Paper Assignment Topic Please use the following prompt to .docx

Paper Assignment Topic
Please use the following prompt to guide your paper. Papers
must be a minimum of 4 pages and
about 2700 words in length. You should incorporate terms and
concepts that are covered in the book.
The point of this assignment is to incorporate what you learned
in the class with experiences you have
outside of class. This assignment is due by June 11th by
11:59pm on Blackboard. Please see the
syllabus for formatting requirements.
Writing Prompt: Travel to a place that has a culture that is
unfamiliar to you. This may be a religious
place (church, mosque, temple, etc.), a cultural area (a cultural
museum, park, gathering, festival, etc.),
or you may seek out a group of people that share a cultural
background that is unfamiliar to you (a
student club on campus). Before you go, pick a topic from the
reading that is interesting to you
(motivation, emotion, development, etc.). Meet and speak with
people there and learn about them and

their culture so that you can learn firsthand about the
differences between your own culture and theirs.
Your task is to write about what it would be like for you to
become a part of this culture. What would be
easy? What would be difficult? Would you be accepted by this
group or is your way of life too different?
What benefits would you have from joining this group? What
would you lose? Make sure to incorporate
how the topic you picked from the reading related to your new
experiences.
ALL CAPS SHORT TITLE 50 CHARACTERS OR LESS
7
APA Format Template: Title of Paper Goes Here Not Bold 12
pt. Font
Your Name
University of North Carolina School of Social Work

Running head: ALL CAPS SHORT TITLE 50 CHARACTERS
OR LESS 1
Title of Paper Repeated Exactly As It Appears On Title Page
This template was developed by Paul Rose of Southern Illinois
University Edwardsville. To make the template more practical
for typical class papers, we have made minor alterations to Dr.
Rose’s template (e.g., omitting Author Note, Abstract sections).
If submitting a paper for publication, use Dr. Rose’s full
template, which is available for free download at
www.siue.edu/~prose/classes/APAFormatTemplate.doc
To use this template, begin the body of your paper (your
introduction) as the first paragraph beneath the title. Note that
APA does not use the Introduction header: just plunge in. Add
your text and delete the placeholder text used in the template.
The rest of the text in this template provides hints about
properly generating all the parts of your APA-formatted paper.
APA style specifies that major components of the paper
(abstract, body, references, etc.) each begin on a new page with
the heading centered at the top of the page. The body of the text
is typically divided into sections with headings such as Method,
Results, and Discussion. For an example of a paper properly
formatted per the APA Manual, Sixth Edition, go to
http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-
paper-1.pdf Some papers have multiple studies in them so the
body could have multiple sections and subsections within it.
Sections can be further divided into subsections with headings.
An example is a Method section divided into Participants,

Materials, and Procedure subsections. Unlike in earlier editions
of the APA manual, the sixth edition tells you to bold headings
(but not the title above or anything on the title page). Below are
examples.Heading Level 1
A Level 1 heading (centered, headline style caps, bold font,
separate line) is used for a major section of a paper such as the
Background, Literature Review, or Discussion sections. A
Level 2 heading (flush left margin, headline style caps, bold
font, separate line) would be used to designate a subsection of a
major section; a Level 3 heading (indented ½”, sentence style
caps, bold font, ends with a period, runs into paragraph text)
designates a subsection under a Level 2 heading, and so on.
Most student papers will use no more than three levels of
headings.
The five levels of headings are shown below.
Level 1: Major Section With Upper and Lowercase
Level 2: Flush Left Margin
Level 3: Sentence style caps, runs into text. One space and then
start your paragraph
Level 4: Like above but set in italics .This level is rarely used
in student papers.
Level 5:Similar to Levels 3 and 4, but not bold. This level is
rarely used in student papers.Citations and References
Your papers should use the citation and reference formats
shown in the APA Manual, Sixth Edition. The (Author, Date)
system of in-text citations is used to give credit to the words,
work, and ideas of others on which you are building your
argument. The Reference section starts on a separate page after
the body text of the paper. If you need help formatting citations
or references, check out the APA Quick Reference Guide that is
available on the School of Social Work website:
http://ssw.unc.edu/files/web/pdf/APA_Quick_Reference_Guide.
pdf
About a References Section
An example of a References section is located further down in
this template. Note that APA uses the "hanging indent" style

