Brain strom
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The document discusses various topics related to the central nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and brain stem. It provides information on the following: - The brain is the most complex organ containing billions of neurons. - The brain stem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The medulla and pons contain nuclei that relay signals and control autonomic functions. The midbrain is involved in eye movement, hearing, and posture. - The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance by comparing motor input and output and relaying adjustments to the cortex through the red nucleus. - Other parts of the central nervous system discussed include the hypothalamus, th
Brain strom
- 1. LET YOUR LIGHT SHINE VAMSI KUMAR DEP NO:-17-PML-014
- 2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It produces our every thought, action, memory, feeling and experience of the world. This jelly-like mass of tissue, weighing in at around 1.4 kilograms, contains a staggering one hundred billion nerve cells, or
- 6. • MONKEY REFLEX IN INFANTS. • BUT WHY?
- 23. CLASSIFICATION OF NEVOUS SYSTEM
- 28. OUR BRAIN IS VERY SENSITIVE ORGAN
- 30. • 1.MENINGES • 2.CSF(cerebro spinal fluid) • Remember our brain is like Don • And • Prime • it should be SAFELY COVERED .
- 31. The brain is protected from damage by the cranium but also needs protection from the hard interior of the skull during sudden changes in movement. The cranial meninges provide this protection by securing the brain in position inside the fluid-filled space created by the cerebrospinal fluid. The cranial meninges have three layers: Just like Don And Prime 1.outer DURAMATER 2.inner ARACHANOID MATER 3. PIAMATER
- 32. FLOW OF CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID
- 35. FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM IS
- 41. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF SPINAL CORD
- 49. Conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment.
- 52. IMPORTANCE OF BABINSKI REFLEX Babinski reflex is one of the normal reflexes in infants. Reflexes are responses that occur when the body receives a certain stimulus. The Babinski reflex occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out. This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old. It disappears as the child gets older. It may disappear as early as 12 months. Causes When the Babinski reflex is present in a child older than 2 years or in an adult, it is often a sign of a central nervous system disorder. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Disorders may include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease) Brain tumor or injury Meningitis (infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injury, defect, or tumor
- 57. LET'S DISCUSS ABOUT BRAIN STEM
- 59. NAMES OF 12 PAIRS OF CRAINIAL NERVES
- 60. BRAIN STEM • From ascending order (bottom to Top)Brain stem consists of • 1.Medulla oblangata • 2.Pons • 3.Mid Brain
- 62. MEDULLA OBLANGATA 1.The medulla oblongata is the part of the brainstem that connects to the spinal cord. 2.The medulla oblongata includes: Nuclei that serve as relay stations along sensory and motor pathways. *A.NUCLEUS GRACILIS and NUCLEUS CUNETUS which pass somatic sensory information from the spinal cord to the thalamus *B.OLIVARY NUCLEUS which are located deep to prominent bulges along the ventrolateral surface of the medulla called the olives. These nuclei relay information from the spinal cord, diencephalon, cerebral cortex and brain stem to the cerebellar cortex. Autonomic nuclei that include: A.CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER that adjust and control heart functions and blood pressure. B.RESPIRATORY RHYTHICITY CENTER that affects the respiratory rate. Nuceli of cranial nerves VIII to XII.
- 63. PONS VAROLLIE • The pons is a prominent bulge of the anterior surface of the brain stem. • The pons is ventral to the anterior part of the 4th ventricle and is attached to the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncles. • The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture. • The pons contains:2 CENTERS • A.PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER • B.APNEUSTIC CENTER • 1. Nuclei for Cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII • 2. Nuclei involved with the control of respiration • 3. Nuclei that process and transfer cerebral inputs to the opposite side of the cerebellum by means of transverse fibers. • 4. Ascending and descending tracts.
- 65. what are pneumotaxic and apnuestic centers
- 67. The midbrain or mesencephalon (from the Greek mesos, middle, and enkephalos, brain) is a portion of the central nervous system associated with , , , , and
- 68. *Several important nuclei are located in the midbrain, including the red nuclei, the substantia nigra, and the nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV. The cerebellum compares input from muscles and joints with motor output from the cortex and relays subsequent adjustments to the cortex through the red nucleus and thalamus. The substantia nigra is a group of dark- colored, dopaminergic cells. Lesions here cause Parkinson's disease CN III is the oculomotor nerve. CN IV is the trochlear nerve. Both of these cranial nerves provide innervation for motor movements of the eyes.
- 74. CEREBELLUM
- 75. The cerebellum consists of two cerebellar hemispheres that contain neural cortex folded into a smaller space. The smaller folds are called folia ("leaves") deeper folds include the primary fissure that separates the cerebellar hemispheres into anterior and posterior lobes.
- 83. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends from the area superior to the optic chiasm to the posterior margins of the mammillary bodies. Posterior to the optic chiasm, the floor of the third ventricle forms a funnel-shaped extension called the infundibulum which connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. Functions of the hypothalamus include: The hypothalamus regulates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestive functions Chemical messengers released by neurons in the tuberal area (between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies) control secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary. Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete two hormones, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are released at the posterior pituitary. Regions of the hypothalamus are associated with emotions such as aggression and contentment and drives such as hunger and thirst. The "thermostat" that enables the nervous system to produce physiological responses that adjust body temperature is in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus receives input from the eyes that enable it to adjust daily rhythms.
- 85. the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings.