UCLA Information Literacy Program. Blended Instruction Course (BICo) Task Force Report

UCLA Library
Information Literacy
(University of California, Los Angeles)
Year  Paper 

UCLA Information Literacy Program.
Blended Instruction Course (BICo) Task
Force Report
∗ †
Esther Grassian Keri Botello
‡ ∗∗
Sue Phares Dominique Turnbow

∗ Universityof California, Los Angeles
† Universityof California, Los Angeles
‡ University of California, Los Angeles
∗∗ University of California, Los Angeles

This paper is posted at the eScholarship Repository, University of California.
http://repositories.cdlib.org/uclalib/il/04
Copyright c 2005 by the authors.

UCLA Information Literacy Program.
Blended Instruction Course (BICo) Task
Force Report

Abstract
In Spring 2005, the UCLA Information Literacy Program charged a Task
Force to investigate blended instruction options for information literacy credit
courses and labs. The BICo Task Force was charged with investigating and
making recommendations for a model 1-unit information literacy blended in-
struction course which would combine elements of in-person and online instruc-
tion. The Task Force looked into existing blended instruction courses, both
for information literacy and for other disciplines, including those proposed by
faculty in response to a 2004 UCLA Oﬃce of Instructional Development RFP
for blended instruction courses, and made recommendations regarding expected
learning outcomes, curricula, assignments and grading, instructional formats,
types of technology (hardware & software) used to teach “blended courses,”
and assessment of eﬀectiveness, as well as training needs.

UCLA Information Literacy Program

Blended Instruction Course (BICo)
Task Force Report
September 30, 2005

Esther Grassian (College Library), Chair
Keri Botello (GSE&IS, Information Studies Department)
Sue Phares (Office of Instructional Development)
Dominique Turnbow (Biomedical Library)

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Executive Summary ....................................................................................3
Introduction.................................................................................................8
Investigation: General .............................................................................9
Investigation: Course Redesign.............................................................10
Investigation: Low-Threshold Applications (LTAs) .................................14
Investigation: FIAT LUX Course Analysis ..............................................15
Lessons Learned and Principles Defined..................................................16
Recommendations....................................................................................16
Technical Support .................................................................................17
Training and Development ....................................................................18
Faculty/Librarian Collaboration..............................................................18
Publicity and Promotion.........................................................................19
Assessment and Further Development .................................................19
Issues Regarding Costs............................................................................19
Appendix A: Sample Blended FIAT LUX Course ......................................21
Appendix B: Sample Instructor-Created Course Evaluation Form.............26
Appendix C: Sample Technologies ...........................................................29
Bibliography..............................................................................................31

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Executive Summary
In 2001, a research study confirmed what UCLA librarians had observed anecdotally for
many years: UCLA undergraduates are not information literate (Caravello, et al., 2001).
They do not know how to identify, locate, evaluate and use information effectively and
ethically. According to the 2001 study, the most effective “treatment” for this condition is
increased use of library resources by means of research-related assignments. This
study culminated 25 or more years of hard work and lobbying by UCLA instruction
librarians to raise consciousness among faculty, students, administrators and staff, first
about the need for bibliographic instruction and later, information literacy. The 2001
study resulted in the establishment of an Information Literacy Initiative at UCLA, which
has now evolved into a more formal Information Literacy Program.

Four years after the 2001 study was published, the need for information literacy
instruction continues to grow at UCLA, yet the numbers are daunting: 32,000 students
(almost 28,000 undergraduates) and only about 45 librarians involved in instruction, with
just 6.5 of them in the College Library, where the bulk of information literacy instruction
for undergraduates takes place. Libraries that serve graduate and professional students
have also seen a growth in the number of instruction sessions over the past four years.
A number of librarians continue to be interested in teaching courses or labs as one
means of helping to meet this need. Over the past three to four years, librarians have
worked collaboratively with faculty and others to design, propose and teach information
literacy credit courses and a lab. The new courses and lab fall within the UCLA Writing
Programs, the UCLA Honors Department, and the Sociology Department.

Librarians teaching these courses follow the course structure used by faculty—i.e.,
weekly, in-person meetings, including both lecture and interactivity, written
assignments, and some online work. Over the past few years, UCLA librarians have

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become more intensive technology users, learned more about pedagogy, and the
teaching/learning options offered by instructional technology. One of these options
stands out: blended instruction (also known as “hybrid instruction”), a combination of in
-
person and online teaching and learning. Interestingly, studies and other reports
indicate that a balance of in-person and online formats is most satisfying to students
and does best at improving learning. (Martyn, 2003; PEW, 2003a, 2003b).

Within this context, the UCLA Information Literacy Program charged a Task Force to
investigate blended instruction options for information literacy credit courses and labs.
The charge reads as follows:

The BICo Task Force is charged with investigating and making recommendations
for a model 1-unit information literacy blended instruction course which would
combine elements of in-person and online instruction. The Task Force will look
into existing blended instruction courses, both for information literacy and for
other disciplines, including those proposed by faculty in response to a 2004
UCLA OID RFP for blended instruction courses. Specifically, the Task Force will
investigate and make recommendations regarding the following:

1. expected learning outcomes
2. curricula, assignments & grading
3. instructional formats
4. types of technology (hardware & software) used to teach "blended courses"
5. assessment of effectiveness

The report should include recommendations regarding all five of the areas listed
above, and training needs, as well as estimated costs and existing resources.

