Nipah virus infection slideshare
- 1. NIPAH VIRUS INFECTION PRESENTED BY O.SARATH KUMAR DOCTOR OF PHARMACY II YEAR KORINGA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
- 2. DEFINITION • Nipah virus infection is emerging disease with respiratory systems and nervous systems (encephalitis) and immune systems infection . • Disease mainly characterised with fever ,muscle pain ,disorientation of brain (convulsions) . • Nipah virus disease in pigs known as porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome as well as barking pig syndrome .
- 3. OUT BREAKS : • Nipah virus inwas firstly isolated and identified in 1669 during an out break of encephalitis and respiratory illness among pig farmers in malaysia and singapore .(300 human cases with 100 deaths reported. Focal out breaks of Niv in bangladesh and india in 2001 during winter. Drinking of fresh date palm sap, possibly contaminated by fruit bats ( pteropus giganteus during winter
- 4. VIRUS INTRODUCTION VIRUS : Virus associated with Hendra virus Genus : Henipavirus Family : paramyoxiviridae Sub family : paramyoxivirinae Virus name originated from sungai Nipah, a village in malaysia Nipah virus is classified internationally as a biosecurity level (BSL)4 agent
- 5. Structure :
- 6. RESERVIOR: • Fruits bats of genus pteropus – natural reserviors of nipah virus infection • Four fruit bat species : pteropus hypomelanus Pteropus vamopyrus Cynopterus bracchyotis Eoncyteris spelea Insectivorous bat ,scotophilus kuhlii
- 7. ISOLATION OF VIRUS • Infective virus has been isolated from environmental samples of bat urine and partially eaten fruits . • Nipah virus has been isolated from Lyle’s flying fox in cambodia and viral RNA found in urine and saliva from pteropus lyeli and Horsifield `s roundleaf bat (Hipposideros larvatus) • Nipah virus has been isolated from brain and spinal fluid of victims .
- 8. ANTIBODIES TO NIPAH VIRUS • Antibodies to nipah like virus found in sera from fruit bats collected in India and Indonesia • Antibodies to henipaviruses have been found in fruit bats in madagasacar and ghana • The presence of Nipah virus antibodies have indicated that dogs,cats,goatsand horses but only if exposed to infected pigs in malaysia
- 9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION : • PRE DOMINANT MODE :{IN HUMANS} • Direct contact with infected pigs . • Highly contagious among pigs spread by coughing • INDIRECT transmission : fruit material contaminated with fruit bats excretion. • Shedding of virus from infected bats excretion,secretions such as saliva ,urine,semen and excreta . • HUMAN TO HUMAN –NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION • Health care workers illed • No found carriers
- 10. Known pathology in flying fox • Infection to flying fox • Immune weakness • Increase viral load • Spiill out through urine and saliva
- 11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Fever , head ache,drowsiness • Muscle pain • Inflammation of brain (disorientation and coma ) • Mental confusion ,convulsions • Encephalitis • Coma • Fatality range : 9 to 75% • Incubation period : 4 to 18 days
- 12. DIAGNOSIS • MRI (magnetic resonance imageing) • Differentiate nipah encephalitis from encephalitis • LAB diagnosis : • Procedures :serology, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation LAB confirmation: serum neuteralisation test , Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA)anti body detection, RT-PCR(real time polymerease chain reaction ,autopsy(immuno history on tissues.
- 13. TREATMENT • No effective treatment • Treatment is limited to supportive care because it is transmitted from person to person . • Treatment focused in managing fever and neurological symptoms • Nedds hospitalisation and require ventilator • Proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital acquired infections (nosocomial infection)
- 14. • RIBAVARIN alleviate symptoms of nausea ,vomiting and covulsions. • Passive immunisation using a human monoclonal antibodytargeting the Nipah G glycoprotein has been evaluated in post exposure therapy • Recombinant subunit vaccine formulation protects against lethal nipah virus challenge in cats • ALVAC canarypox vectored nipah F and Nipah G vaccine appears to be promising vaccine for humans
- 15. PREVENTION : • Nipah virus infection can be prevented by avoiding exposure to sick pigs and bats in endemic areas and not drinking raw date palm sap • Efforts foccused on survelliance tools and awareness will help prevent future out breaks • Research is needed to better understand the ecology of bats and nipah virus and reproductive cycles of bats . • Survelliance tools should include laboratory assays for early detection of disease in communities and livestock
- 16. CONTROLL • Raising awareness of transmission and symptoms is imporatnt in reinforcing standard infection control practices to avoid human to human infections hospital settings (nosocomial) • Providing safety study in labs to stop infecting and escaping . • Increase survelliance • A sub unit vaccine using Hendra G protien produces cross protective antibodies against HENV and NIPV has been recently used in Australia to protect horses against Hendra virus and this offer potential for protection in humans as well