Physics chapter 7

WAVES AND
SOUND
CHAPTER SEVEN
AVIJIT DAS
ASSISTANT TEACHER
ANANDA MULTIMEDIA SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE

DEFINITION OF WAVE
Wave: The periodic motion of particles which transfers energy from one
place to another through a material medium but does not displace the particles
permanently is called wave.
The wave produced in solid, liquid or gaseous medium is called mechanical
wave. Water wave, sound wave etc. are mechanical waves. To transfer the
mechanical wave elastic medium is needed.
There is another type of wave that does not need any medium to propagate
which are called electromagnetic wave.
It is mentionable that we will limit discussion only to the mechanical wave in
this chapter. Here the wave means the wave produced in elastic medium.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
WAVES
1.The wave is produced due to the harmonic motion of the particles but the particles are not
displaced permanently.
2. A medium is necessary for the propagation of mechanical wave.
3. The wave transfers energy from one place to another.
4. The velocity of wave depends on the nature of medium.
5. The reflection, refraction and superposition occur in case of wave.
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a periodic motion the body moves to and fro about its mean
position. The restoring force on the oscillating body is directly proportional to its displacement
and is always directed towards its mean position.
In the above image we can see that a particle is vibrating to and fro within the limits –A and +A.

TYPES OF WAVES
There are two types of wave:
1.Transverse Waves
2. Longitudinal Wave

TYPES OF WAVES
 Transverse Waves
Waves in which the medium moves at right
angles to the direction of the wave.
Examples of transverse waves:
Water waves (ripples of gravity waves, not
sound through water)
Light waves
S-wave earthquake waves
Stringed instruments
Torsion wave
The high point of a transverse wave is a crest.
The low part is a trough.

TYPES OF WAVES
 Longitudinal Wave:
A longitudinal wave has the movement of
the particles in the medium in the same
dimension as the direction of movement of
the wave.
Examples of longitudinal waves:
 Sound waves
 P-type earthquake waves
 Compression wave

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Complete vibration:
If a wave transmitting
particle moves from a
certain point and again
comes back to the same
point then the motion is
called complete vibration.

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Time period:
The time interval in which the wave is repeated that is the times required for one
complete vibration of a wave transmitting particle is known as its time period. It is
expressed by the letter T and its unit is second (s).

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Frequency:
The number of complete vibrations in one second of a wave transmitting particle is
known as its frequency. Wave is produced from a vibrating object. So the frequency
of
vibrating object is equal to the frequency of the wave. The unit of frequency is Hertz
(Hz). If a vibrating particle executes one complete vibration in one second then its
frequency is called 1 Hz. It is expressed by ‘ƒ’. The relation between frequency and
time period is ƒ =
1
𝑇

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Amplitude:
To produce a wave the particles need to vibrate about their equilibrium position.
The maximum displacement of a wave transmitting particle from the position of
equilibrium is called amplitude. In the figure ‘a’ is amplitude.

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Phase:
The overall condition of motion of a wave transmitting particle at any moment is
known as phase. The overall condition means the displacement, velocity and
acceleration etc. of the particle at a certain time. The wave crest or the wave trough
always remains in the same phase in case of a transverse wave.In the figure the
particles of points P and P’ or R and R’ are in same phase.

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Wavelength:
The distance between the two successive particles of same phase is called wave length.
Wave length is defined as the distance through which a wave travels in a time during
which a wave transmitting particle completes one oscillation. Wave length is expressed
by λ. Its unit is meter (m).
In the figure the distance PP’ or RR’ or SS’ is wavelength, λ.

PROPERTIES OF WAVES
 Wave velocity:
The distance that a wave travels in one second in a particular direction is called
wave
velocity.