for references. The easiest way to create hanging indents is to
type each reference without worrying about the hanging indent.
Then, when you are finished, select all the references at once
(and nothing else) and apply the hanging indent.
Many APA format rules are not mentioned or demonstrated in
this document. If APA formatting is driving you crazy and
you’d like a distraction, how about alleviating people’s
suffering with a simple click? The Hunger Site
(http://www.thehungersite.com/) is just what Wikipedia says it
is. (The link to the Hunger Site was included by the template’s
creator; this is the only time you will find the Writing Support
Team coming close to endorsing Wikipedia!)
Tables and Figures
Check with your instructor about whether you should embed
tables and figures in the text or attach graphic elements at the
end of the paper. If your instructor asks that you attach tables
and figures on separate pages at the end of the text (typical
format for papers being submitted for publication) then the
manuscript order is Title Page, Body Text, Reference Section,
Appendix (if any) , Tables, and Figures.
APA format for tables omits the gridlines. See the APA Quick
Reference Guide for table formatting rules. In addition, if you
need instruction on creating tables in Word, you’ll find a
variety of helpful videos posted on YouTube. I recommend the
following tutorial for creating tables in Word
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KVBaM4N3zw If you find a
helpful resource, please pass along the information to the
Writing Support Team at [email protected]
Table 1
Correlations Among and Descriptive Statistics for Key Study
Variables
M (SD)
Sex

Age
Income
Educ.
Relig.
Dist. Intol.
Sex
1.53 (.50)
.07
-.09
.02
.14
.06
Age
31.88 (10.29)
.08
.19*
.20*
.01
Income
2.60 (1.57)
.04
-.14
-.09
Education
3.44 (1.06)

-.29*
-.06
Relig.
1.21 (.30)
-.19*
Dist. Intol.
3.75 (1.19)
Note. N’s range from 107 to 109 due to occasional missing
data. For sex, 0 = male, 1 = female. BHF = babies hoped for.
Dist. Intol. = distress intolerance. Relig. = religiosity.* p < .05.
Using Headers in Word
Your paper’s page number and running head are located in the
Header section of the page. To edit the Header section, click on
the “Insert” tab and choose the Header or Footer option that
looks like the figure below.
Selecting the Header icon will open a drop-down box; select
“Edit Header” from the bottom of the box. Enter your running
head, and then close the Header section by clicking on the red
box at the far right of the Word ribbon.
References
A’journalarticle, R. H., & Seabreeze, R. M. (2002). Example of

journal article reference entry : Title of article goes here,
sentence-style caps, no italics. Journal Title in Italics and
Headline Style Caps, 22, 236-252. doi:10.1016/0022-
006X.56.6.893
B’authorsurname, I. M. (2010). Example of a book reference:
Book title in sentence style caps and italics. Publisher city, ST:
Publisher. doi:10.1016/0022-006X.56.6.893
C’magazinearticle, B. E. (1999, July). Note that names on this
page also identify what kind of source it is: Each source type
has to be formatted in a different way. [Special issue]. Prose
Magazine, 126 (5), 96-134.
D’onlinemagazineornewsletterarticle, B. E. (1999, July). Did
you notice alphabetical references. [Special issue]. Hot Prose,
126 (5). Retrieved from http://www.hotprose.com
G’bookreference, S. M., Orman, T. P., & Carey, R. (1967).
Writers’ book. New York, NY: Lu Press.
O’onlinenewspaper article, L. (2008, July 12). Words we
shouldn’t use. New York Times. Retrieved from
http://webaddress
Q’chapter, P. R., & Inaneditedvolume, J. C. (2001). Scientific
research papers. In J. H. Stewart & J. M. Kimmel (Eds.),
Research papers are hard work but boy, are they good for you
(pp. 123-256). New York, NY: Lucerne.
R’newspaper articles without authors appear to sharply cut risk
of schizophrenia. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
S’nonperiodicalwebdocument, J. (n.d.) We are seduced by
words. Retrieved from http://webaddress
Alcohol Consumption
Frugality
Amount that Gets Spent on Alcohol
Figure 1. This simple path model, adapted from results in a
Journal of Consumer Behaviour paper, is an example of a
figure.

