BODY MECHANICS AND EXERCISE
- 1. LESSION PLAN ON BODY MECHANICS AND EXERCISE PRESENTED BY MR.PRASHANT F BIRHADE MSC NURSING 1ST YEAR CON GMC NAGPUR
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • In this presentation you will learn .. • Define and meaning of Body mechanics • Principles of body mechanics • Factors affecting body mechanics • Meaning of exercise • Types of exercise • Care of patient with splint and cast
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Mobility, or the capacity to move around freely in one’s surroundings, is essential to day-to-day functioning. • The ability to carry out activities of daily living, work- related activities and role related tasks such as parent, teacher, administrator.
- 4. DEFINITION • Body mechanics is defined as using alignment, posture and balance in a coordinated effort to perform activities such as lifting, bending and moving. • Body mechanics involves the coordinated effort of muscles, bones, and the nervous system to maintain balance, posture, and alignment during moving, transferring, and positioning patients.
- 5. MAINTAINANCE OF NORMAL BODY ALIGNMENT AND ACTIVITY • Body alignment or posture Good posture and body alignment promotes optimal musculoskeletal balance
- 6. POSTURAL REFLEXES • The musculoskeletal and nervous systems' integrated functioning is crucial for body alignment and balance, relying on various postural reflexes.
- 7. BALANCE • Balance bodies have a center of gravity close to their base of support • To maintain body balance, keep feet apart and flex the hips and knees, lowering the center of gravity
- 8. • Co-ordinated Body Movement Utilizing major muscle groups and body's natural levers and fulcrums, such as thighs, knees, and arms, facilitates coordinated body movement • Labyrinthine Sense Sensory organs in the inner ear provide position and movement sense, stimulated by body movement, which transmit impulses to the cerebellum.
- 9. • Visual or Optic Reflexes • Visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting the person to relationship with the environment. • Extensor or Stretch Reflex • Extensor muscles stimulate a reflex contraction when stretched beyond a certain point, helping to re-establish erect posture.
- 10. SPINAL ABNORMALITIES • Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis are vertebral column abnormalities affecting middle- aged and older adults. • Kyphosis involves increased convexity in the thoracic spine, while lordosis is an exaggerated lumbar spine curvature. Scoliosis is lateral deviation.
- 11. PROPRIOCEPTOR OR KINAESTHETIC SENSE • Joint movements stimulate special nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and fascia, indicating the location of a limb or body part in the brain.
- 12. PRINCIPLES OF BODY MECHANICS • Proper balancing of all body parts • Stability of body maintained by greater base support • Strain or injury avoided by pelvic tilt • Facing direction of work • Moving an object on a level of surface
- 13. CONTINUE….. Holding an object close to the body requires less energy than holding it farther away. Muscle strain can be avoided by using the strong leg muscles when lifting, pushing and pulling. Using rhythmic movements at normal speed require less energy.
- 14. FACTORS AFFECTING ON BODY MECHANICS • Developmental factors • Age and neuromuscular development significantly impact body proportions, posture, mass, movements, and reflexes. Nurses must understand these developmental variations to facilitate patient self-care actions. • • Physical Health • Musculoskeletal and nervous system issues can impact body alignment and movement, requiring sensitivity to acute and chronic health problems' impact on posture, movement, and daily living activities. • • Mental Health • Physical health impacts mental health, with depression slowing body processes and causing visible energy loss. Posture may also be affected, with individuals often bowed and slumped.
- 15. • Nutrition • Poor nutrition leads to muscle weakness, fatigue, bone deformity, osteoporosis, and obesity, which can distort movements and stress joints. • Lifestyle • Lifestyle choices are influenced by occupation, leisure preferences, and cultural influences. Sedentary activities in many occupations necessitate regular exercise planning. • Factors like diet, smoking history, culture, and gender also impact • Attitude and values • Attitude and values learned early can be internalized for life, influencing exercise choices. People's values can influence their commitment to exercise, such as physical attractiveness or strength. However, some may view body development as a chore, avoiding exercise altogether.
