Design For Environment: End Life of the Product
Download as PPTX, PDF8 likes4,633 views
The document summarizes Catherine Michelle Rose's PhD thesis from Stanford University on formulating product end-of-life strategies. It discusses her research on design for environment and the hierarchy of end-of-life strategies from reuse to recycling to disposal. The document also explains Philips Consumer Electronics' process for environmental impact analysis of products, which involves life cycle assessment tools to examine impacts across a product's entire lifecycle.
Design For Environment: End Life of the Product
- 1. DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT: A METHOD FOR FORMULATING PRODUCT END-OF-LIFE STRATEGIES by Dr.CATHERINE MICHELLE ROSE Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor Of Philosophy in Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, US In Nov’2000 explained by VIMAL K M 1st 12 November 2013 year M.des., IIITD&M Kancheepuram Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 1
- 2. Content Flow Design for Environment Environment, Engineering Design, Business Strategy Foundations Purpose of Current Research on End-of-Life Strategies Hierarchy of End-of-Life Strategies Philips Consumer Electronics Environmental Competence Centre Environmental Impact Analysis Product Focused End-of-Life Research Process and Technology Focused End-of-Life Research END-OF-LIFE DESIGN ADVISOR 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 2
- 3. Design for Environment “Design for Environment focuses on efforts by producers and manufacturers to reduce product or process impact on the environment” Environment, Design & Strategy 1.ENVIRONMENT A Product Development Activity Choosing appropriate materials, Examining the product usage phase to reduce environmental impact, Designing for energy efficiency, Minimizing industrial residues during manufacturing, designing for end-of-life, Improving packaging and Reducing use of environmentally relevant substances 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 3
- 4. 1.Environment 1.Industrial Ecology Global warming, Non-renewable resource depletion & Life Cycle Assessment Both to processes and products and aids in the evaluation and minimization of environmental impact Carbon cycle engineering, Forestry management, PLM Managing potential toxicity like chemicals(CFC); Metals used in PCB; Sensors with living things & Environment More Proactive role in providing a clean and safe environment 2.Life cycle Engineering “The engineering and design of products and processes to minimize the cost and environmental impact for the life cycle phases of a product” The process requires tradeoffs to develop the optimal product that balances the gains and losses: Energy usage, material usage, packaging, chemical content and end-of-life Decisions are made without strategy, resulting in higher costs and lower success. OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US if a television is used for twenty years, the environmental impact is much greater than recycling the product after ten years and purchasing a new product 4
- 5. 1.Environment 3.Life Cycle Analysis(LCA) A validation technique To identify environmental burdens that arise from products through the material suppliers, through manufacture, use and till disposal Delineation of all environment effects irrespective of their position in the life or their origin For Eg: Electricity generation, Infrastructure and other items which are not be directly influenced by the designer or industry LCA does not adequately describe product end-of-life issues Difficulties in defining boundaries, embedded toxicity, emissions and environmental impact of end-of-life treatment systems. 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 5
- 6. 2.Engineering Design Design: To use product information available to design engineers and recycling technology developers early in the development cycle Design for X: Process/Producibility; Product Variety; Supply Chain; Recyclability; Serviceability Design for Environment as part of Design for X: To understand the life cycle of the product and its impact on the environment at each of its life stages. 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 6
- 7. 3.Business Strategy Foundations Initially companies are learning the hard way how to develop appropriate environmental strategies, by trial and error Primary interest: Technical & Technological approaches Understand the products, the product development process, the company and the company’s stakeholders Critical phase for deciding the product strategy is product definition. Product definition encompasses the up-front product development activities that considering the following: 1.User needs’ understanding, 2.Competitive analysis, 3.Product positioning, 4.Strategic alignment & 5.Charter consistency, 6.Technical risk assessment, 7.Priority decision criteria list, 8.Regulation compliance, 9.Product channel issues, 10.Project endorsement and Other organizational support issues (Wilson 1990). 12 November 2013 STRETCH - Selection of sTRategic EnvironmenTal CHallenges(Cramer) Business and managerial aspects into their environmental strategy model The Ecodesign matrix, Philips Consumer Electronics Only after the benefits to the environment, business, customer and society have been assessed is the technical and financial feasibility analyzed Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 7
