Social cognitive theory power point
- 1. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY Nature & Nurture
- 2. LEARNING OUTCOME Evaluate Social Cognitive Theory, making reference to two relevant studies. I can evaluation SCT by applying it to relevant real world examples.
- 3. Social Cognitive Theory Behavior Environment Person (Cognition & Emotions) Reciprocal Determinism SCT explains how humans learn behavior and cultural norms through observational learning. This is shaped by how our cognition shapes reinforcement, environmental modeling, and our feelings of self-efficacy.
- 4. SCT KEY TERMS Modeling: To observe the actions of another person and use the observations as a guide for future behavior. In order for modeling to occur there must be… Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Self-Efficacy: The belief that one is capable of starting and carrying out an action.
- 5. MOTIVATING FACTORS IN OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Observing a Model: To learn a new behavior, one must first observe someone else (a "model") performing that behavior. For the observation to result in learning, you must pay attention to the behavior, remember the behavior, and be physically capable of reproducing the behavior. Outcome Expectancies (Rewards/Punishments): Bandura argues that people can learn from observing the consequences of others; they don't need to experience those consequences themselves. This called vicarious reinforcement, which leads to outcome expectancies, and happens when we watch what happens to others around us. Self-Efficacy: Self-efficacy refers to the extent to which you think you can reproduce the behavior that you have observed, mastering that particular skill. In simple terms, it is the extent to which you believe in your ability to complete a task. Identification/Liking the Model: There is a tendency to imitate models who are like ourselves. (Age, Gender, Etc.) Also, warm and friendly models (or ones that we like nonetheless) are more likely to be imitated than cold, uncaring models.
- 6. CHILDREN SEE, CHILDREN DO Children See, Children Do What is the message of the commercial? How do children learn? To what extent do each motivating factor impact the children in the commercial?
- 7. BANDURA ET AL. (1961) THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT Bandura on the Bobo Doll Study
- 8. BANDURA ET AL. (1961) Aim: To discover if children would imitate aggressive behavior modeled by adults; Also, to know if children were more likely to imitate same-sex models. Method: Participants: 72 Children (3-6 Years Old at the Stanford Preschool) Treatment Group 1: Observed an adult model playing violently with a Bobo Doll. Treatment Group 2: Observed a model assembling toys for 10 minutes. (Non-Violent) Control: Did not Observe a Model
- 9. BANDURA ET AL. (1961) Findings: Children were significantly more aggressive (and in novel ways) when they had observed a violent model. Children were more likely to imitate same-sex models. Conclusion: Children can learn aggressive behavior based on social observations and especially from those models that they identified with. Critical Thinking: External Validity? Others?
- 10. CHARLTON ET AL. (2002) Aim: To investigate whether the introduction of T.V. to a community (St. Helena) increases aggressive behavior among children. Method: Natural Experiment Set up cameras on a playground and observed behavior of children (Ages 3-8) from two local schools. Compared results before and after.
- 11. CHARLTON ET AL. (2002) Findings: No noticeable increase in aggressive behavior developed after T.V. was introduced. Teachers & Adults explained that there were strict rules on children on the island Discussion/Conclusions: Children may learn behaviors but not display them for various reasons. Does not challenge SLT, rather, Bandura et al. (1961). Criticisms: Ecological Validity? Others?
- 12. PERRY, PERRY, & RASMUSSEN (1986) Aim: To investigate the motivations of children demonstrating aggressive/antisocial behavior at school. Method: 160 children were sampled and categorized as either being aggressive or non-aggressive. The children were then questioned about their feeling of self-efficacy in avoiding aggression and the other measuring outcome expectancies of aggressive behavior.
- 13. PERRY, PERRY, & RASMUSSEN (1986) Findings: Aggressive children found it easy to engage in aggressive behavior and more difficult to inhibit these impulses. These aggressive children were also more likely to believe that aggression would bring more rewards than punishments. Conclusions: Aggression in children can be predicted based on their feelings of self-efficacy (I can be aggressive) and outcome expectancies (I will be rewarded). Explanation? Critical Thinking?
- 14. SCT APPLICATION Pick one of the three following common applications of SCT to explain behavior. Violence & Video Games/Media The Spread of School Shootings The “Trump Effect” on Bullying/Hate in America As you learn about these issues, consider the following questions. 1. Explain the augment that uses SCT to explain an increase in violence based on your chosen subject? 2. TWE does SCT apply to your chosen topic. 3. Does your chosen topic actually lead to more violence?
- 15. ADDITIONAL STUDY: MONKEY SEE, MONKEY DO! Vervet Monkeys using Social Learning
- 16. VAN DE WAAL ET AL. (2014) Aim: To determine the circumstances and models that shape social learning. Method: Field Observation of wild Vervet Monkeys Placed sandy grapes in the field and observed the strategies that the monkeys would use to eat the grapes.
- 17. VAN DE WAAL ET AL. (2014) Findings: Four different strategies of eating the grapes were adopted by different groups of monkeys. All Infant monkeys first adopted the strategy of their mother even if other strategies were present. Mothers who explored the grapes in different ways were more likely to have infants who were more likely to explore the grapes differently. Conclusion: Vervet Monkeys learn their habits from observing the actions of their mothers. Critical Thinking