THE RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND
TIME PERIOD
The relation between frequency and time period:
We know that the number of complete vibrations of a vibrating particle in one
second is called its frequency.
Frequency is denoted by ƒ.
Again the time period is the time of one
complete vibration.
If the time period is T, then in T second, the number of vibration is 1
Therefore, the number of vibration in one second is
1
T
The number of vibration in 1 second is frequency. So, the frequency, ƒ=
1
T

THE RELATION BETWEEN WAVE VELOCITY AND
WAVELENGTH
The relation between wave velocity and wavelength:
We know that number of complete vibrations in one second is called frequency. Again
the distance travelled by the wave during one complete oscillation is called wavelength.
So, if the wavelength is λ,
therefore, the distance travelled in the time of 1 complete vibration= λ
∴ the distance travelled in the time of f complete vibrations = ƒλ
Since the frequency is ƒ, so f numbers of waves are produced in 1 second.
∴ the distance travelled in one second by the wave = ƒλ
This is the velocity of wave, v.
Therefore, velocity of wave, v = ƒλ … … …

Sound is a power. This power is circulated
through wave. Sound wave is a
longitudinal wave. During the circulation
of this wave, the detraction and expansion
of the substance are created This sound
wave makes a sense of hearing in our ear
by being circulated from the medium. It is
noticeable that the sound is not created
without vibration.
For an audible sound there must have a
material medium between the source of
sound and the listener, and the frequency
will be in between 20Hz to 20000Hz.

Vibration of an objects produces sound wave and an elastic material
medium is needed for its propagation. So, sound is called a
mechanical wave. Since the direction of propagation of wave and of
particles are in the same direction, so is longitudinal. The velocity of
sound wave depends on the nature of the medium. The velocity of
sound in gaseous medium is less, high in liquid and higher in solid.
The intensity of sound wave is directly to the square of its amplitude.
So higher the amplitude, the higher is the intensity. Reflection,
refraction and superposition are possible in case of sound wave. The
velocity of sound wave depends on the temperature and the humidity
of medium too.

When a sound becomes
separate from its original
sound and is repeated due
to reflection then this
reflected sound is called
echo. Simply we can say
that the reflection of sound
is echo.

A sound that is heard persists 0.1 second in
our brain. It is called the persistence period of
hearing. If any new sound reaches our ear in
this period we cannot hear it. Therefore for
hearing an echo of any sound the distance
between the source of sound and reflector
must be such that the reflected wave cannot
come back to the listener before a time of 0.1
second. If the velocity of sound in the air at
0°C is considered to be 332ms-1 then in 0.1 sec
sound can travel 33.2 m. Therefore a reflector
must be placed at a minimum distance of
33.2/2 or 16.6 m from the listener.

Determination of the depth of a well: Depth of water surface of a well can be very easily
determined by means of echo. When a sound is produced at the mouth of the well, it being
reflected from its water surface heard in the form of echo. The time between the production
of sound and the hearing of echo is determined by means of a stopwatch.
Let,
depth of well = h
the time difference between the production of sound and hearing of echo = t
Speed of sound = v
Now the distance travelled by reflected sound to the listener is 2h.
Therefore,
2h = V × t
or, h =
V × t
2
If the depth of the well is less than 16.6m, it will not be possible to perform this experiment
as it is based on echo.
In the same way this method can also be used to find mineral substances in the earth.

Bat flies using the echo of sound as it cannot see. Bat can produce and
hear ultrasonic sound. We cannot hear ultrasonic sound. Bat produces
ultrasonic sound and spread it forward which reflects back to the bat
from a reflector. Bat can understand from the reflected sound if there
is any object before it. It hunts its prey using this technique. If the
sound does not reflect back then it can understand that there is open
space and it flies that way.
Sometimes the bat fails to detect the position of wires of electric lines
and flies through the parallel wires and gets stuck and becomes dead
as soon as the positive and negative electric lines get connected with
its body. This is why sometimes bats are found hanging dead from
electric lines. Bat can produce and hear the sound of frequency about
1,00,000 Hz.

It takes some time when sound reaches our ear from its source. The distance
travelled by sound in one second is called velocity of sound. The velocity of
sound depends on some factors.
Nature of medium: Velocity of sound in different media is different. For
example velocity of sound in air, water and iron is different. At 20°C the
velocity of sound in air is 344ms-1, in water it is 1450ms-1 and in iron it is
5130ms-1. Generally we can see the velocity of sound in air is less, in liquid it
is higher and highest in solid.

Temperature: The more the temperature increases, the more the
velocity of sound in the air increases. For this reason, the velocity of
sound is more in summer than that of in winter.
Humidity of air: The velocity of sound increases with the increase of
humidity. For this reason, the velocity of sound is more in the humid
air than that of in dry air.