- 8. Purpose of Current Research on Endof-Life Strategies Companies like Xerox, Kodak, Philips Medical Systems and Nike: To increase money value Improved company image & Resulting market share for their contributions to the environment Managing the risk of collecting and recycling the end-of-life products is a barrier to entry for smaller companies The ultimate goal is to communicate these results to (a) producers, (b) recycling companies and (c) policy maker 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 8
- 9. Product End-of-life Stage Product End-of-Life Considerations END-OF-LIFE: Product no longer performs the intended functions due to failure or wear-out 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 9
- 10. Product End-of-Life Reuse, Service, Remanufacture, Recycle with separation, or Recycle without separation and Disposal either in landfill or through incineration An important topic for manufacturers of electronic and electrical products Environmental impact will be lower at the end-of-life, economically feasible. END-OF-LIFE STRATEGIES: Closed loop & Open loop strategies Preferable they make use of resources and value already added to the natural resources Landfills or incinerates the materials Top: OEMs Middle: service, remanufacturing Last: Recycling companies 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 10
- 11. Hierarchy of End-of-Life Strategies I II From calculated environmental impact analysis: Highest ranking for product life extension through reuse of the product. The next strategy is: Reuse of subassemblies and components through remanufacturing. Recycling: Primary recycling. Secondary recycling. Eg: plastic park benches and garbage cans III Disposal of the product through either incineration or disposal Incineration: A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. To generate electric power 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 11
- 12. Philips Consumer Electronics Environmental Competence Centre Philips researchers have performed this environmental benchmarking on approximately seventy consumer electronic products. To quantify the performance: product’s environmental Products are disassembled. Material content, Manufacturing process & Weight are identified. 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 12
- 13. Life cycle analysis ECOSCAN Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools, examines the entire life cycle of the product, from extraction, manufacture, packaging, usage to end-of-life. Certain limitations in applying LCA, the analysis of environmental impact of end-of life strategies can be derived from such results. The environmental impact quantifies the impact of usage conditions as well: Packaging environmental impact accounts for the impact of plastic, cardboard and paper used in packing materials Current calculation: The end-of-life impact is only accounted for by the disposal through incineration 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 13
- 14. Environmental Impact Analysis For end-of-life strategies it is necessary to determine a reference point. Assumption “A product is introduced to the market, used for 10 years and then reaches ‘end-of-life’, how much environmental impact is there to deliver the product in ‘resellable’ condition?” Case 1: A product that will be reused, does not need any new manufacturing or end-of life processing before it is ready for resell. 12 November 2013 Case 2: A product has the end of-life strategy of recycling – this requires materials to manufacture a new product. A reduction in the overall environmental impact based on the percentages of recovered material. Environmental bonus is based on percentages of materials recovered from recycling Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 14
- 15. Hierarchy of End-of-Life Strategies Environmental Impact Analysis The aim of this calculation is to identify the environmental impact of each End-of-life strategy and verify that the end-of-life strategy hierarchy given in Table is correct X= 0% (for reuse), 10% (for service), 40% (for remanufacture), 100% (for recycle and disposal) Distance (y) between the end-user and the recycling or recovery facility and ranges from 20 miles for reuse and 100 miles for disposal. 1.131, has units millipoints per mile-kilogram (derived from the Philips Eco-indicator database). Multipliers Help from Philips database (based on Life Cycle Assessment studies) & units of millipoints per kilogram. w, is the weight in kilograms of the material fraction. Recycling of the product yields an environmental bonus rather than impact. The recycling yields are highest for metals, close to 100%, whereas for wood is 0%. 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 15
- 16. Bracket : Percentage of disposal 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 16
- 17. Environmental impact of End-of-Life Strategies 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 17
- 18. Environmental impact of End-of-Life Strategies compared to disposal 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 18