RUNNING HEAD: Assignment 3 Warehouse Costs
1
4
Name:
Professor’s name:
Course:
Date:
Warehousing is the controlling of space and time. Almost all
companies incur the same basics of cost, but they complete
them in a different manner. Some of the warehouse costs are
ignored or wasted because the specialist does not know where
they belong. Some of the warehouse costs include;
1. Handling. This involves all the expenses that are incurred in
the process of moving product in or out of the warehouse and
the handling cost of the products. Labor that is used to handle
the product is the largest component. It includes the receiving,
put-away, order assortment and packing. Handling also includes
all the costs that are associated with the equipment’s that have
been used to handle such products in the warehouse. Other
handling expenses can include rail car, trash disposals, and

operating supplies.
2. Storage is the second warehouse costs. They are the costs that
are associated with goods at rest. They are costs that are
incurred whether the goods moved or not as long as those good
occupied a facility. Such costs mostly accumulate each month.
Storage expenses are the total occupancy cost for a facility if
that facility is dedicated to an operation.
3. Another warehouse cost is the operation administration. They
are the expenses that re-incurred in the process of supporting
the operation of the distribution center. If a facility is closed,
then such costs can be eliminated. Such costs include; clerical
effort, information technology, taxes, insurance and supplies
(Napolitano, 2003).
4. General administration expenses are the other warehouse
cost. They are the costs that are not incurred for a particular
distribution center. They include; general management, non-
operation staff, and general office expenses.
As seen, there is a need for warehouse costs to be minimized so
as the company can experience some profits. Labor is
considered as the largest expense in the warehouse and it can
account for up to 50% of a warehouse total operating costs.
Labor costs can be minimized through; investing in training and
re-certification of employees, revision of labor scheduling
strategy, monitoring productivity and implementation of Vendor
management system among others individually. Operation costs
can be minimized through identification of the best, trustworthy
and productive employees, use of cross-functional teams to
solve problems, improve process daily and getting rid of excess
inventory. Costs can also be reduced through implementation of
technology. If one considers a new, advanced warehouse
management system, it will cut costs of the warehouse
(Richards, 2011). The use of electronic data interface to
communicate with customers can also lower costs of
warehousing. Facility management can also play a vital role in
reducing costs in warehousing. Investigating efficient fans and

buying energy in bulk can cut expenses in a warehouse. Turning
off outdoor sprinklers can also be vital in cost reduction.
Works Cited
Napolitano, M. (2003). The Time, Space & Cost Guide to Better
Warehouse Design: A Hands-on Guide to Help You Improve the
Design and Operations of Your Warehouse Or Distribution
Center. Distribution Group, 2003.
Richards, G. (2011). Warehouse Management: A Complete
Guide to Improving Efficiency and Minimizing Costs in the
Modern Warehouse. Kogan Page Publishers, 2011.
Simchi-Levi, D., kaminsky, P., & Edith, S.-L.
(2008). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts,
Strategies and Case Study. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies
Inc.
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Chapter 2
Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research

A blind man who sees is better than a seeing man who is blind.
Persian Proverb
Never believe on faith, see for yourself! What you yourself
don’t learn, you don’t know.
Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956)—
Twentieth-Century German Playwright
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
1
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research
Imagine, a researcher wants to find similarities and differences
between arranged marriage practiced in India and nonarranged
marriages in the United States and how they affect marital
stability. What does the psychologist aim to pursue in this
particular project?
First, the researcher wants to describe the findings of this
research.
Then, when some differences between ethnic groups are found,
the researcher tries to explain whether these factors affect
stability.
The practical value of the study may be significant if it not only
explains but also predicts the factors that should determine
successful marital relationships in both studied groups.

2
Love marriages are like hot soup that cool overtime, arranged
marriages are like cold soup that warm up.
-Outsourced
“There is never a time or place for true love. It happens
accidentally, in a heartbeat, in a single flashing, throbbing
moment.”
― Sarah Dessen, The Truth About Forever
Different cultures and even people within these cultures have
different perspectives on love and marriage.
3
First, the researcher wants to describe the findings of this
research.
Then, when some differences between ethnic groups are found,
the researcher tries to explain whether these factors affect
stability.
The practical value of the study may be significant if it not only
explains but also predicts the factors that should determine
successful marital relationships in both studied groups.
Factors that Affect Marital Stability
What we aim to do as cultural psychologists is to describe,
explain, and predict behavior.
4
Two strategies in cross-cultural research
Application-Oriented
Strategy
Comparativist

Strategy
Application oriented attempts to establish research findings
obtained in one country to the culture of another. Comparativist
trys to find similarities and differences in sampling of cultures.
5
equivalence. Indicates that the evidence that the methods
selected for the study measure the same phenomenon across
other cultures chosen for the study.
Method A is used to study anxiety in France and Italy
Method B is used to study anxiety in India and Pakistan
The results will likely to be incompatible due to the equivalency
problem
!
Consider a study that measures anxiety using a self-report
survey in France but a study which uses observation of a
population and measures number of anxiety educing instances in
an Indian population. While they may attempt to measure the
same thing, they will not likely be equivalent.
6
A sample of a multi-step approach to cross-cultural research
design
Step 1. Describe a problem (an issue) you have to investigate.
Review the scholarly literature on the topic.
Step 2. Identify your research goal, i.e. explain what you want
to achieve as a result. Then introduce one or several hypotheses
for your study.

