration plants in Japan Solution to poisonous gas and dioxin emissions
- 9. 9 The largest scale plant with the capacity to handle 4320t/day was built in Singapore by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. In Taipei delivered by Hitachi Zosen Corporation An industrial waste incinerator by JFE Engineering Corporation has been operating in Thailand since 2006. Its treatment capacity is 100t/day. An electric generating facility with the capacity of 30,000 KW and steam condition of 4MPa and 400 has been℃ delivered to the incineration plant in Beijing, with capacity to handle 1,600t/day, by Takuma Co., Ltd. Japanese Incineration Technology Transferred to the Asian Region
- 10. 5113 5090 5127 5180 5222 5291 5310 5361 5370 5483 5468 5420 5427 5338 5272 5202 5082 4811 4625 4536 1638 1530 1496 1414 1360 1309 1201 1135 1087 1051 995 903 845 809 733 681 635 553 507 484 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The emission of general waste, after recording a peak of 548.3 million ton in 2010, continues to decrease. The amount of final disposition tends to decrease along with progress in recycling and reduction. General waste final dispositionGeneral waste emission Wasteemission(10,000tons) * Waste emission per day per head (g/man–day) - 1991 1,118 (g/man–day) - 2000 1,185 (g/man–day) - 2010 976 (g/man–day) * * * Changes in general waste emission and in final disposition 10
- 11. The total emission of industrial waste in 2010 is 390 million tons, and since 1990, has almost no changes in this level. The final disposition also tends to decrease with progress in recycling and reduction. Changes in industrial waste emission and in final disposition 111990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
- 12. The recycling rate of municipal waste is 20.8% (FY2010). The recycling rate of municipal waste was rising steadily, and exceeded 20% in both FY2007 and FY2008. The recycling rate of industrial waste is 53.0% (FY2009). The recycling rate of industrial waste, which was rising gradually, exceeded 50% since FY2004. The recycling rate of industrial waste Trend of the waste recycling rate The recycling rate of municipal waste Year Year 12
- 13. Waste Management Law Partially amended in February 2006 Waste Management Law Partially amended in February 2006 Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging Law for the Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging The Basic Environment LawThe Basic Environment Law Basic Environment PlanBasic Environment Plan ＜ Promotion of recycling ＞＜ Proper treatment of waste ＞ Regulations according to characteristics of individual articles Bottles, PET bottles, paper or plastic containers and packages Air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, TVs, washing machines, drying machines Green Purchasing Law （ The State takes the initiative to promote the procurement of recycled items)Green Purchasing Law （ The State takes the initiative to promote the procurement of recycled items) Timber, concrete, asphalt Food residues Vehicles Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances Construction Materials Recycling Law Construction Materials Recycling Law Law for the Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles Law for the Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles Ensuring material cycle in society Reducing consumption of natural resources Lowering environmental load Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (Basic Framework Act) Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (Basic Framework Act) ①Reduction of waste generation ②Proper treatment of waste (including recycling) ③Regulation for establishment of waste treatment facilities ④Regulation for waste treatment operators ⑤Establishment of waste treatment standards, etc. ①Recycling of recycled resources ②Ingenuity and innovation to create structures and use materials to facilitate recycling ③Labeling for sorted collection ④Promotion of effective utilization of by-products reduce recycle reuse→ recycle ( １Ｒ ) ( ３Ｒ ) Fundamental Plan for Establishing a sound material-cycle society The fundamentals for other plans designed by the State Fundamental Plan for Establishing a sound material-cycle society The fundamentals for other plans designed by the State Completely enforced in August 1994 Completely amended and announced in April 2006 Completely enforced in January 2001 Officially announced in March 2003 Amended in March 2008 Completely amended and enforced in April 2001 Completely enforced in May 2001 Partially amended in June2007 Completely enforced in April 2001 Completely enforced in April 2000 Partially amended in June 2006 Completely enforced in May 2002 Completely enforced in January 2005 Completely enforced in April 2001 Legal systems for establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Law for the promotion of the Utilization of Recyclable Food Resources Law for the promotion of the Utilization of Recyclable Food Resources Small Home Appliance Recycling Law Small Home Appliance Recycling Law WEEE Announced in August 2012 13
