![Objective: _____________________________________________
the objective is to determine the boiling point of organic
compounds and identification and characterization of
organic compounds and the effects of impurities.
Introduction: __________________________________
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure
surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the
surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial
vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is
at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a
higher boiling point than when that liquid is at
atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at 100 °C
(212 °F) at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905
meters (6,250 ft) [3] altitude. For a given pressure,
different liquids will boil at different temperatures.
The normal boiling point (also called the atmospheric
boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point) of
a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of
the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea
level, one atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor
pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome
atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form
inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point has](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistryexp3-191123212429/85/Boiling-Point-2-320.jpg)
Boiling Point
- 1. Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Zakho College of Engineering Petroleum Engineering Department Practical Chemistry) LAB) Name of experiment: Boiling Point Name of Student: Taha Sameer Ali Sample of experiment (A) Date of experiment :20-11-2019 Group(B)
- 2. Objective: _____________________________________________ the objective is to determine the boiling point of organic compounds and identification and characterization of organic compounds and the effects of impurities. Introduction: __________________________________ The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor. The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905 meters (6,250 ft) [3] altitude. For a given pressure, different liquids will boil at different temperatures. The normal boiling point (also called the atmospheric boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, one atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point has
- 3. been defined by IUPAC since 1982 as the temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of one bar The heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity (a mol, kg, pound, etc.) of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure (often atmospheric pressure). Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of evaporation. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid's edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as vapor. On the other hand, boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid.
- 4. Tools:_______________________________________________________________ Rubber Test tube Procedure:_________________________________________________________________ 1. Place a few milliliters of a known liquid organic compound in a small test tube. 2. Place the capillary tube into the test tube with the closed end upward.
- 5. 3. Clamp the test tube to a ring stand, and immerse a thermometer in the test tube. 4. Fill a 50 mL beaker 3/4 full with paraffin, and place on the tripod. Carefully lower the test tube and thermometer combination into the beaker of paraffin so that the test tube is immersed half way in the paraffin. 5. Begin to heat slowly. As the liquid approaches its boiling point, a few bubbles will be observed flowing out of the end of the capillary tube. When a steady stream of bubbles is observed, turn off the burner and allow the contents of the test tube to cool. 6. As the contents of the test tube cools, observe the capillary tube carefully. When the liquid begins to flow into the capillary tube, record the temperature of the liquid as its boiling point temperature. Calculation:_______________________________________________________________ We have tested the boiling point of sample (A) and the results were 102 °C.
- 6. Discussion:_____________________________________________________________ The beginning of bubbling over of sample (A) it was at 102 °C and according to a references: Answer to Questions: 1. What is the definition of boiling? -Boiling is defined as a phase transition from the liquid state to the gas state, usually occurring when a liquid is heated to its boiling point. At the boiling point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the external pressure acting upon its surface, Also Known As: Two other words for boiling are ebullition and vaporization. Compound Func Groups Boiling point Form PENTANONE (DIETHYL KETONE) KETONE 102 °C Liquid PROPYL ACETATE ESTER 102 °C Liquid
- 7. 2. How is boiling affected by pressure? -The boiling point of something is the point where the vapor pressure equals or exceeds the atmospheric pressure, as stated previously. As temperature increases, more and more particles have enough energy to enter the gas phase. This increases the vapor pressure to equal or exceed atmosphere pressure, therefore, the liquid boils. 3. How would the boiling point of a liquid change by: a) measuring it in Everest? -Not quite on the top but about 8400 meters is the highest I have boiled water. It is bubbling away and you can put your hand into it for a short while without damaging your skin. It is a disaster for boiling anything solid as you are trying to cook at 20 - 30 degrees less than you would normally. For example, only he flattest of pasta will cook, boiling the bow type pasta means that the outside of the bow is all gloopy while the pressed denser bit in the middle is rock hard. b)placing the liquid in a pressure cooker? - Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the steam increases and pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature.
- 8. References:______________________________________ * Goldberg, David E. (1988). 3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. section 17.43, p. 321. ISBN 0-07-023684-4. * Theodore, Louis; Dupont, R. Ryan; Ganesan, Kumar, eds. (1999). Pollution Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century. CRC Press. section 27, p. 15. ISBN 1-56670-495-2 * http://courses.chem.psu.edu/chem36/Unknown_Lists/unkown _MPBP2.html * https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-boiling-604389 * https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-pressure-affect- the-boiling-point *https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-boiling-temperature-of- water-on-Mount-Everest *https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Pressure_cooking