Step 3. Identify and describe the research sample of your study:
groups of people, newspaper reports, children’s drawings, texts,
etc.
Step 4. Choose or design a methodology for your project.
1. Review the scholarly literature on the topic. You may use
popular journals, magazines, and newspapers for additional
references. Check available sources in the language of the
country or countries you examine, if necessary.
2. Then introduce one or several hypotheses for your study. You
can use at least two strategies; (a) inductive: you collect data
first, and then make a conclusion about the studied samples; (b)
deductive: you select a hypothesis first; then you collect data to
demonstrate or reject the selected hypothesis
3.Determine who you ideally want to study. Who is your
targeted audience? Who are you most interested in? Which
cultures do you want to know about? Then, once you have
identified your ideal group of people, you then can start
figuring out who you actually can get to participate. What
sources of data are available to you? How would you go about
recruiting the people you want or obtaining the data you need?
4. Make sure that your method does not violate research ethics.
Refer to your local Human Subjects Review Board for approval.
Put together a schedule (time-table) for your project.
7
A sample of a multi-step approach to cross-cultural research
design
Step 5. Conduct a pilot study, a preliminary exploration of the
method to see how your methodology works and whether there

are any obstacles to data collection.
Step 6. Collect research data.
Step 7. Interpret you data using statistical procedures.
Step 8. Present the results and analyze them critically in a
report.
Step 9. In your report, suggest where and how your data should
be or could be used (i.e., in education, counseling,
advertisement, conflict-resolution, etc.)
5. Most studies have a pilot study. This is simply a smaller
version of your full study. It helps understand what is working
and what needs to be fixed. For example, you may find that your
scales do not work in Spanish as well as they do in English. A
pilot study allows you to get all of the kinks worked out before
the real thing and therefore helps your full study run more
smoothly.
9. Always discuss the implications of your study. Who can be
helped by your research? How can it be used? Are there
limitations?
8
Sample selection in cross-cultural research
Convenience Sampling
Systematic
Sampling
Random Sampling

What are each of these types of sampling?
Convenience sampling comes from taking a sample population
that is readily available.
Systematic sampling is a mix between convenience and random.
Make sure to read up on this from your text book! This is a
common procedure for funded research projects.
Random sampling is the ideal. Everyone in the population has
an equal chance of being selected and individuals are chosen at
random to be included in the study.
What do you think is the most common sample population for
psychological studies? College students. Why? Because most
research takes place at universities and they are the largest and
most readily accessible population.
9
Sample selection in cross-cultural research
Are our theories UNIVERSAL or CULTURE-SPECIFIC?
SAT
ScoresReadingMathWriting25%75%25%75%25%75%Brown630
740650760640750Columbia690780700790690780West Virginia
Wesleyan College410520440550390520West Virginia
University Institute of Technology400520410570--Texas
A&M530650570670510UH480590520630
Example here we have a table with 6 schools. If we conducted a
study on the relationship of the American economic state,
willingness to travel, and perception of job prospects among
each of these schools individually do you think we would find
the same thing? What factors might alter our findings from one

sample to another? Do these scores mean more than they are
telling us (SES, parental guidance, support, drive, willingness
to leave home town).
Main point here: SAMPLING MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE IN
THE RESULTS THAT YOU FIND!! Your results are based on
the people you selected. If that means that you only selected
middle/upper class white college females, then your data only
really applies to that specific group of people. Chances are, if
you have sampled a different set of people (e.g., lower class,
male, elderly) then you would have different results. The degree
that these results do not change across different groups is called
“generalizability”.
10
Universals are Etics
Culture Specifics are Emics
Are our theories UNIVERSAL or CULTURE-SPECIFIC?
Are there universal rules for all things? Most things?
For example, is killing in self defense ok? There are those who
believe so greatly in non-violence that even self defense is not
allowed among their sect (Jainism)
11
Sample’s Size