- 14. Formation of a Sound Material-Cycle Society, focusing on its quality Promotion of global efforts 14 A global sound material-cycle society through the Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific Promotion of technology transfer by Japanese Waste Management and Recycling Industry 2R (Reduce, Reuse) promotion Recovery of useful metals from consumed products and promotion of a high grade recycle Conversion of recycle and biomass resources into energy Development of the efforts integrating the elements for a low carbon society and a nature-harmonized society, and grade-up of the local recycling network Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake Effective treatment and reuse of disaster waste Safe treatment of waste contaminated by radioactive substance Key points of the 3rd Fundamental Plan for a SMC Society
- 15. Point related EPR in the Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Clarification of the roles of the national government, local public entities, companies and the citizens For building the sound material-cycle society, in order to work with the national government, local public entities, companies and the citizens altogether, their responsibilities are clarified, particulary (1) Clarify “the producer responsibility” of businesses and citizens (2) Establishment of general principle of “the extended producer responsibility” in which the producer takes certain responsibility of its products produced even after the products are disposed. Point related EPR in the Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society Clarification of the roles of the national government, local public entities, companies and the citizens For building the sound material-cycle society, in order to work with the national government, local public entities, companies and the citizens altogether, their responsibilities are clarified, particulary (1) Clarify “the producer responsibility” of businesses and citizens (2) Establishment of general principle of “the extended producer responsibility” in which the producer takes certain responsibility of its products produced even after the products are disposed. 15 The Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
- 16. 16 Resources productivity (GDP/natural resources input) Recycling rate Final disposal volume of waste [Target FY2020 ] 460,000 yen/ton [Target FY2020 ] 17% [Target FY2020] 17 million tons 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 [FY2000] 56 million tons [FY2010] 19 million tons [FY2000] 248,000 yen/ton [FY2010] 374,000 yen/ton [FY2000 ] 10.0% [FY2010 ] 15.3% cyclical use / (natural resource input + cyclical use) Japan’s progress towards establishing a SMC society – changes in major indexes and goals targeted by the 3rd Fundamental Plan –
- 17. FY 2010 (Note) Water content: water contents of wastes (sludge, livestock’s waste, night soil, waste acid, waste alkali) and sludge contingently dumped in the process of economic activities (sludge in mining, construction and in waterworks as well as slag) 17 Import Import Export Export Imported resources Imported resources Domestic resources Domestic resources Input of natural resources Input of natural resources Total material input Total material input Final disposal Final disposalWater content, etc. Water content, etc. Energy consumption and industrial process emissions Energy consumption and industrial process emissionsCompost Compost Waste generation Waste generation Food consumption Food consumption Natural return Natural return ReductionReduction Recycled amount Recycled amount Net additions to stock Net additions to stock Imported products Imported products (unit = million tons) (unit = million tons) FY 2000 Total material input: 2.138 → 1.611 (billion tons) Final disposal: 56→19 (million tons) Recycled amount: 213→246 (million tons) Material Flow of Japan
- 18. Objective products Efforts Results Act for Promotion of Sorted Collection and Recycling of Containers and Packaging (Enacted in June 1995) (Revised in June 2006) - Steel cans, aluminum cans, glass bottles - Cardboards, cartons, paper containers and packages - PET bottles, plastic containers, plastic packages Legal obligations; (1) Consumers sort and take out the waste (2) Local authority collects classified waste (3) Business entities are required to recycle materials Separated collection rate of waste by local authorities in FY 2011 - 90% or more for cans, bottles and PET bottles - Approx. 80% for cartons - Approx. 70% for plastic containers - Approx. 40% for paper containers and packages Home Appliance Recycling Act (Enacted in June 1998) - Air conditioner - TV sets - Refrigerator, freezer - Clothes washing machine, clothes dryer Manufacturers are obliged to collect and recommercialize their products, and retailers are obliged to collect and deliver their used products. Recommercialized ratio: Air conditioner 89%, CRT-based TV sets79%, LCD and plasma TV sets 83%, refrigerator and freezer 79%, washing machine and dryer for clothes 87% (FY 2011) Law for the Promotion of the construction material recycling (Enacted in May 2000) - Concrete - Construction materials made of concrete and iron - Wooden material - Asphalt concrete block Contractors, when earning a construction work contract of a certain level or larger, are obliged to classify and recycle construction materials on site. Recycle ratio: Asphalt