Texting and driving research

Running head: The Effect of Texting and Driving 1
Annotated bibliography of a scholarly articles:
The Effect of Texting and Driving
Reem Ahmed Ali Al-Hada
Liberty University

The Effect of Texting and Driving 2
Annotated bibliography of a scholarly articles:
The Effect of Texting and Driving
(1) Burge, R., & Chaparro, A. (2012). The effects of texting and driving on hazard perception.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 56(1), 1-5.
Retrieved February 13, 2016, from http://pro.sagepub.com/content/56/1/715.full.pdf+html
The purpose of this study was to examine the driver’s hazard perception whening text and
driving. In this study, there were two types of text messaging task, one was to copy and paste a
text and the other was to alphabetize the text while driving. They used signal detection theory for
their study to explore whether drivers ability to catch on hazards sign or not. The study was
conducted at Kansas City where 10 women and 10 men participated from Wichita State
University students and some were from the surrounding community. They used a three
dimensional simulator made by DriveSim software application version 3.0. It contains 60 driving
scenarios and for each block there is 15 hazards and 15 non hazards. The results came as 11% of
the participant’s detected false alarms when they were completing the alphabetized text task and
20% was for copying task. The participants showed a “liberal response criterion” which results
less missing a hazard sign and more of detecting of false alarms. However, alphabetize texting
task results a slow response to a hazard and a low hazard detection.
“The role of focal vision in texting may be accentuated in the more difficult alphabetize-
text condition compared to the copy-condition.” The alphabetized-text messages created a
cognitive distraction that lead into missing hazards signs and a slower reaction time. The new
generation who grew up in a technology world thinks that they can multi-task and focus at the
same time. However, the study proved that the brain can only focus on one thing at a time. This

study can show college students that it is impossible to text and drive at the same time. As we see
that the reaction time had slowed down and hazard signs were missed.
(2) Harrison, M. A. (2011). College students’ prevalence and perceptions of text messaging
while driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(4), 1516-1520. Retrieved February 13, 2016,
from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457511000546#bib0130
The purpose of this study was to display the danger of texting and driving, and implement
a law against it. The study examined the frequency of texting while driving among college
student and the consequences behind their behavior. They used an online survey software with a
Likert- type scale to conduct their study. They started this study in late 2009 and end early 2010
with 103 participants, 68 were women and 35 were men. They found that 91.2 % of all
participants have texted and drove at the same time. There were also 54.9% confessed that they
drifted into another and 4.4 % hit another car because they were texting. The study’s conclusion
presents the evidence from the study of reckless behavior while driving can lead into a serious
consequence such as the death of a loved one. For this reason, the study emphasize on getting a
strict law and punishment for those who text and drive.
“Half of participants have drifted into another traffic lane while they were texting while
driving, half of respondents have texted while driving 10 miles per hour over the speed limit,
20% have done so while driving 20 miles per hour about the speed limit, 12% have done so
while driving 30 miles per hour over the speed limit, and nearly 7% failed to heed a stop sign
because they were texting.” The information helps people to realized how dangerous and it can
have severe result and help them to quit texting while driving. Even though, this study haven’t
specifically targeted the college students, the terrifying number can help to educate the students
about danger of this behavior through the peer-reviewed studies and real life stories.

(3) He, J., Chaparro, A., Crandall, J., Turner, C., Turner, K., & Ellis, J. (2014). Mutual
Interferences of Driving and Texting Performance. Proceedings of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58(1), 2151-2155. Retrieved February 13, 2016, from
http://pro.sagepub.com/content/58/1/2151.full.pdf html
The purpose of this study was to observe the mutual interferences of texting and driving.
The study wants to persuade the drivers not to use their cellphones while driving. However, they
mentioned a development of a new technology such as smartphones that prevents texting while
driving. The study took place in Wichita State University and 20 students voluntarily participated
in this study. They used driving stimulator and cellphone and provided two tasks for the drivers
to do. The first one changing lanes according to the signs that have been shown. The second task
is to text with one hand and then they try to text with both hands while driving. The standard
deviation for drive and text with one hand is 1.14m and drive and text with two hand is 1.18
which it shows that driving with both hands have a smaller standard deviation at 1.04. They
concluded that texting is very distracting for drivers and can cause a crash and endanger their
lives.
“The standard deviation of lane deviation in the drive-only condition (M = 1.04 m) was
significantly smaller than that in the drive + texting with one hand (M = 1.14 m) and drive +
texting with two hands conditions (M = 1.18 m).” As, the standard deviation shows that the
driving with both hands is smaller than texting with one hand or texting with two hands. This
statistical numbers shows how dangerous and life risking is texting and driving. Our theory
involves educating students about the danger of texting and driving and help them to understand
the severity of this behavior. For this reason, students need to know statistics so that they can
picture how susceptible they are to a car crash.