Estimates derived from large samples are more reliable than
estimates derived from small samples.
VS
An illustration: What do you think: does “7 out of 10” look like
better odds than “60 out of 100”? Yes, it looks like the first one
is better. However, which of these indicators is more reliable?
The more reliable indicator is the “60 out of 100” because it is
drawn from a larger, that is, more reliable sample.
Basic methods of cross-cultural research
Observation
Survey Methods
Content-Analysis
Experimental studies
Observation is observing behavior, making notes, field studies.
This typically does not involve any interaction or manipulation
on the part of the observer.
Survey Methods aim to understand behaviors by asking people
to rate their responses for attitudes, behaviors, emotions,
personality traits, etc. These are very convenient but since you
are not actually measuring the real behavior, it can be biased by
the participants willingness to please and perception biases.
Experimental Studies these are studies where you are actively
manipulating and controlling the environment to determine the
effect on a measureable outcome. Common examples include
drug trials or cognitive therapy. In these cases, your baseline

level is measured, then you are given the treatment, and then
they see if the treatment impacted your levels on depression or
whatever psychological construct they are measuring.
Content analysis or textual analysis is a methodology in
the social sciences for studying the content
of communication. Earl Babbie defines it as "the study of
recorded human communications, such
as books, websites, paintings and laws."
13
Scientific Observation
What are the differences between
scientific and non-scientific observation?
Most of the time, non-scientific observation is often
spontaneous and biased. The observer’s attitudes can have an
impact on the results of observation.
A scientific cross-cultural observation should use measurable
variables. For example, a study measures how fast the
individuals walked on the streets on New York, Tokyo, and
Teheran.
Surveys
Why Surveys?
Easy to Collect Data
Cheap
Common
Easy to Replicate
Easy to Analyze Data
15

Test Translation
Cultural Applicability
Cultural Bias
Obstacles in Cross-Cultural Research
Some of the problems with cross-cultural research are test
translation, cultural applicability, and cultural bias. Things may
not mean the same thing (translation) or be meaningful
(applicability) in other cultures. In addition, the cultural
perceptions can greatly bias the responses of participants. For
example, although there is homosexuality across the U.S.,
people may be more willing to discuss their sexual orientation
with researchers in a large city like San Francisco than in a
small traditional rural America town. The culture of the place
you live and the norms of that culture can bias the types of
responses you get as well as the way questions are interpreted.
16
Test Translation
“Sexual
harassment”
“Privacy”
“Shame and
Embarrassment”

If you are bilingual, translate the following
words in another language. Next, translate
them back in English. What will you get?
Sometimes there can be issues with translation across
languages. The connotations of words can change and the
questions may not end up asking the exact same thing. This
presents a problem when you are trying to compare across
different cultures.
To help avoid this, we typically use a procedure called “back-
translating” where the translator translates it from the first
language to a second one and then another person translates the
second one back into the first language. Then, you can check if
the two words/questions in the first language are the same.
17
Cultural Applicability
My neighbor has just received some singular
visitors. He received one after the other a doctor, a lawyer, and
a priest. What is going on at my neighbor’s?
(Alfred Binet. From an IQ test, the early 1900s)
Could a child from a non-Western

culture understand this question?
The rituals, norms, jokes, and common sayings often included in
questions are not always applicable to other cultures. When
doing cross cultural research, you have to be careful that all
aspects of the question and the research methodology apply to
the cultures involved. For example, often child IQ or math tests
reference food items such as ice cream or hamburgers (e.g., if
Johnny orders three hamburgers at $3 each, how much did it
cost). However, not all children have had exposure to a
hamburger (e.g., children in Rural India). These questions then
can cause confusion and often result in lower scores that are not
truly representative of the child’s ability level.
18
Cultural Bias
In self-assessment surveys, three national groups consistently
mark themselves as “hardest working”:
Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe.
Respondents from Chinese, Korean, and Japanese samples
evaluate themselves among least hard-working in the world!
The way you respond to a question often is how you feel in
relation to your peers or those around you. In cultures, such as
those in China, Korea, and Japan, where working hard is the
norm, applicants are likely to say they do not work that hard
(because they see their peers and the media representations of
others working really hard – so they may feel that they are not
working as hard as other people). The way people rate
themselves is very closely tied to their cultural norms and the

levels of these traits in other people – often these ratings are
more of a comparison rating than a true score (even if we ask
the question in regards to a true score).
19
Experiment
Independent Variable:
Conditions controlled by the experimenter
Dependent Variable:
Something you study
Other methods of cross-cultural research
Content-Analysis
Meta-Analysis
Focus-Group Methodology
Meta- Analysis takes the findings from many different studies
and statistically tests to see what the overall conclusions are.
Focus-Group methodology is where you have groups of people
who sit down and discuss the topics of interest. These are
usually guided by a mediator and are analyzed using content
analysis or qualitative methodology.
21
Comparing two Phenomena in Cross-Cultural Psychology
The ABSOLUTIST approach(universalist) will argue that
psychological phenomena are basically the same in all cultures:
honesty is honesty, sexual abuse is abuse, and depression is
depression. Within this approach, there is a tendency to use the
standards of one group as the norms for viewing other groups.