concrete block 98.4%, concrete block 97.3%, wooden materials from construction 89.4% (FY 2008) Law for the Promotion of Utilization of Recyclable Food Resources (Enacted in June 2000) (Revised in June 2007 Food waste discharged from food- related business operators, including food production, distribution and restaurant industries Food-related business operators are required to make an effort to achieve the goal in regard to the recycling and utilization of food resources Recycle ratio: Food manufacturing industry 94%, food wholesaler 53%, food retailer 37%, restaurant industry 17% (FY 2010) End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law (Enacted in July 2002) Automotive shredder residues (ASR), airbags, CFC, etc. which were included in end-of-life cars. (* Iron scraps are exempt from recycling because of being valuable in the market.) Automotive manufacturers are obligated to collect and recycle crushed residue from end-of-life cars Recycle ratio by automotive manufacturers: Shredder dust 92-94%, airbags 92-100% (FY 2011) Small Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling Act (Enacted in August 2012) Small electrical and electronic appliances (* The items in this category are specified by the ordinances.) Local authorities collect classified waste and business operators promote recycling － Act on the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources (Enacted in June 2000) - PC - Small-sized rechargeable battery (sealed type) By providing the system of designating certain kinds of trades and products, manufactures hereof are promoted to recover and recycle the material on their own initiative. Recycle ratio: Desktop PC 76.6%, notebook PC 57.2% Recycling of the small-sized rechargeable batteries: nickel cadmium battery 72.8%, nickel hydrogen battery 76.6% (FY 2011) 2-1. Overview of the individual recycling acts
- 19. • A variety of end-of-life products existed in Japan contains useful metals available as raw materials, total amount of which is equal to that of large mines overseas （ urban mine ） . • The quantity of end-of-life small electronic appliances that are disposed of is 651,000 tons per year, and the useful metals contained within them are estimated at 279,000 tons (equivalent to 84.4 billion yen) 19 Japan’s Prospective Terrestrial Resources
- 20. • Recovery ratio against domestic demand : tantalum 9.4%, gold 6.4%, silver 3.7% • An average cell phone (140 grams) contains 48 milligrams of gold. Equal to the volume of material that can be obtained from 52.8 kg of earth and sand excavated in mines. 20 Japan’s Prospective Terrestrial Resources
- 21. • Legal framework to ensure stable recycling – Authorization of business operators by the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry – Used small electronic devices collected by local governments being delivered to the authorized business operators – Exemption for the authorized business operators from obtaining permission based on the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law 21 Enforced in April, 2013 Small Home Appliance Recycling Law
Editor's Notes
- #13: Recycling rate of both MW and IW are increasing. MW recycling rate exceeded 20% in recent years. Doubling from 10 years ago. IW recycling rate is exceeded 50% in these years.
- #14: To begin with, let me explain about Japan’s legal system to establish a sound material-cycle society. As you will see, the Basic Environment Law is at the top of the legal system, and under the Basic Environment Law, there is the Basic Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society as a basic framework in the area of waste and recycling. Based on the Basic Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, the government decides upon a Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society as a Cabinet decision in every five years. This year falls on a year when the government revises the Plan, and a new plan will be decided in next January. ---------- Under the Basic Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, there are two comprehensive acts entitled “Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law” and “Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources,” and further there are 6 individual recycling laws, such as Containers and Packaging Recycling Law and Home Appliances Recycling Law.
- #15: The Third Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society was formulated in May 2013, defining three key areas for action. First, we consolidate a sound material-cycle society, with particular focus on its quality aspect. More specifically, we advance 2Rs (reduce, reuse) promotion, advanced use of recyclable resources and securing of resources, circulative resources and biomass resources for sources of energy, and optimization of local recycling zone. Second, we take international initiatives to promote 3Rs such as the Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific and support of technology transfer to achieve global-scale reductions in environmental impact. Third, we continue reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake by dealing with effective treatment and reuse of disaster waste and safe treatment of waste contaminated by radioactive substance.