How to write Writing Proposal.ppt

Writing Thesis and
Project Proposals
A presentation by
Sajadin Sembiring, S.Si., M.Sc. Comp.

Outcomes of this workshop
● To introduce strategies for bridging the gap
between coursework/beginning research and
thesis/project writing.
● To help you understand the symbolic situation of
the thesis/project proposal and common elements
of such proposals.
● To introduce practical symbolic and grammatical
principles of writing effective proposals.
● To provide you with tips for drafting and revising
individual sections of the proposal.

Writing Thesis/project Proposals:
The Big Picture
Your proposal describes your proposed plan of
work:
● What you intend to study (scope and research
questions).
● How you intend to study your topic (methodology).
● Why this topic needs to be studied (significance).
● When you will complete this work (timeline).
● (Occasionally) Where you will conduct this work.

Writing Thesis/Project Proposals
Purpose:
● Justify and plan (or contract for) a research
project.
● Show how your project contributes to existing
research.
● Demonstrate that you understand how to conduct
discipline-specific research in an acceptable time-
frame.
Audience:
● your academic advisor and committee

Proposal Writing and Anxiety:
General Advice
● Establish a writing schedule.
● Begin by free-writing.
● Keep a small notebook with you to write
down relevant thoughts.
● Compose different parts in different
computer files or on different index cards.
● Start with more “clear cut” sections first.

Proposal Writing and Anxiety:
Proposal-specific Advice
● Understand that the proposal will be negotiated--
be prepared to revise!
● Think of the proposal as an introduction to your
thesis or project.
● Remember that the proposal is not a compulsory
contract.
● Remember that your proposal is not intended to
limit ideas, but to help you think practically.
● Ask classmates to form a writing group.
● Talk to your Supervisor/Academic advisor!

Parts of a Proposal
● Title
● Abstract
● Introduction/Background
● Problem Statement
● Purpose/Aims/Rationale/
Research Questions
● Review of Literature
● Methodology
● Significance/
Implications
● Overview of
Chapters
● Plan of Work
● Bibliography

Creating a Working Title
● Orient your readers to your
research topic.
● Indicate the type of study you
will conduct.

Abstract
● Provide a brief (100-150 word) overview of
the proposal
● Summarize important elements
(Introduction, Statement of the Problem,
Background of the Study, Research
Questions, and Methods and Procedures).

Introduction/Background
● Establish the general subject area .
● Describe the broad foundations of your
study - provide adequate background for
readers.
● Indicate the general scope of your project.
● Provide an overview of the sections that
will appear in your proposal (optional).
● Engage the readers.

Statement of the Problem
● Answer the question: “What is the gap that
needs to be filled?” and/or “What is the
problem that needs to be solved?”
● State the problem clearly early in a
paragraph.
● Limit the variables you address in stating
your problem.
● Consider bordering the problem as a
question.

Purpose/Aims/Rationale/Research Questions
● Explain the goals and objectives of the
study.
● Show the original contributions of your
study (Optional).
● Provide a more detailed account of the
points summarized in the introduction.
● Include a justification (rationale) for the
study.
● Be clear about what your study will not
address.

Purpose/Aims/Rationale/Research Questions
In addition, this section may:
● Describe the research questions of the
study.
● Include a subsection defining important
terms.
● State limitations of the research.
● Provide a justification for the particular
subjects of the study.

Review of Literature
● How other scholars have written about your
topic.
● The range of theories used to analyze materials
or data
● How other scholars connect their specific
research topics to larger issues, questions, or
practices within the field.
● The best methodologies and research
techniques for your particular topic.
Writing the literature review allows you
to understand:

Review of Literature:
symbolic Functions
● Situates the current study within a wider
disciplinary conversation.
● Illustrates the uniqueness, importance of
and need for your particular project.
● Justifies methodological choices.
● Demonstrates familiarity with the topic and
appropriate approaches to studying it.

An Effective Literature Review should
● Flesh out the background of your
study.
● Critically assess important research
trends or areas of interest.
● Identify potential gaps in knowledge.
● Establish a need for current and/or
future research projects.

Tips on drafting a literature review
● Categorize the literature into recognizable
topic clusters:
● stake out the various positions that are relevant to
your project,
● build on conclusions that lead to your project, or
● demonstrate the places where the literature is
lacking.
● Avoid “Smith says X, Jones says Y” literature
reviews.
● Avoid including all the studies on the subject.
● Avoid polemics, praise, and blame.

Writing Literature Reviews: Key Point
● You are entering a scholarly conversation already
in progress. The literature review shows that you’ve
been listening and that you have something
valuable to say.
● After assessing the literature in your field, you
should be able to answer the following questions:
● Why should we study (further) this research
topic/problem?
● What contributions will my study make to the existing
literature?

Methodology
● Introduce the overall methodological approach.
● Indicate how the approach fits the overall
research design.
● Describe the specific methods of data
collection.
● Explain how you intend to analyze and
interpret your results.
● If necessary, provide background and
justification for unfamiliar methodologies.
● Address possible limitations.

Tips on Drafting Methodology
● Break down your methodology into
subsections.
● In the Engineering, may include subjects, design,
apparatus, instrumentation, process, analysis, etc.
● Remember that your methods section may also
require supporting literature.
● Anticipate and prevent the audience’s
methodological concerns.
● Acknowledge major problems.
● Justify your approach by showing how benefits
balance potential problems.

Significance/Implications
● Discuss the methodological, substantive,
and/or theoretical contribution.
● State the practical and/or theoretical
importance of the problem and/or
objectives of your study.
● Explain the usefulness or benefits of the
study to both the outside world and the
research community.

Overview of Chapters
● Some proposals include a sentence
length description of each chapter (i.
e. chapter two reviews relevant
literature; chapter three discusses the
methodology).

Timeline/Plan of Work
Some things to keep in mind:
● Consult your supervisor.
● Be aware of important dates for submitting.
● Do not be overly ambitious.
● Remember that your proposed timeline
demonstrates your awareness of the various
elements of the study (approval, design,
testing, and length of experiments; purchase
of necessary materials; drafting; redrafting).

Bibliography & Appendices
● Include a working bibliography of key
texts that inform your study and
methodology.
● Your appendices may include
Experiment Diagrams, table, computer
program etc.
● Both bibliographies and required
appendices tend to be discipline specific:
know what the requirements are.

More Proposal “Nuts and Bolts”
● Length
● Most are roughly 5 to 6 pages, but
they can be much longer.
● Style Considerations
● Tone
● Coherence
● Voice
● Visual Aids

Style Considerations: Tone
● When conveying your attitude in
your writing:
● Try to strike a consistently confident
tone.
● Avoid an apologetic or arrogant tone.

Style Considerations: Coherence
● Move from “old” information to “new” information.
● Put the most important information at the end of
the sentence.
● Keep the subject and verb together.
● Start sentences with short, easily understood
phrases.
● Use “stock” transitional phrases.
● Use pronouns and/or recycling.

Voice and Visual Aids
Voice
●Active: I will conduct the bulk of the research during
the six-month fieldwork period.
●Passive: The bulk of the research will be conducted
during fieldwork.
Reasons to use Passive Voice:
●Your field may prefer its use, especially in
describing research design and experimental activities.
●You need to defend consistency from sentence to
sentence.

Visual Aids
● Incorporate charts, graphs, diagrams,
illustrations, etc., wherever possible,
permissible, or practical.

How to write Writing Proposal.ppt

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