The RELATIVIST suggests that human behavior in its full
complexity can be understood only within the context of the
culture in which it occurs. Therefore, the scientist should study
an individual’s psychology from within his culture.
22
Beware of Cultural Dichotomies!
There could be fewer differences between two “dissimilar”
groups that you may think
Or, there could be more differences between two apparently
“similar” groups
Welcome to
Cross-Cultural Psychology !!
Candice Thomas
Welcome to class!
1
Chapter 1
Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology
Remember that all things are only opinions and that it is in your
power to think as you please.
Marcus Aurelius (112–180 c.e.)—
Roman Emperor And Stoic Philosopher
The West can teach the East how to get a living, but the East
must eventually be asked to show the West how to live.

Tehyi Hsieh (Twentieth Century)—
Chinese Educator and Diplomat
Please make sure to read the textbook for each assigned chapter.
The text book is intended to serve as a guide to supplement the
lectures – the lectures alone will not be enough to master the
material.
2
Thought activity: What are these men doing?
Think about this image silently. What can you tell me about
their posture? What is the event suggested by their posture?
Who thinks that these men are dancing? Who thinks they are
fighting?
Some cultures don’t allow men to dance with men. Some
cultures don’t allow dancing at all.
Across cultures identifying objects is uniform, where people
differed was in interpretation. Ambiguous pictures such as
these bring out cultural differences due to background. Culture
predisposes toward one interpretation over another. Our culture
predisposes us to perceive the world and others in a certain
way, and this perception can leads to differences in thinking,
feeling, and finally acting.
3
CULTURE
a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large

group of people and usually communicated from one generation
to the next.
Key Definitions
4
Cross-Cultural Psychology:
The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human
psychology
Key Definitions
Because cross-cultural psychology is about comparisons, and
the act of comparison requires a particular set of critical skills,
this study is inseparable from critical thinking.
This is a comparative field. Any study in cross-cultural
psychology draws its conclusions from at least two samples that
represent at least two cultural groups.
Key Definitions
This is really the main theme of the course. Everyone one comes
here (myself included) with an established set of experiences,
beliefs, and expectations. If you leave this class with nothing
else, the ability to think critically about your experiences and
beliefs as well as those of others then this class is a general
success. Throughout the semester you should be prepared to
have your own views of the world challenged and be able to
support these views not only with opinion but with both logical

discussion as well as empirical evidence from the readings.
6
Cross-Cultural
Claims that human behavior is meaningful only when viewed in
the sociocultural context in which it occurs.
Key Definitions
Cultural psychology
Seeks to discover meaningful links between a culture and the
psychology of individuals living in this culture
7
Within Group Variance
Within a cultural group, there can be Within Group Varaince.
This is the differences between people within a group. Even if
you look at only a signgle cultural group, differences between
people will still exist (e.g. politics, preferences…)
Between Group Variance
This refers to differences that exist between groups. For
example, the difference between Eastern and Western ideologies
would be considered between group variance.
Key Definitions
When we are talking about differences between people, we
commonly specify if these differences are “within group” or
“between group”. Within group differences are the individual
differences that you find within a cultural group. For example,
if you are looking at a group of Western ideology based people
living within the United States, you would still find differences
in these people’s experiences, personalities, and preferences.
These differences are called within group variance/variability.