(4) Issar, N. M., Kadakia, R. J., Tsahakis, J. M., Yoneda, Z. T., Sethi, M. K., Mir, H. R., . . .
Jahangir, A. A. (2013). The link between texting and motor vehicle collision frequency in the
orthopedic trauma population. Journal of Injury and Violence Research J Inj Violence Res, 5(2),
95-100. Retrieved February 13, 2016, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1429683305?pq-
origsite=summon
The purpose of this study was whether or not orthopedic trauma was a result of a car
accident that was cause by texting and driving. Questionnaires were collected from the trauma
center to confirm the hypothesis. The research started on October 2010 to March 2011. The
study was conducted in the Orthopedic Trauma Clinic of Vanderbilt University Medical Center
in Tennessee. The research method consists of 13 brief questions (incudes demographics, trauma
details, a cellphone usage, and automobile involvement in trauma), that was handed out by the
nurses to the patients. 237 questionnaires were collected.(9) Patients who sent 30 text per week
are 2.22 times likely to be admitted to the Orthopedic Trauma Clinic who are involved in a car
wreck. The research concluded that heavy texting while driving can increase the probability of a
serious car crash and orthopedic injury.
“Texting was found to be the cell phone activity associated with the greatest probability
of being involved in a motor vehicle collision.” Since, our project is targeting mainly a young
adults “college student” this sentence will open their eyes to the reality of this dangerous act and
hopefully they will realize that they can save a life by holding on the wheels away from any
distractions. The results in the study shows terrifying numbers on how often people used their
cellphones while driving and happens to get in a car accident. 26% of people used their phone
more than 4 hours per week get into a car wreck.

(5) Kareklas, I., & Muehling, D. D. (2014). Addressing the texting and driving epidemic:
mortality salience priming effects on attitudes and behavioral intentions. J Consum Aff Journal
of Consumer Affairs, 48(2), 223. Retrieved February 13, 2016, from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=vic_liberty&id=GALE|
A377665507&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&userGroup=vic_liberty#
The purpose of this study was to use a good communication skills that will change the
perceptions of texting and driving to decrease incidences. In this study, there were two steps that
took place. The first one was conducted to explore the intentions behind texting and driving and
whether emotional appeals will be effective in informing people about the danger of texting and
driving. They sampled 357 nationally between ages 18 and 49 from an online panel. The study
doesn’t indicate specifically when it was conducted and used Likert-scale method in their
research then left a commentary section to write the reasons for why they stopped texting and
driving those who decided to stop. The study found out that a good amount of people promised
to stop texting and driving but surprisingly 24.9% planned to text and drive over the next month.
The second step of the study was conducted to test whether visual cues or verbal cues is effective
in changing the participant’s behavior and attitude toward texting and driving. They used an
online panel and collected 224 participants between ages of 18 and 49. They used pictures and
messages related to death that was a result of texting and driving and then they asked them
questions related to these pictures. In the study, they found people are addictive to texting and
driving however, exposing people to the reality of death and through evidence and real scenarios
about the issue, more people will be accepting to change their behavior.
“A significant minority (6) 24.9% of individuals surveyed) indicated that they planned to
text and drive over the next month.” The previous sentence includes how many people are

ignorant to this issue, however the study that was covered on the last paragraph shows that
emotional and visual appeals will be a trigger to those who are unaware of the threat and will act
on it. The best way to change a behavior, a health educator needs to stress out the susceptibility
and the seriousness of that behavior. The chosen sentence will target college students by
educating them on how people put their life and others (including them) in risk if no one act
upon this issue.
(6) Lennon, R., Rentfro, R., & O'Leary, B. (2010). Social marketing and distracted driving
behaviors among young adults: The effectiveness of fear appeals. Academy of Marketing Studies
Journal, 14(2), 95-113. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?
url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/808661283?accountid=12085
The purpose of this study was to conduct a fear appeal to persuade young adults against
texting and driving. This study is similar to the previous study, however, the method and
participants’ that are used in this study is slightly different. The research study was conducted on
four campuses in the southeast of the united stated and 840 young adults participated. The
experiment was consisted of pre-test, followed by two fear appeal PSA and a post test that is
related to their distracting behavior and the frequency that they used that behavior. Surprisingly,
14% of the students thinks that nothing will change their behavior. However, 15% suggested
legal action such as arresting or ticketing will help people to use cellphones while driving. The
study concluded that the results was the opposite than what they expected, however, they found
that young adult females are more susceptible to the fear appeals than young adults male.
“14% of the comments received said that no video would change behavior, and 8%
supported the use of videos like the ones used in the experiment.” As it has been said before in
the previous research study, this will emphasize how many people will use their phone even

though they recognize the outcomes of these behaviors. Showing these statistics to college
students may help them to realize that they are in danger too. The need to change their behavior
and start to change others too.
(7) Quisenberry, P. N. (2014). Texting and driving: Can it be explained by the general theory of
crime? American Journal of Criminal Justice Am J Crim Just, 40(2), 303-316. Retrieved
February 13, 2016, from http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/933/art
%3A10.1007%2Fs12103-014-9249-3.pdf?
originUrl=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-014-9249-
3&token2=exp=1455397594~acl=/static/pdf/933/art%253A10.1007%252Fs12103-014-9249-
3.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12103-014-
9249-3*~hmac=b3a7d6127493cdfffda301c6a61ac8b3ef75641dddc1bcc013e29ed582f867be
The purpose of this study was to show the effect of self-control on driving behaviors.
This study was conducted in Liberal-arts University in Southern Illinois by using convenience
sample. They study was in the spring of 2010 and used 227 of sociology students. They passed a
survey asking them their thoughts around the relationship between self-control and the danger of
texting while driving incidents, frequency of texting while driving, total text per month and
effectiveness of Illinois’ texting while driving law. The results shows that self-control is
increased because of the new law in Illinois that banned texting and driving. Self-control
decreased the amount of texting behavior. The study concluded that self-control has an impact in
changing distracted behavior while driving.
“Tougher laws may be alluring as a deterrent to this behavior, but according to the data in
this study, 96 % of respondents knew it was against the law but continued to text and drive
anyway.” Laws are created for one reason which is the safety of the people. Unfortunately,

people abuse this law and they are prideful upon their actions. This findings will help to show
college students that are involved in this actions are not only breaking the law but putting their
life in danger. Not many people realized the danger of distracted driving until it is real in front of
their eyes.
(8) Redelmeier, D. A., & R. J. (1997). Associated between cellular- telephone calls and motor
vehicle collisions [Abstract]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336. Retrieved February
13, 2016, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199702133360701
The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not texting and driving increase the
risk of car crashes. Since car crashes are one of the leading cause of death, this study is an
experiment to find out how many of these crashes could be caused by distracted drivers. The
study took place in Toronto because there is no laws against the use of cellphones while driving.
699 drivers were asked if they ever used a cellular phone while driving and whether they were
involved in car crash as a result of using their cellphone while driving. The study results was that
it is 4 times higher to get in a car crash when someone uses their cellphone. The study concluded
that driving and using the cellphone as bad as drinking and driving.
“The risk of a collision when using a cellular telephone was four times higher than the
risk when a cellular telephone was not being used.” This statement shows the high risk of using
the cellphone while driving which will help the college students to realize that they are
susceptible to a collision. They will also understand the severity of the outcome of texting and
driving. This can relate to anyone but since our project it targeting college student it also relates
to them because college students are also exposed to the risk of collision.

Texting and driving research

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