Child development
2 likes603 views
This document summarizes key aspects of child development from birth to 2 years of age in the areas of touch, taste, smell, balance, hearing, vision, motor skills, and language development. It provides the ages at which infants typically achieve certain milestones in each area of development. For example, it notes that infants can distinguish sweet, sour and bitter tastes at birth and prefer their mother's amniotic fluid and breast milk based on smell in the first months. It also outlines the average ages at which infants learn skills like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walking and jumping.
Child development
- 1. Child Development Quick Review Tables Dpt. Aamir Memon 8/21/2013
- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF TOUCH, TASTE, SMELL, BALANCE, AND HEARING Age Touch Taste and Smell Balance Hearing Birth →Is responsive to touch and pain →Can distinguish objects placed in palm →Distinguishes sweet, sour, and bitter tastes; prefers sweetness →Distinguishes odors; prefers those of sweet- tasting foods →Prefers smell of own mother’s amniotic fluid and the lactating breast →Adapts head movements to optical flow →Prefers complex sounds to pure tones →Can distinguish some sound patterns →Recognizes differences between almost all speech sounds →Turns in the general direction of a sound 1–6 months →Frequently engages in exploratory mouthing of objects →Prefers salt solution to plain water →Taste preferences are easily changed through experience →As motor control improves, postural adjustments to optical flow become more precise →Organizes sounds into more complex patterns, such as musical phrases →Can identify the location of a sound more precisely →By the end of this period, is sensitive to syllable stress patterns in own language 7–12 months →Makes anticipatory postural adjustments to avoid loss of balance → “Screens out” sounds not used in own language →Perceives larger speech units crucial to understanding meaning VISUAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Age Acuity, Color Perception, Age Focusing, and Exploration Depth Perception Pattern Perception Object Perception Birth–1 month →Visual acuity is 20/600 →Scans the visual field and tracks moving objects →Responds to kinetic depth cues →Prefers large, bold patterns →Scans the edges of a static pattern and focuses on single features →Prefers simple, face-like stimuli →Prefers attractive faces to less attractive ones →Displays size and shape constancy 2–3 months →Has adult like focusing ability →Perceives colors across entire spectrum →Scans more thoroughly and systematically →Responds to binocular depth cues →Prefers patterns with finer details →Thoroughly scans internal pattern features →Begins to perceive overall pattern structure →Prefers complex, static image of a face →Recognizes mother’s face and distinguishes features of different faces →Uses motion and spatial arrangement to identify objects 4–5 months →Sensitivity to binocular depth cues improves →Detects subjective boundaries in patterns →Uses shape, color, and texture to identify objects →Perceives an object’s path of movement without seeing the entire path 4–5 months →Visual acuity improves to near 20/20 →Scans visual field and tracks moving objects more efficiently →Responds to pictorial depth cues →Avoids crawling over deep side of visual cliff →Perceives patterns (such as human walking movements and facial expressions of emotion) as meaningful wholes 10-12 months →Can extract pattern information in the absence of a full image (from a moving light or partial picture)
- 3. GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST TWO YEARS Motor Skill Average Age Achieved Age Range in Which 90% of Infants Achieve the Skill When held upright, holds head erect and steady 6 weeks 3 weeks–4 months When prone, lifts self by arms 2 months 3 weeks–4 months Rolls from side to back 2 months 3 weeks–5 months Grasps cube 3 months, 3 weeks 2–7 months Rolls from back to side 41⁄2 months 2–7 months Sits alone 7 months 5–9 months Crawls 7 months 5–11 months Pulls to stand 8 months 5–12 months Plays pat-a-cake 9 months, 3 weeks 7–15 months Stands alone 11 months 9–16 months Walks alone 11 months, 3 weeks 9–17 months Builds tower of two cubes 11 months, 3 weeks 10–19 months Scribbles vigorously 14 months 10–21 months Walks up stairs with help 16 months 12–23 months Jumps in place 23 months, 2 weeks 17–30 months Walks on tiptoe 25 months 16–30 months