OOP_Module 2.pptx
- 1. Object Oriented Programming Introduction to OOP Design (Day 1) Prof. Prasenjit Kumar Das, Dept. of CST/CSIT, UEM Kolkata Email : prasenjitdas139@gmail.com
- 2. Module 2: Object-Oriented Programming Constructs Class, Object relationships among classes- association, dependency (use, call), aggregation, grouping, generalisation relationships among objects - instantiation, links meta-class Modelling with UML Class and Sequence Diagrams
- 3. OOP Design Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming model that organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. An object can be defined as a data field that has unique attributes and behavior. Is OOP used in software development? Object Oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that relies on the concept of classes and objects. It is used to structure a software program into simple, reusable pieces of code blueprints (usually called classes), which are used to create individual instances of objects.
- 4. Object Oriented System Development Life Cycle It consists of three macro processes − Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) Object oriented design (OOD) Object oriented Implementation (OOI) Object-Oriented Analysis(OOA) This phase concerns with determining the system requirements and to understand the system requirements build a use-case model. A use-case is a scenario to describe the interaction between user and computer system. This model represents the user needs or user view of system.
- 5. Object-Oriented Design The objective of this phase is to design and refine the classes, attributes, methods, and structures that are identified during the analysis phase, user interface, and data access. This phase also identifies and defines the additional classes or objects that support implementation of the requirement Object Oriented Implementation Prototyping Prototyping enables to fully understand how easy or difficult it will be to implement some of the features of the system.
- 6. Implementation It uses either Component-Based Development (CBD) or Rapid Application Development (RAD) Incremental Testing Software development and all of its activities including testing are an iterative process. Therefore, it can be a costly affair if we wait to test a product only after its complete development. Here incremental testing comes into picture wherein the product is tested during various stages of its development.
- 7. Class Diagram Relationships Class diagrams are the main building blocks of object-oriented modeling so it is important that you understand the various class diagram relationships and how they affect your solution. Classes are interrelated to each other in specific ways. In particular, relationships in class diagrams include different types of logical connections. The following are such types of logical connections that are possible in UML
- 8. • Association Association - One of the most common in class diagram relationships It is a broad term that encompasses just about any logical connection or relationship between classes. For example, passenger and airline may be linked as above.
- 9. Directed Association refers to a directional relationship represented by a line with an arrowhead. The arrowhead depicts a container-contained directional flow.
- 10. Aggregation refers to the formation of a particular class as a result of one class being aggregated or built as a collection. For example, the class “library” is made up of one or more books, among other materials. In aggregation, the contained classes are not strongly dependent on the lifecycle of the container. In the same example, books will remain so even when the library is dissolved. To show aggregation in a diagram, draw a line from the parent class to the child class with a diamond shape near the parent class.
- 11. Composition A composition association relationship represents a whole–part relationship and is a form of aggregation. A composition association relationship specifies that the lifetime of the part classifier is dependent on the lifetime of the whole classifier. In a composition association relationship, data usually flows in only one direction (that is, from the whole classifier to the part classifier). For example, a composition association relationship connects a Student class with a Schedule class, which means that if you remove the student, the schedule is also removed.
- 12. Dependency Using a dependency relationship in UML, one can relate how various things inside a particular system are dependent on each other. Dependency is used to describe the relationship between various elements in UML that are dependent upon each other
- 14. Generalization It is also called a parent-child relationship. In generalization, one element is a specialization of another general component. It may be substituted for it. It is mostly used to represent inheritance. To show inheritance in a UML diagram, a solid line from the child class to the parent class is drawn using an unfilled arrowhead
- 15. When to Draw Class Diagram? Most of the UML diagrams can not be mapped directly with any object-oriented programming languages except class diagrams. In other words, class diagram ideally can have one to one mapping to UML class diagrams. Besides, class diagrams are useful in the following situations: Describing the static view of the system. Modeling the collaboration among the elements of the static view. Describing the functionalities performed by the system. Construction of software applications using object oriented languages. Performing code forward engineering for the target systems Classifying classes or components as library for future reuse
- 16. What are the Class Diagrams? Class diagrams are the main building block in object-oriented modeling. They are used to show the different objects in a system, their attributes, their operations and the relationships among them. The following figure is an example of a Simple class diagram with attributes and operations
- 17. In the example, a class called “loan account” is depicted. Classes in class diagrams are represented by boxes that are partitioned into three: The top partition contains the name of the class. The middle part contains the class’s attributes. The bottom partition shows the possible operations that are associated with the class. The example shows how a class can encapsulate all the relevant data of a particular object in a very systematic and clear way. A class diagram is a collection of classes similar to the one above.
- 18. Class Diagram For LMS(Library Management System) Class Diagram for Library Management System simply describes structure of Library Management System class, attributes, methods or operations, relationship among objects. • Classes of Library Management System : • Library Management System class – It manages all operations of Library Management System. It is central part of organization for which software is being designed. • User Class – It manages all operations of user. • Librarian Class – It manages all operations of Librarian. • Book Class – It manages all operations of books. It is basic building block of system.
- 19. • Account Class – It manages all operations of account. • Library database Class – It manages all operations of library database. • Staff Class – It manages all operations of staff. • Student Class – It manages all operations of student.
- 20. Attributes of Library Management System : • Library Management System Attributes – • UserType, Username, Password • User Attributes – • Name, Id • Librarian Attributes – • Name, Id, Password, SearchString • Book Attributes – • Title, Author, ISBN, Publication • Account Attributes – • no_borrowed_books, no_reserved_books, no_returned_books, no_lost_books fine_amount • Library database Attributes – • List_of_books • Staff Class Attributes – • Dept • Student Class Attributes – • Class
- 21. Methods of Library Management System : • Library Management System Methods – • Login(), Register(), Logout() • User Methods – • Verify(), CheckAccount(), get_book_info() • Librarian Methods – • Verify_librarian(), Search() • Book Methods – • Show_duedt(), Reservation_status(), Feedback(), Book_request(), Renew_info() • Account Methods – • Calculate_fine() • Library database Methods – • Add(), Delete(), Update(), Display(), Search()