- 19. Product Focused End-of-Life Research From Environmental impact analysis Design of a product & Detailed design stage (difficult to employ) Eg: Automated disassembly - Increase in service costs On service - Higher shredding costs - More durable material Improve Product Modularity (Ignores manufacturing and assembly) Remanufacturability to engineering - CAD systems Before detailed design - refurbished, recycled or landfilled Harper and Rosen: “the designer typically knows with some degree of certainty the post-life intent of the individual components” Ignores possible reuse of the product as a whole & Assumes the product will undergo some disassembly at the end-of-life CMU and Bosch have investigated embedded sensors to monitor the conditions of possible reused components. Reuse of motors & other parts that are difficult to manufacture, costly to purchase, taxing to the environment, and have remaining use in the market. 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 19
- 20. Process and Technology Focused Endof-Life Research -Remanufacturing Quantities of similar products are brought into a central facility and disassembled Parts can be reused when the wear-out life is longer than the technology cycle Remanufacturing operations in the United States: Automobile (46%), Electrical apparatus (23%), Toner (14%), Tires (12%) and other (5%) Rochester Institute of Technology - Printer cartridges NJIT + Automobile de-manufacturers: Transforming an industry a Single station, Single worker setting with an output rate of 1 vehicle per 6 hours to a 12 station setting with a rate of 24 vehicles per 6 hours First to develop analytical tools to support this design and modeling process Second to build test-bed prototypes for automotive and electronic industry applications 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 20
- 21. Process and Technology Focused Endof-Life Research -Disassembly To obtain pure secondary materials & To isolate environmentally relevant materials from other materials With the current recycling technology and market prices for recycled materials, complete disassembly is not profitable Important to maintain balance between the resources invested in the disassembly process and the return realized from it Lower disassembly times often results in lower assembly times. Active disassembly using smart materials demonstrates disassembly of sub-assemblies, unbonded components and constituent assemblies including components such as housing, PCB, LCD, antenna, shielding, transformer, mechanical components, hard and disk drives, and many other fastened components Boothroyd and Dewhurst, An advanced planning for product retirement addressing the level to which a product should be disassembled. LASeR (ASME 1998) Disassembly analysis tool: Software User can evaluate a design at various stages of the life cycle Disassembly times for components and fasteners Compatibility index and the retirement cost breakdown for each clump Reprocessing and disassembly cost 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 21
- 22. Process and Technology Focused Endof-Life Research -Recycling through mechanical methods The end-of-life materials management facility does not landfill any material, does not use water in the processes and even the filters the exhaust air to remove any dust Shredding: Chopping of the different materials to achieve size reduction Electromagnetic Separation Electrostatic Separation Separation: Separates the material fractions based on weight, magnetic and density properties For example, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries can be recycled to recover both cadmium and nickel for other uses. Metals Recovered purity from smelting operations is equivalent to newly extracted metals Plastics Mixed in the recycling process, resulting in unknown chemical properties Wet processing techniques: Dry processing techniques: Hydro-Cyclone Separation Flotation & Sink/flow separation 12 November 2013 Ferrous metals -magnets, Non-ferrous metals - eddy-current process, Plastics are separated by wind sifting Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 22
- 23. END-OF-LIFE DESIGN ADVISOR ELDA deals with product characteristics that determine the product end-of-life strategy. 1. Wear out life 2. Technology cycle 3. Wear-out life over Technology cycle 4. Level of integration The interactions between chunks for a product with low level of integration are well defined or obvious. High? or Medium? or Low? Disassembly 5. Number of parts 6. Reason for Redesign 7. Design Cycle Frequency with which companies design new products or redesign their existing products 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 23
- 24. Product wear-out life and technology cycle with product sectors identified 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 24
- 25. Classification Tree Accuracy of 86% End-of-life treatments are indeed influenced by the technical product characteristics Best end-of-life strategy actually depends on technical characteristics Designers: To create products with the best end-of-life performance in mind, according to the product endof-life strategy 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 25
- 26. Philips Consumer Electronics’ EcoVision Program -Achieved impressive results in Green Flagship products -Based on current design practices -End-of-life as one of the five focal areas and shows good life cycle integration overall Thank You..! 12 November 2013 Ref: Thesis, Catherine Michelle Rose, Stanford University, US 26
Editor's Notes
- #4: Design for Environment:Design for Environment covers a wide range of product development activitiesincluding choosing appropriate materials, examining the product usage phase to reduceenvironmental impact, designing for energy efficiency, minimizing industrial residuesduring manufacturing, designing for end-of-life, improving packaging and reducing useof environmentally relevant substances.