artificail neural network application
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The document describes a power system model used to obtain training data for an artificial neural network (ANN) to detect high impedance faults. The power system model includes two radial distribution feeders with linear and nonlinear loads, voltage correction capacitor banks, and an equivalent high impedance fault arc model. Digital simulations were performed using an electromagnetic transient program to generate training data for different fault types, locations, and contingencies like capacitor switching. The proposed ANN module processes current and voltage signals at the beginning of the distribution line. Its six inputs are the second and third harmonics of residual current and voltage, as well as the second and third harmonics of residual apparent impedance. The ANN is trained to detect high impedance faults based
![Power SystemModel
The training data sets of an ANN were obtained from simulation results based
on a typical distribution system as shown in Fig. 2. It depicts the sample study
system of two radial distribution feeders with linear and nonlinear loads, voltage
correction capacitor banks and equivalent HIF arc model. Since disturbances
resulting from HIFs may resemble those from capacitor switching and transformer
tap changing, it is therefore necessary to include cases with these contingencies to
ensure that the ANNs will not be confounded even under the high level of ambient
harmonics so generated.
Digital simulations were performed using an electro-magnetic transient
program PSCAD/EMTDC [17] for different types of faults, fault location and
other contingencies such as capacitor switching, signal phase load switching, non
load transformer switching etc.
DESIGN OF NEURAL NETWORK HIF DETECTOR
An ANN-based scheme is proposed as a high impedance fault
detection module. The proposed module processes the current and voltage signals
at the relay location at the beginning of the distribution line. Block diagram of the
proposed approach is shown in Fig. 3.
3.1 Inputs and Outputs
In this study, six input signals are considered at the input layer of the proposed](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/powersystemmodel-111226093932-phpapp01/85/artificail-neural-network-application-1-320.jpg)
artificail neural network application
- 1. Power SystemModel The training data sets of an ANN were obtained from simulation results based on a typical distribution system as shown in Fig. 2. It depicts the sample study system of two radial distribution feeders with linear and nonlinear loads, voltage correction capacitor banks and equivalent HIF arc model. Since disturbances resulting from HIFs may resemble those from capacitor switching and transformer tap changing, it is therefore necessary to include cases with these contingencies to ensure that the ANNs will not be confounded even under the high level of ambient harmonics so generated. Digital simulations were performed using an electro-magnetic transient program PSCAD/EMTDC [17] for different types of faults, fault location and other contingencies such as capacitor switching, signal phase load switching, non load transformer switching etc. DESIGN OF NEURAL NETWORK HIF DETECTOR An ANN-based scheme is proposed as a high impedance fault detection module. The proposed module processes the current and voltage signals at the relay location at the beginning of the distribution line. Block diagram of the proposed approach is shown in Fig. 3. 3.1 Inputs and Outputs In this study, six input signals are considered at the input layer of the proposed
- 2. ANN. The neural network processes lower order harmonics of the voltage and current signals. The input signals are prepared at the preprocessing stage. The six input signals required at the input layer are namely Ir2, Ir3, Vr2, Vr3, Zr2 and Zr3. Ir2 and Ir3 are the second and third harmonics of the residual current. Similarly, Vr2 and Vr3 are the second and third harmonics of residual voltage. The residual current and voltage are defined as: Vr= Va + Vb + Vc Ir= Ia + Ib + Ic where Va , Vb and Vc are the voltages at the relay location and Ia, Ib and Ic are the currents through the relay. Zr2 and Zr3 are the second and third harmonics of residual apparent impedance of the faulted distribution line. They are measured at the relay location using (2): The ANN unit processes its six inputs and makes a suitable decision based on the power system state. Its output is activated for a high impedance fault and remains stable for other system states.
- 3. SHORT-TERM LOAD FORECASTING USING ANN TECHNIQUE INTRODUCTION Multiple layer perceptrons have been applied successfully to solve some difficult diverse problems by training them in a supervised manner with a highly popular algorithm known as the error back-propagation algorithm. This algorithm is based on the error-correction learning rule. It may be viewed as a generalization of an equally popular adaptive filtering algorithm- the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. Error back-propagation learning consists of two passes through the different layers of the network: a forward pass and a backward pass. In the forward pass, an input vector is applied to the nodes of the network, and its effect propagates through the network layer by layer. Finally, a set of outputs is produced as the actual response of the network. During the forward pass the weights of the networks are all fixed. During the backward pass, the weights are all adjusted in accordance with an error correction rule. The actual response of the network is subtracted from a desired response to produce an error signal. This error signal is then propagated backward through the network, against the direction of synaptic connections. The weights are adjusted to make the actual response of the network move closer to the desired response APPROACH A broad spectrum of factors affect the system‟s load level such as trend effects, cyclic-time effects, and weather effects, random effects like human activities, load management and thunderstorms. Thus the load profile is dynamic in nature with temporal, seasonal and annual variations. In our project we developed a system that predicted 24 hour at a time load demand. As inputs we took the past 24 load and the day of the week. Melbourne was chosen for Victorian region and used the daily temperature, humidity and wind speed as input parameters. The city chosen was the major city in Victoria and as such gave sufficient representation to the change in weather parameter across the state. The inputs were fed into our Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and after sufficient training were used to predict the load demand for the next week. A schematic model of our system is shown in Fig 5.1. The inputs given are: 1. Hourly load demand for the full day. 2. Day of the week. 3. Min/Max/ Average daily temperature (Melbourne). 4. Min/Max daily Humidity (Melbourne). 5. Daily wind speed (Melbourne). And the output obtained was the predicted hourly load demand for the next day. The flow chart is shown below.