Ch03
- 2. Lecture Overview • Understanding Stress • Stress & Illness • Health Psychology in Action • Health & Stress Management
- 3. Understanding Stress • What is stress? – Nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; – physical & mental arousal to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging
- 4. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress
- 5. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) • Life Changes: life events that require some adjustment in behavior or lifestyle
- 7. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) • Cataclysmic Events: stressors that occur suddenly & generally affect many people simultaneously
- 8. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) • Chronic Stress: state of ongoing arousal in which the parasympathetic system cannot activate the relaxation response
- 9. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) • Job Stress: work related stress, including unemployment, keeping or changing jobs, job performance, etc.
- 10. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) • Job Stress – Burnout = state of psychological & physical exhaustion resulting from chronic exposure to high levels of stress & little personal control
- 11. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) • Hassles: small, everyday problems that accumulate to become a major source of stress
- 12. Pause & Reflect: Psychology & Life
- 13. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Frustration: unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal Conflict: forced choice between two or more incompatible goals or impulses
- 14. Understanding Stress: Sources of Stress (Continued) Three Types of Conflict • Approach-Approach: forced choice between two or more desirable alternatives • Avoidance-Avoidance: forced choice between two or more undesirable alternatives • Approach-Avoidance: forced choice between two or more alternatives both having desirable & undesirable results
- 16. Pause & Reflect: Assessment Assuming this man is attracted to one of these women, is he experiencing an approach-approach, approach-avoidance, or avoidance-avoidance conflict?
- 17. Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress • SAM System (Sympatho- Adreno-Medullary): initial, fast- acting stress response • HPA Axis (Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenocortical): Body’s delayed stress response, which helps restore body’s homeostasis. If extended may lead to impairment of the immune system & increased vulnerability to disease
- 18. Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress SAM System HPA Axis
- 20. The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- 21. Understanding Stress: Effects of Stress (Continued) • Psychoneuro- immunology: interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of psychological & other factors on the immune system
- 22. Stress & Illness Posttraumatic Cancer: related Stress Disorder to genetic (PTSD): anxiety predisposition & disorder following environmental extraordinary factors stress Cardiovascular Gastric Ulcers: Disorders: related to caused by stress hormones, bacteria or personality types, & stress? Or both? certain behaviors
- 23. The Immune System in Action
- 24. • Type A Personality: behavior characteristics that include intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, & a cynical, hostile outlook • Type B Personality: behavior characteristics consistent with a calm, patient, relaxed attitude
- 26. • Hardiness: resilient type of optimism that comes from three distinctive attitudes— commitment, control, & challenge
- 27. • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror or helplessness; characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, & impaired functioning.
- 28. Stress & Illness: PTSD (Continued)
- 29. Stress & Illness: PTSD (Continued)
- 30. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking • Why do so many people believe gastric ulcers, painful lesions to the lining of the stomach & upper part of the small intestine, are caused by stress?
- 31. Pause & Reflect: 1. Briefly Assessment three stage describe Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). 2. _____ is an anxiety disorder following extraordinary stress.
- 32. Health Psychology in Action • Health Psychology: studies how biological, Biological psychological, & social factors affect health & Social Psychological illness (the biopsychosocial model)
- 33. Health Psychology in Action • Major Health Risks: 1. Tobacco 2. Alcohol & Binge Drinking 3. Chronic Pain (lasting over 6 months)
- 34. Health Psychology in Action: Tobacco • Why do people start smoking? 1. Peer pressure & imitation of role models (particularly important for young people) 2. Nicotine is addictive 3. Smokers learn to associate smoking with pleasant things (e.g., good food, friends, etc.), as well as with the “high” that nicotine gives them
- 35. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking • How have anti- smoking laws unintentionally made it more difficult to quit?
- 36. Pause & Reflect: Psychology & Life • Smokers often overestimate their risk of dying from homicide & traffic accidents, while greatly underestimating their risk from smoking. Studying Chapter 3 helps overcome these faulty beliefs.
- 37. Health Psychology in Action: Alcohol • Why does the American Medical Association consider alcohol to be the most dangerous & physically damaging of all drugs? 1. After tobacco, it’s the leading cause of premature death in America & most European countries. 2. It may cause serious brain damage. 3. It appears to increase aggression.
- 38. • Binge Drinking: occurs when a man consumes five or more drinks, or a woman consumes four or more drinks in about two hours.
- 39. Health Psychology in Action: Chronic Pain • How do health psychologists treat chronic pain? 1. Behavior modification 2. Biofeedback 3. Relaxation techniques
- 40. Health & Stress Management • Two initial steps in coping with stress: Primary Appraisal & then Secondary Appraisal • Two choices after secondary appraisal: 1. Emotion-Focused (managing one’s emotional reaction to a stressful situation) 2. Problem-Focused (dealing directly with a stressor to decrease or eliminate it)
- 41. Health & Stress Management— Cognitive Appraisal & Coping
- 42. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking • Is this an example of emotion- or problem- focused coping?
- 43. Health & Stress Management • Resources for Healthy Living 1. Health & Exercise 2. Positive Beliefs 3. Social Skills 4. Social Support 5. Material Resources 6. Control (Internal Locus of Control) 7. Relaxation 8. Sense of Humor
- 44. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking • Considering these eight resources for health & stress management, which resource do you most often use? Which one do you use least often? Why?
- 45. End of CHAPTER 3 Stress & Stress & Health Health Psychology Psychology