- 16. EXERCISE • Active exertion of muscles involving the contraction and relaxation of muscle groups is termed exercise • Exercise is that activity which requires alignment, posture, balance and coordinated movement it provide many physiological and psychological benefits.
- 17. TYPES OF EXERCISE • Based on the source of energy – 1) Aerobic 2)Anaerobic • 2. Based on the muscle tension or contraction - I. Isotonic II. Isometric III.Isokinetic
- 18. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISE • Aerobic exercise, such as running, cycling, and dancing, increases oxygen consumption, promotes cardiovascular conditioning, and improves lung health through vigorous muscle movement. • Anaerobic pathways are utilized in endurance exercises when oxygen sources are depleted, providing temporary energy for the muscle
- 19. • Isotonic = involves constant muscle tension, contraction and active movement • Ex. walking, running. • Isometric • Involves static contraction of muscles without movement • Ex. plank, push up etc.
- 20. ISOKINETIC EXERCISE • Isokinetic exercises involve muscle contraction or tension against resistance, useful for physical conditioning and building up specific muscle groups like the pectoralis.
- 21. RANGE OF MOTION EXERCISE Exercises involve moving joints through their full range of motion, aiming to improve muscle strength, prevent immobility complications, and increase joint flexibility. These exercises, starting from head to downward, include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and pronation.
- 22. EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY • Immobility impacts various functions, causing physical and mental determination. Disuse refers to decreased organ or body part use, while immobility refers to the inability to move the whole body or part. • SYSTEMS that effects of immobility. • Musculoskeletal • Integumentary • Cardiovascular = DVT , pulmonary embolism • Respiratory = hypostatic pneumonia • Gastro intestinal : anorexia ,
- 23. MUSCULOSKELETAL EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY • Atrophy • Reduction in size and strength of muscles due to inactivity • Contracture • Contracture is the abnormal shortening of muscle fibers or connective tissue, leading to resistance to stretching, flexion, and permanent fixation, and can also result from skin elasticity loss.
- 24. EFFECTS ON INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Pressure ulcer = Is any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that leads to damage of the underlying tissue. • Excoriation an injury to the epidermis caused by abrasion, scratching, a burn or chemicals, such as sweat, wound drainage, faces or urine coming in contact with skin. • Maceration
- 25. CARE OF PATIENTS WITH SPLINT • Splints are the devices used to support or immobilize a limb or joint. They are used as short-term treatment for any painful injury, which helps to prevent further injury.
- 26. PURPOSE OF SPLINTS • To immobilize and stabilize extremity injuries to prevent further damage to soft tissues, blood vessels, nerves, or bones • To decrease pain from the impaired neurologic function or muscle spasm • To decrease swelling associated with injury by reducing blood and fluid loss into the soft tissues • To immobilize injured areas after burns, bites, or stings • To immobilize areas during the healing of infections or inflammatory processes and after the surgical repair of muscles or tendons
- 27. CARE OF PATIENT WITH CAST • A cast is a rigid, temporary, immobilizing, and protective external device made of layers of plasters or fiberglass material molded to the body parts that it encases • types 1. Short arm casts: Extends from below the elbow to the palm 2. Thumb spica: Extends from below the elbow to the palm and includes the thumb 3. Long-arm cast: Extends from axilla to palm, with the elbow normally immobilized at a right angle
- 28. PURPOSES OF CAST 1. To immobilize, support and protect the fractured extremity. 2. To correct and prevent deformities 3. To stabilize weakened joints 4. To apply uniform compression to soft tissues of an amputated extremity 5. To promote healing process 6. To prevent injury in case of osteomyelitis 7. To promote early mobilization
- 29. ASSIGNMENT NURSING DIAGNOSIS • Acute pain • Impaired physical mobility • Anxiety • Disturbed body image • Deficient knowledge regarding cast • Risk for impaired skin integrity • Risk for ineffective tissue perfusion • Write and submit nursing process. • Write basic nursing care to the patients with cast and splints?
- 30. SUMMARY • Define and meaning of Body mechanics • Principles of body mechanics • Factors affecting body mechanics • Meaning of exercise • Types of exercise • Care of patient with splint and cast • Nursing roles and in care of patients with cast and splints.