We know, the sound is not produced without vibration. If an object vibrates at least 20
times per second then the sound produced from that will be heard. Thus, if the
frequency is more than 20000 Hz; the sound will not be heard also. So, the range of
sound
that we can hear is from 20 Hz to 20000 Hz. This frequency range is called range of
audibility.
If the frequency of any source is less than 20 Hz then it is called infrasonic vibration. If
the frequency of any source is more than 20000 Hz then it is called ultrasonic
vibration.
Though man cannot hear the ultrasonic sound animals like bats, dogs, bees can
produce
and hear it.

Determination of the depth of ocean:
To measure the depth of ocean a machine is used which is called SONAR. The elaboration of
SONAR is Sound Navigation And Ranging. There is a system of receiving and transmitting
ultrasonic sound in this machine. The ultrasonic sound is produced and transmitted through the
water with the help of this machine and if this sound returns being reflected from the bottom of
the ocean, it is received by the receiver of the machine. If the recorded time of transmitting and
receiving is subtracted then the time of traveling is found. Suppose this time is t and the depth of
the ocean is d. If the velocity of sound in the water is v, then 2d= vt
or, d =
vt
2
The summation of the distance travelled during return and transmission of sound is d+d
= 2d.
By knowing the velocity of sound, the depth of ocean can be measured with the help of
the above equation.

To clear the dirt of clothes:
The clothes can be washed by the modern washing machine. Mixing soap or powder soap with
water the clothes are soaked in it then ultrasonic sound is passed through it. This sound
removes the dirt from the clothes and they are cleaned.
To diagnose disease:
As the internal photograph of human body can be captured by Xray, in the same way the
disease can also be identified by capturing picture through ultrasonic sound. This process is
known as Ultrasonography. This sound is transmitted inside the body and the reflected sound is
converted into light energy and casted on the television screen. As a result, the disease can be
identified.
In medical science: Ultrasonic sound is used for scaling the teeth or to remove the stones from
teeth. Ultrasonic sound is also used to remove small stones from kidney by turning them into
dust.
For other uses:
Ultrasonic sound is used to find out fine cracks in metal blocks or metal sheets, to clean tiny
electronic machines and also to destroy the harmful germs.

The range of infrasonic sound is from 1 Hz to 20 Hz.
Men cannot hear this sound but some animals can hear
it. Elephants communicate with each other using
infrasonic sound. This sound can travel a long distance
without any change. This type of sound is produced
during earth quakes and nuclear explosions and
destroys many things with great shake.

We hear different kind of sounds every day. We hear the sound of vehicles, the sound of market, the sound
of rainfall, the sound of musical instruments etc. every day. Some of these sounds are sweet and some are
harsh. If we judge by our sensation the sweet sounds are musical sounds.
The characteristics of musical sound:
The three characteristics of musical sounds are-
1) Loudness or Intensity 2) Pitch and 3) Quality or Timbre.
Loudness or Intensity:
Loudness or intensity means how loud the sound is. Intensity is the amount of sound energy flowing per
second per unit area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of sound. In SI system of unit the unit of
intensity of sound is Wm-2.
Pitch:
The characteristic of musical sound by which we can differentiate between a shrill sound and a dull sound
of same intensity is called pitch. Pitch depends on the frequency of the source. With the increase of
frequency the pitch becomes higher making the note more and more shrill.

Quality or Timbre:
The characteristic of musical sound by which we can differentiate between two sounds of
same intensity and pitch is called quality or timbre. Why the voice of men is deep and the
voice of women and children is sharp? There are two membranes in our vocal which are
known as vocal chords. The sound is produced due to the vibration of vocal chords and so
people can speak. The vocal chords of adult men become thick as they age but the vocal
chords of children and women are not thick. For this, the frequency of voice of the adult men
is less and the frequency of voice of women and children are more. So the voice of men is
deep but the voice of children and women is sharp.

Noise pollution is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the
activity or balance of human or animal life.
Noise Pollution Causes by :
❑ Traffic Noise
❑ Air craft Noise
❑ Noise from construction and civil engineering works.
❑ Noise from the Industries.
❑ Noise from other sources.
Noise Pollution Effects:
❑ Hearing Loss
❑ High Blood Pressure
❑ Stress
❑ Sleep Disturbance
❑ Color Blindness

Physics chapter 7

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Physics chapter 7