effects of ageing on various system.pptx
- 1. EFFECTS OF AGING ON VARIOUS SYSTEMS PRESENTER: SONALI VISPUTE MPT 1 DEPT. OF CBR
- 2. CONTENTS • Introduction • Nervous System • Pulmonary System • Cardiovascular System • Musculoskeletal System • Changes in Posture and Gait • Changes in Skin • References
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Aging: The lifelong process of growing older occurs at cellular, organ, or whole-body level throughout the life span. • Age-related changes in the physiological organ systems of the human body are major public health problems in the rapidly expanding elderly population.
- 4. • The decline in physical function associated with the reduced physical activity so commonly present in older adults. • Older people become increasingly limited in their abilities to perform activities of daily living.
- 5. NERVOUS SYSTEM 1) BRAIN WEIGHT - 6% to 11% decrease in brain weight
- 6. 2) NEURONAL CELL NUMBER - Loss of neuronal cells following aging 3) DENDRITIC AND SYNAPTIC LOSSES failure of interneuronal communication neurotransmission is altered, and communication within and without the nervous system is impaired.
- 7. 4) NEURAL CELL PATHOLOGY Occurs with normal aging in areas like hippocampus, more extensively in diseases like AD and PD. 5) CIRCULATORY CHANGES Atherosclerosis Production of infarcts due to obstruction or rupture of blood vessels the occurrence of multiple small infarcts leads to progressive destruction of brain tissue.
- 8. PULMONARY SYSTEM 1) AIRWAYS Aging leads to a decrease in the amount of elastic tissue and an increase in fibrous tissue Because the medium and small airways are composed of less connective tissue and more smooth muscle, a decrease in the elasticity of these structures occurs with aging, resulting in reduced structural integrity of the tissue
- 9. 2) LUNG PARENCHYMA increase in connective tissue and elastin disintegration reduce elastic recoil, the principal mechanism of normal expiration Leads to uneven distribution of ventilation, airway closure, air trapping, and impaired gas exchange. The net result of these changes is a decrease in alveolar surface area.
- 10. 3) ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY MEMBRANE The diffusing capacity progressively declines with age reduced alveolar surface area, alveolar volume Reduced oxygen uptake and exchange
- 11. 4) CHEST WALL With age, the joints of the thorax become more rigid, and cartilage becomes calcified hence, the chest wall becomes less compliant. 5) RESPIRATORY MUSCLES • The diaphragm, the principal muscle of respiration, tends to flatten with age-related hyperinflation of the chest wall, reduced lung compliance, and air trapping in the lungs.
- 12. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1) HEART • The increase in ventricular wall thickness may represent both cellular hypertrophy and an increase in noncellular components. • Increases in myocardial collagen, fibrosis, and lipofuscin take place with aging.
- 13. Adipose deposition between muscle cells resulting in fattier heart tissue in the ventricles and the inter-atrial septum. It may displace conduction tissue in the sino-atrial node and lead to conduction disturbances.
- 14. 2) VALVES - Increase in valvular circumference in all four cardiac valves (aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve) and aortic valve. • Other valvular changes with aging include thickening and calcification of the cusps and leaflets.
- 16. 3) HEART RATE - Heart rate as there is decline in pacemaker cell number - Maximum HR is 150 to 160 beats/min in the older adult. 4) CARDIAC OUTPUT - Cardiac output at rest is unaffected by age. - Maximum cardiac output and aerobic capacity are reduced with age.
- 17. 5) BLOOD PRESSURE - Both systolic and mean blood pressures significantly increase from 20 to 80 years. - Specifically, systolic blood pressure tends to increase with age throughout life, whereas diastolic pressure increases until the age of about 60 years and then stabilizes or even falls.
- 18. 6) BLOOD VESSELS • The capillary walls thicken slightly. This may cause a slightly slower rate of exchange of nutrients and wastes. • Aorta & other arteries becomes thicker, stiffer, and less flexible. • Atherosclerotic changes Narrowing of artery.
- 21. 1) MUSCLE MASS in total muscle cross-sectional area in non- contractile structures such as fat and connective tissue Rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis with age.
- 22. 2) In Muscle Fiber number ( type 2 fast-twitch fibers) 3) In size of type 2 fast twitch fibers in whole muscle cross- sectional area
- 23. 4) MUSCULAR STREGNTH There is a progressive decline in muscular strength Insufficient muscular strength can contribute to major functional losses in ADL’s The overall age-related strength loss ranges from 24 to 45 percent.
- 24. 5) BONE HEALTH There is decline in bone mass and structural integrity ( particularly in women during menopause) Osteoporotic changes Increased risk of fracture 6) ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - Significant decrease in the water content of articular cartilage following aging - A decrease in the cell density of articular cartilage is seen with increase in age.
- 25. CHANGES IN POSTURE AND GAIT
- 26. A flexed posture frequently predominates. Thoracic kyphosis with a forward head position An altered lordotic curve Rounded shoulders Flexed hips and knees Progressive widening of standing base
- 27. GAIT: • Decreased postural stability is a major factor leading to a loss of ambulatory ability in the older adult • Decreased step length • Decreased stride length • Slower walking velocity • Decreased cadence • Increased double-stance time
- 28. CHANGES IN SKIN - Skin loses underlying fat layers and oil glands Wrinkles Elasticity - Susceptibility to bruising and bedsores - Skin develops “ age spots”. - Nails become thicker due to reduced blood flow - skin sensitivity including heat, cold and injury.
- 29. SUMMARY • Aging is a fundamental process that affects all of our systems. • Approx. we spend 75% of entire life span undergoing the process of decline. • Changes in Nervous system, Pulmonary, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal system and changes in Posture, Gait and Skin.
- 30. REFERENCES • GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, ANDREW GUCCIONE, SECOND EDITION. • FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN OLDER ADULTS, BETTE R. BONDER, 3RD EDITION. • EFFECT OF AGING ON GAIT PATTERNS IN THE HEALTHY ELDERLY, TASUKU KIMURA.
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