Conversely, if you are comparing multiple cultural groups to
each other, the differences between people in different cultural
groups is called between group variance. Distinguishing
between these two types of variance helps to understand if you
are comparing cross-culturally or if you are looking only at a
single culture.
8
Race - A large group of people distinguished by certain similar
and genetically transmitted physical characteristics.
Ethnicity - A cultural heritage shared by a category of people
who also share a common ancestral origin, language, and
religion.
Nation - A large group of people who constitute a legitimate,
independent state, and share a common geographical origin,
history, and frequently language.
Key Definitions
Racial Categories in the United States
White
Native American
Asian
Hispanic
Black
Pacific Islander
In the U.S. there are a variety of different racial categories.
These are the 6 most commonly identified with races here in the
U.S.
10

US Population in 2010 and 2050 (estimates)
The U.S. Bureau of the Census
According to some estimates by 2050 white/non Hispanic will
be half or even less than half of the US population. What does
this mean for the united states? How will our basic
understanding of cultures change between now and then? What
are the benefits of cultural psychology and cross cultural
psychology when provided with this information?
11
Knowledge in Cross-Cultural Psychology
Scientific knowledge: accumulated through research,
systematic empirical observation, and evaluation of
psychological phenomena.
Popular beliefs. Everyday assumptions about psychological
phenomena; such assumptions are often expressed in the form of
beliefs, evaluations, or prescriptions.
Ideological or Value-based knowledge. A consistent set of
beliefs about the world, right and wrong, and the purpose of
central idea.
Legal knowledge. Dictated by law and detailed in rules and
principles related to psychological functioning of individuals.
These rules are established by legal authorities.
There are many different types of knowledge. It is important to
understand were the information you are getting from books,
online, television, news… comes from. Each of these types of

knowledge is associated with different types of assumptions and
standards. Critically thinking about where your knowledge
comes from and what type of knowledge it is key to being a
cultural psychologist!
12
Why did the tribal leaders deny that there was a party?
While some cultures may have interpreted the last picture as
dancing and some as fighting what cues from our own culture
would lead us to our own conclusion?
Recently in the news there were reports that a group of 17 were
murdered (15 beheaded) for a mixed gender party. The mixed
gender party has since been ruled out as a possibility for why
these people were killed and it is instead now said that it was
because of a feud. When leaders in the area were asked about
the party they denied it before the truth of the feud was
discovered.
If this occurred here in the US why would it likely be denied
that there is no way a beheading occurred because of a mixed
gender party?
Why do you think the leaders denied any possibility of a party
in Afghanistan?
The reason was that they claimed that dancing, and singing were
so taboo in the region that the idea of men and women dancing
together is simply not even a possibility.
Our own culture and cultural experiences are a critical part of
our understanding and interpretation of the world and events.
Because our cultural environment influences our perceptions

and view points, cultural psychology argues that the study of
psychology MUST be done taking culture into account.
Why
13
Knowledge
Ideology
Scientific
Legal
Culture
Individual Behavior
Popular
The Impact of Knowledge on Culture and Behavior
The different types of knowledge combine to influence a
group’s culture. This culture then in turn influences individual
behavior. The study of cultural psychology looks at how culture
influences individual behavior and how behavior is difference
across different cultures.
14

predominantly in the past
confined in local or regional boundaries
restricting
mostly intolerant to social innovations
Traditional culture: The term used to describe cultures based
largely on beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles established:
Key Definitions
What is an example of a more restricting culture here in the US?
Traditional religious groups, such as the Amish or some native
American groups?
15
relatively open to other cultures
absorbing and dynamic
science-based and technology-driven
relatively tolerant to social innovations
Non-Traditional culture: The term used to describe cultures
based largely on modern beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles:
Key Definitions
What are some examples of some non-traditional cultures? Does
the united states contain more traditional or non-traditional
cultures? What are some examples of clashes between non-
traditional and traditional cultures
16
Uncertainty Orientation: Common ways in which people handle
uncertainty in their daily situations and lives in general.
Uncertainty Avoidance: The degree to which the members of a
society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity.
Key Definitions

One important cultural dimension is regarding the culture’s
feelings towards uncertainty. This is called uncertainty
orientation. The degree to which cultures get uncomfortable
with uncertainty or ambiguity is called uncertainty avoidance.
How people interact with each other and new situations is often
governed by their cultural uncertainty orientation and
avoidance.
17
Collectivism: The steak that sticks up gets hammered down
Individualism: Remember always that you not only have the
right to be an individual you have an obligation to be one.
― Eleanor Roosevelt
Key Definitions
One of the primary ways in which we describe a culture is
whether they tend towards collectivism or individualism
ideologies. Collectivism is characterized by the group and the
group goals having priority over the individual. Individualism
on the other hand, focuses on the goals of the individual as top
priority. American’s typically have an individualistic mindset
whereas countries such as China are often characterized by a

