BASICS OF RESEARCH PRESENTATION- Jimmy Nkaiwuatei.pdf
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The document provides an overview of research writing basics, outlining the definition and characteristics of research, as well as a systematic research process that includes formulating questions, designing studies, and collecting data. It details various types of research, methodologies, and sampling techniques, emphasizing the importance of clear objectives and efficient methods in conducting empirical studies. Concepts such as hypothesis formulation, literature review, and data analysis tools are also discussed to guide effective research practice.
BASICS OF RESEARCH PRESENTATION- Jimmy Nkaiwuatei.pdf
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH WRITING ‘BASICS OF RESEARCH’ Jimmy Nkaiwuatei Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. Head of Drug Research, Discovery and Innovations Program at Students Against Superbugs Africa. April 9th, 2022.
- 2. What is research Def: This is a systematic way of problem solving. Also can simply be defined as the systematic process of looking for solutions for problems.
- 3. Characteristics of a good research Systematic - it follows a process. Logical – should either be inductive or deductive (reasonable). Empirical - evidenced-based. Reductive – should be tailored to reduce complexity of a topic of interest.
- 4. The research process Formulate a research question Select an appropriate research design Collect relevant data Interpret the findings And publish Review the available Literature
- 5. The process of research writing Research topic selection. Literature review. Develop a research question. Formulate the research hypothesis. Define the research objectives. Select the appropriate research methods. Select the best data analysis tool.
- 6. Topic selection Select your topic of interest. Read the literature widely to derive a research topic. You may begin with a broad research topic. Then split it into a precise, simple, and specific topic.
- 7. Literature Review Involves sourcing for relevant information related to your research topic. Primary (initial) sources of information are highly recommended. It’s important to use latest sources of information relevant to your research topic.
- 8. Research question The research question should be objective-wise. Should be clear and focused to the objectives. Should be answerable- not too difficult. Ex ;what is the major risk factor attributing to neonatal sepsis in Lekfad medical center.?
- 9. Formulation of research hypothesis This include the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis. It must be testable and falsifiable. It should define the problem and the objectives. Ex; alt. E.coli is resistant to ciprofloxacin. Null: E.coli is not resistant to ciprofloxacin.
- 10. Research objectives They should be; S- specific. M- measurable. A- attainable. R- realistic. T- time-bound.
- 11. Selection of research methodology It is chosen based on; Research goal- should be able to meet the objectives. Reliability and efficiency of the method. Cost- research methods should be cost-friendly. Time- the method to be selected should be able to provide results based on your time-frame.
- 12. Select the best data analysis tool This depends on; Research objectives. Research question. Research design- whether quantitative or qualitative.
- 13. Types of research 1. Applied research- seek to find solutions to practical problems. • It’s used to find solutions to everyday problems rather than acquiring knowledge on a new phenomenon, Ex’; how to increase access to quality medicines in Africa.
- 14. Cont.. 2.Basic research- involves research done to expand our knowledge on a particular topic rather than innovating or inventing something. Ex’ investigation of mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in H. pylori.
- 15. Cont.… 3. Correlation research- refers to a systematic study to determine the relationship between two or more variables without necessarily determining the cause and effect e.g. what is the relationship between effectiveness and potency of lead compound X.
- 16. Cont.… 3. Explanatory research- this research is similar to correlation research but it seeks to find the cause and effect based on observations. e.g. what is the impact of potency on the effectiveness of lead compound X.
- 17. Research reasoning a) Deductive reasoning- applies in quantitative research, Ex’: gram positive bacteria contain a thick cell wall. Theory Hypothesis Observation Confirmation
- 18. Cont... b) Inductive reasoning: applies in qualitative research. Example, S. aureus contains a thick cell wall. Observation Pattern Hypothesis Theory
- 19. Methods of conducting research Surveys- consists of a baseline, end-line survey and questionnaires. Experiments- mainly involve lab work, and in social sciences are referred to as quarsi experiments. Observations- can be qualitative and quantitative observation. Interviews- involves creation of a defined structured questionnaire among two or many people. Takes more time.
- 20. sampling Def’: Studying the entire population by measuring only a portion of it. It is important to define a population before selecting the sample. Also, it is important to decide on the size of the sample. The larger the sample, the more accurate the results will be. Sometimes data can be collected from a study population when that population is small.
- 21. Sampling designs a) Probability sampling: Pure random sampling- a sampling technique where each member stands an equal chance of being selected. Usually the researcher know the size of the study population. EX’; a researcher want to know the pharmacological properties of 10 plants in a garden of 100 trees.
- 22. Cont.… Systematic sampling- this is where the researcher selects samples based on a system of intervals. The researcher usually do not know the size of the study population. Example; when a doctor conducts a survey about AMR to every fourth patient that comes in his pharmacy shop.
- 23. Cont.… Stratified sampling- sub-division of the study population into small groups(strata) based on characteristics they share e.g. type, function, size, location. Each strata is then sampled randomly. EX’; selection of drugs based on size then according to their mode of action.
- 24. Cont.… Cluster sampling- the study population is first subdivided into small clusters, which are then sampled. Similar to stratification, but here, only selected clusters will be sampled. • Ex; clustering of drugs based on size then by colour.
- 25. b) Non-probability sampling convenience sampling- type of sampling that involves collection of data from a population that is available at hand. It involves using respondents who are convenient to the data. Example; standing in front of a class and ask people about their knowledge on AMR.
- 26. Cont.. Purposive sampling- this is where the researchers fully relies on their judgments when choosing a sample from a population. Also known as judgmental, subjective, or selective sampling. • Ex’: investigation of anti-fungal activity of purple- colored plants.
- 27. Cont.… Quota sampling- this is where the samples are chosen on a non-random basis and all members of the population do not have an equal chance of being selected. The researcher takes a sample that is tailored to some characteristics of a population. Ex’: investigation of the antibiotic activity of benzene- ringed natural molecules.