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Introduction to Database
 File-Based Approach
 Each program defines and manages
its own data
 Limitation
Separation and isolation of data
Duplication of data
Data dependence
Incompatibility of files
Fixed queries/proliferation of application program
 Database Approach
 A shared collection of logically
related data, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization

 Database Management System(DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define, create and
maintain the database and provides controlled access to
database
DDL
DML : procedural, non-procedural
Control : security, integrity, concurrency control,
recovery control, user-accessible catalog
 Components of the DBMS Environment
 Hardware - Software - Data - Procedures - People

 Advantages of DBMS
- Control of data redundancy - Economy of scale
- Data consistency - Balance of conflicting requirements
- More information from the same amount of data
- Sharing of data - Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
- Improved data integrity - Increased productivity
- Improved security - Improved maintenance through data
independence
- Enforcement of standards - Increased concurrency
- Improved backup and recovery services
 Disadvantages of DBMS
- Complexity, Size, Cost of DBMSs, Additional H/W costs
- Cost of conversion, Performance, Higher impact of a failure

 Three-Level Database Architecture
 External Level
The users’ view of the database
 Conceptual Level
The community view of the database
 Internal Level
The physical representation of the database on the computer

 Functions of a DBMS
1. Data storage, retrieval, and update
2. A user-accessible catalog
3. Transaction support
4. Concurrency control services
5. Recovery services
6. Authorization services
7. Support for data communication
8. Integrity services
9. Services to promote data independence
10. Utility services

 Components of a DBMS
Application
Programs
Queries
Database
Schema
DML
preprocessor
Query
processor
DDL
compiler
Program
object code
Database
manager
Dictionary
manager
Access
methods
File
manager
System
buffers
DBMS
Programmers Users DBA
Database and
system catalog

History of RDBMS
 History of DBMS
 1960s - Apollo moon-landing project, GUAM
 mid 1960s - IMS by IBM (hierarchical DBMS)
 mid 1960s - IDS by GE (network DBMS)
 1965 - CODASYL(Conference on Data
SYStems Language)
 1967 -DBTG(Data Base Task Group)
 1970 - E.F.Codd of the IBM Research Lab.
 Late 1970s - System R project at IBM
 1980s - commercial relational
DBMS(DB2, Oracle, Informix..)
 Now - OODBMS, ORDBMS

 Properties of Relations
 The relation has a name that is distinct from
all other relation names
 Each cell of the relation contains exactly on
atomic value
 Each attribute has a distinct name
 The values of an attribute are all from the
same domain
 The order of attributes has no significance
 Each tuple is distinct; there are no duplicate
tuples
 The order of tuples has no significance,
theoretically

 When is a DBMS Relational?
 Foundational rules
Rule 0 : Foundational rule Rule 12 : Nonsubversion rule
 Structural rules
Rule 1 : Information representation Rule 6 : View updateing
 Integrity rules
Rule 3 : Systematic treatment of null values Rule 10 : Integrity independance
 Data manipulation rules
Rule2 : Guaranteed access Rule 4 : Dynamic online catalog based on the
relational model
Rule5 : Comprehensive data sublanguage Rule7 : High-level insert, update, delete
 Data independence rules
Rule8 : Physical data independence Rule 9 : Logical data independence
Rule11 : Distribution independence

Entity-Relationship Modeling
 Concepts of the E-R Modeling
 Entity Types
An object or concept that is identified by the enterprise as having an
independent existence
 Attributes
A property of an entity or a relationship type
 Relationship Types
A meaningful association among entity types

Database Language
 SQL
 1974 - SEQUEL by D.Chamberlin (IBM)
 1975 - SQUARE by Boyce (System R project)
 1976 - SEQUEL/2 (SQL) by Chamberlin and
Boyce)
 late 1970 - SQL(Oracle), QUEL(Ingres)
 1982 - Relational Database Language(RDL) :
ANSI
 1987 - ISO standard
 1989 - Integrity Enhancement Feature (ISO)
 1992 - SQL2(SQL92) : ISO

 DML
 SELECT
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE
 DDL
 CREATE(DROP) SCHEMA
 CREATE(ALTER, DROP) DOMAIN
 CREATE(ALTER, DROP) TABLE
 CREATE(DROP) VIEW
 CREATE(DROP) INDEX

Overview of Oracle Architecture
SGA
Shared SQL Area Database Buffer Cashe
KByte1,200,000 KByte
Redo Log
Buffer
KByte2,100KByte
PMON
LGWR
Data File
Raw Device
Server
USER
ARCH
TL-812
Archive Log Mode(50M)
* Fixed Size :
70 Kbyte
* Variavle Size :
490 MByte
4,000,000 KByte
* Total SGA Size :
1700 Mbyte
DBW0 CKPT
SMON RECO D000 S000 P000

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