Tomography System

Puranam Revanth Kumar
CB.EN.P2CIN17005
Control and Instrumentation Engineering
TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM
Puranam Revanth Kumar Tomography System 1

Tomography is a visualization process that produces an image of what's
inside a tissue.
What is Tomography?

Types of Tomography
Medical Applications Type of Tomography
Full body scan X-ray
Respiratory, digestive
systems, brain scanning
PET Positron Emission
Tomography
Whole Body Magnetic Resonance (MRI,
NMR)

 X-rays are electromagnetic radiation.
X-ray machine sends individual x-ray particles through the body.
The images are recorded on a computer or film.
What is an X-ray ?

Fig.1. X-ray Machine
X-ray

1895 Discovery of X Rays- W.K.Roentgen .
1896 first time used in surgery .
1975 Diagnostic x-ray Machines .
1997 Digital x-ray introduced .
History

X-ray
Puranam Revanth Kumar
W. C. Roentgen
Tomography System 8

Let’s see how many bones/joints you can
identify from the following x-rays…..

Bones/joints you can identify from the following x-rays…..

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that
uses a very small dose of a radioactive chemical, called a radiotracer,
to help doctors see how the organs and tissues are working.
PET scans are used most often to detect cancer, heart problems, brain
disorders and other central nervous system disorders.
Positron Emission Tomography ?

A PET Facility

Injection of Short lived Radioactive Isotope in body. most commonly
used is FDG (fluoro-2- deoxyglucose).
Wait till tracer gets accumulated in tissues of interests.
Subject is placed in the imaging scanner.
Tissue concentration is recorded with time.
As isotope decays in body, it releases a positron in body. On
interaction with an electron, it produces a pair of photons.
Working

Working
PET scanner detect these photons and with the help of a computer creates pictures
offering details on both the structure and function of organs and tissues in your
body.

PET is used in following areas.
Neuroimaging.
Clinical oncology (medical imaging of tumors).
Musculo-skeletal imaging.
Cardiology.
Pharmacology.
Neuropsychology
Applications of PET

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
Founded in 1898 by Dr. Roswell Park
First and one of the largest cancer research, treatment & education
centers
Oncology

Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of
control.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States.
Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer.
What is Cancer?

• Lung
• Breast
• Head & Neck
• Colon
• Prostate
• Skin
• Stomach
• Bone
• Leukemia
• Brain Tumor
Different Types of Cancer

Surgery
Done to remove tumors or cancerous tissues.
Chemotherapy
A pill or IV given to eliminate the cancer cells. However, this affects a
patient’s entire body and can make a patient have hair loss or an upset
stomach.
Many Cancers can be controlled by Chemotherapy
Standard Treatments for Cancer

Difference between Normal and Cancer cell

Computed tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method
employing tomography.
The word "tomography" is derived from the Greek tomos (slice) and
graphein (to write).
A large series of two-dimensional X-ray images (slices) of the inside
of an object are taken around a single axis of rotation.
Digital geometry processing is used to generate three-dimensional
image of the object from those slices.
CT Scan

The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented by Sir
Godfrey Hounsfield in Hayes, United Kingdom at EMI Central
Research Laboratories using X-rays. Hounsfield conceived his idea in
1967. and it was publicly announced in 1972.
History

 Broken bones.
Blood clots in the brain and chest.
Abnormalities of lungs, such as Pneumonia.
Inflammation in the abdomen.
Stones ( in the gallbladder or Kidney ).
Blocked bowel passage or twisted bowel.
Cancer in various organs and body parts.
What a Body CT scan see….

one of the best and fastest tools for examining the chest, abdomen and
pelvis
It provides detailed, cross-sectional views of all types of tissue.
Used to examine patients with severe injuries from incidents such as a
motor vehicle accident.
performed on patients with acute symptoms such as abdominal pain or
difficulty breathing.
Some common uses of the procedure

Here is what a CT scanner looks like

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI )

Produces very clear, detailed pictures of the organs and structures in
the body
It is a form of medical imaging that uses no Ionizing radiation
MRI makes use of the property of Nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body.
What is MRI?

The first MR image was published in 1973.
The first studies performed on humans were published in 1977.
Created by Dr. Raymond V. Damadian, Dr. Larry Minkoff and Dr.
Michael Goldsmith.
History

Physicians use the MR examination to help diagnose or monitor
treatment for conditions such as:
• Tumors and other cancer related abnormalities.
• Certain types of heart problems.
• Blockages or enlargements of blood vessels
• Diseases of the liver, such as cirrhosis, and that of other abdominal
organs.
• Diseases of the small intestine, colon, and rectum
Common Uses

Common Uses

An MRI machine uses a powerful magnetic field to align the
magnetization of some atoms in the body.
Radio frequency fields systematically alter the alignment of this
magnetization.
This causes the nuclei to produce a rotating magnetic field detectable
by the scanner.
This information is recorded to construct an image of the body.
How does it work?

How does it work

MRI scanner Gradient Magnets

More detailed images
All MRIs use color?
Better pictures of bone structures
Shift from x-rays and CT scans to MRI
New Scanning sequences
Future ?

Tomography System

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