Chapter 1 intro
- 1. Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body Joel G. Soria, MD
- 2. Anatomy • The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. • “Anatomy” means to dissect, or to cut apart and separate, the parts of the body. • Covers: Structure of the body, microscopic organization, processes by which they develop • Examines the relationship of the structure of the body part and its function.
- 3. Types of Anatomy • systemic: studies body systems • regional: studies body regions (medical schools) • surface: studies external features, e.g., bone projections • anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)
- 4. • The study of function in living organisms. • It explores the mechanisms by which the organisms control their internal environments regardless of what happens in the outside (or external) environment. • Major Goals of Physiology: • Understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli • Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a presence of a continually changing environment. Physiology
- 5. Importance of Anatomy and Physiology understand how the body: responds to stimuli • environmental change • environmental cues • diseases • injury maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually changing environment
- 7. Structural and functional organization Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. chemical: smallest level - atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. cellular: - cells: basic units of life - compartments and organelles e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
- 8. Structural and functional organization 3. tissues: - group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release - four broad types: epithelial muscular connective nervous 4. organs: - two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) - e.g., stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder
- 9. Structural and functional organization 5. organ system: - group of organs contributing to some function - e.g., digestive system, reproductive system 6. organism: - all organ systems working together - includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
- 12. Characteristics of Life organization: • functional interrelationships between parts metabolism: • sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism • ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes responsiveness • ability to sense and respond to environmental changes • includes both internal and external environments
- 13. Characteristics of Life growth • can increase in size • size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials development • changes in form and size • changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized - differentiation reproduction • formation of new cells or new organism • generation of new individuals • tissue repair
- 14. Homeostasis homeostasis - maintenance of constant internal environment variables: measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables: body temperature blood glucose levels heart rate blood cell counts blood pressure respiratory rate set point: normal, or average value of a variable
- 15. normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point of about 98.6o
- 16. 16 negative feedback - mechanism that maintains homeostasis - negative feedback response: detection: of deviation away from set point and... correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range Homeostasis
- 17. 17 Components of Negative Feedback 1 receptor: detects changes in variable 2 control center: - receives receptor signal - establishes set point - sends signal to effector 3 effector: - directly causes change in variable 3
- 18. Terminology of Body Planes anatomical position: - person standing erect with face and palms forward - all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation supine: person lying face up prone: person lying face down superior
- 22. Medial Lateral
- 23. 23 proximal: close to point of attachment distal: far from point of attachment superficial: structure close to the surface deep: structure toward the interior of the body 4 Deep Superficial
- 24. Proximal Distal
- 25. Deep Superficial