collectivist mindset. The degree to which a culture aligns with
either individual or collectivistic values plays a big role in how
people interact, the goals of the people, and the priorities given
to different behaviors.
18
Vertical Collectivism:
Power, subordination, achievement
Horizontal Collectivism:
Relationships, harmony, equality
Collectivism and individualism can be studied in “vertical”
social structures such as: formal contacts between a supervisor
and an employee, a religious authority and a believer.
Collectivism and individualism can also be studied in
“horizontal” social structures including love, partnership,
friendship, family communications, and so forth.
Vertical collectivism includes perceiving the self as a part (or
an aspect) of a collective and accepting inequalities within the
collective (E.g., cast systems). Horizontal collectivism includes
perceiving the self as a part of the collective, but seeing all
members of the collective as the same (e.g., Buddhists); thus
equality is stressed.
Vertical individualism includes the conception of an
autonomous individual and acceptance of inequality(capitalism).
Horizontal individualism includes the conception of an
autonomous individual and emphasis on equality(socialism).
19
“Cultural syndrome” is the pattern, or combination, of shared

attitudes, beliefs, categorizations, definitions, norms, and
values that is organized around a theme and shared by people in
a particular culture. Examples of such syndromes include:
Tightness Cultural complexity Honor
Cultural Syndromes
Would you suggest other syndromes?
Tightness—particular rules and norms applied to social
situations and sanctions applied to those who violate these
norms.
Cultural complexity—a number of different cultural elements;
activity and passivity (for instance, action versus thought).
Honor—attitudes and practices that support aggressive actions
in the name of self-protection. (according to the book however
honor can also relate to lack of aggressive actions, for example
in some cultures any form of violence is dishonorable and is a
sign of lack of self control or discipline.)
20
Cross-Cultural Psychology: Approaches
Evolutionary
Cultural Mixtures
Sociological
Ecocultural
There are different approaches to study cross-cultural

psychology. These include evolutionary, eco cultural,
sociological, and cultural mixtures.
Evolutionary: model that explores the ways in which
evolutionary end factors affect human behavior and thus lay a
natural foundation for human culture. This theoretical paradigm
claims that general biological laws of behavior are perfectly
suited as a fundamental explanation of human behavior. Culture
is just a form of existence that provides for fundamental human
needs and subsequent goals.
Sociological Approach - is a general view of human behavior
that focuses on broad social structures that influence society as
a whole, and subsequently its individuals.
Ecocultural: a cross-disciplinary and comprehensive approach
according to which people constantly exchange messages with
the environment, thus transforming it and themselves. These
interactions are reciprocal. This means that we not only have a
relationship with our surroundings but it interacts with and
changes to us.
21
The Integrative Approach
Resources and access to them
Culture
Activity: the individual’s goal-directed interaction with the
environment
Psychological Phenomena studied in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Key Definitions
Culture and resources have a fairly obvious relationship to
people’s activities. However as educators, students, and
researchers we have to remember that our own views and
therefore our work is always altered by our cultural views and
our access to resources. We may ask the wrong questions or ask
questions in the wrong ways
22
So, what is culture?
This is the iceberg model of culture. Although culture is
comprised of many different things, typically only a few things
are easily visible without “diving deeper” and getting to know
people in these cultures. It is important to remember that culture
is much more than just the easily visible pieces!
23
The Cultural Metaphor
Despite the large amount of information cross-cultural
researchers have gathered, it is often difficult to convey to
others exactly what a specific culture is like.
Kashima (1994) explains that metaphors allow us to more easily
grasp a new concept by framing it in terms of something
familiar.
e.g., the melting pot for immigrant cultures
Martin J. Gannon (2002) proposes the use of cultural metaphors
as a way to easily express a cultural mindset and compare it to

that of other cultures.
Allows us to more easily grasp a new concept by framing it in
terms of something familiar.
These metaphors involve identifying an activity or phenomenon
that most members of a culture would view as important, and
then using it as a metaphor for describing key features of the
cultural group.
24
Example Metaphor: Hair Salon
Reinforces gender roles
Barbers for men, hair dresser or stylist for women
Many times gender specific (men go to barber shops; women go
to salons)
Place for gender specific socialization
Women reinforce relational norms or valuing relationships
Men reinforce a boys club or “locker room” vibe
25
Race/Origin
2010
2050
All people
308, 936,000
420,000,000
White, non- Hispanic
201,112,000
210,283,000
Black
40,454,000

61,361,000
Hispanic-Latino
47,760,000
102,560,000
Asian
14,941,000
33,430,000

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