The Task Force report is due September 30, 2005.

The Task Force has completed its investigation and offers a number of
recommendations, based on that investigation as well as the recognition of some
overarching lessons. The Report addresses issues regarding costs, however, estimated
costs are not included, as there are many possible alternative approaches, formats and
vendors.
.
Overarching Lessons:

• Courses which offer a balanced mix of in-person and remote technology-based
teaching/learning result in more positive student learning and satisfaction than
courses which are completely in-person or completely online.

• A successful blended instruction program requires sufficient initial and ongoing
support from the Library and the institution, including budget, release time,
additional staff time, training, software, hardware, and facilities.

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• As technology evolves, so must blended instruction course formats and
teaching/learning activities.

• Student use of and comfort level with personal technology devices (iPods, cell
phones, text-messaging devices) should not be confused with technology literacy
or information literacy.

• Skill levels and access to technology vary greatly among faculty, staff and
students, so increased use of technology necessitates ongoing training to help
them reach a common level of expertise.

• Students must assume a great level of responsibility for learning in a blended
instruction environment, so must move from a passive to an active role in their
own learning.

• On a campus level, increased inclusion of technology in courses may require
additional computing facilities, hardware, and software for students, staff and
faculty.

RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: (See the full report, pages 16-19, for additional
remarks regarding these recommendations.)

Technical Support
1. Make a course management system (CMS) available for pilot testing with 1 unit
-
information literacy courses and labs.

2. Provide ongoing technical support, from the outset, to develop and adapt instructional
materials for an online environment.

3. Provide ongoing programmer time for course development, course maintenance and
updates.

4. Provide up-to-date hardware and software for design and development.

5. Maintain up-to-date backup copies in formats that will enable importing and exporting
of files for future technology iterations.

6. Ensure that interested students who enroll in blended instruction courses and labs
receive technology instruction when needed, both in advance of and during the course,
and have ongoing support for technical problems they may encounter, as their
technology skills can vary greatly.

Training and Development
7. Encourage librarians to design new information literacy courses and labs, or to adapt
existing courses and labs, in order to use a blended instruction approach to enhance

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and improve learning, in particular, by utilizing technology to address Chickering’s and
Gamson’s seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education (Chickering
and Gamson, 1987).

8. Encourage librarians to continue to experiment with various types of technology in
order to help achieve expected learning outcomes in one-shot information literacy
sessions, as well as in quarter-long credit courses and labs.

9. Provide ongoing training and other support for staff interested in using online
instructional materials and teaching methods.

Faculty/Librarian Collaboration
10. Raise consciousness among faculty about the value of librarian participation in
course web sites for the purpose of improving students’ information literacy skills.

11. Work with faculty and campus computing networks to establish a systematic or
automatic means of providing librarians with guest access to class web sites, both for
one-shot instructional sessions and credit courses and labs.

Publicity and Promotion
12. Publicize and promote blended courses and labs, and their formats, widely and on
an ongoing basis.

Assessment and Further Development
13. Appoint a training, support and “quality control group” charged to review and assess
current blended instruction courses and labs, as well as technological and other options
for further development.

In addition to these recommendations to the UCLA Library, the Task Force notes that
the campus as a whole needs to address certain critical issues, particularly the need to
ensure that students understand and have the skills to use technology required for
blended courses, as well as ongoing support for technology-related problems as they
may occur. Furthermore, the campus needs to ensure that sufficient teaching/learning
classroom space is available to teach any in-person sessions of additional pilot blended
instruction courses, and that sufficient up-to-date hardware and software is available for
students who wish to take these blended instruction courses.

Finally, the Task Force wishes to bring to the Library’s attention the fact that two of its
members (Dominique Turnbow and Esther Grassian) are eager to pilot blended courses
in Spring 2006, specifically, the FIAT LUX seminars geared to GE80 students. The Task
Force supports this willingness to experiment, and hopes that it will encourage other
librarians to experiment with blended instruction as well. However, in order to
accomplish this, even as a pilot, the Library would need to commit sufficient resources
to the task, as described in the Task Force’s recommendations. It is also important to

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note that blended instruction or completely online courses may or may not allow the
Library to expand its high quality instructional reach to more learners. Pilot studies
would help determine this.

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Introduction

Over the past five years, delivery of instruction has changed dramatically to reflect the
current educational, social, and cultural climate on the UCLA campus. Educational
institutions are taking advantage of technologies that are becoming widely available.
More students than ever before have access to computers, high speed internet
connections, and technologies that facilitate learning in a variety of virtual and physical
spaces. Educators are faced with the challenge of providing high quality instruction to
more students online as they begin to respond to a growing demand for online courses.

Many researchers have detailed the differences in the needs and expectations of
today’s students. Jason Frand discusses some of the qualities of the “Information-Age
Mindset” at length (Frand, 2000). These include the ideas that computers are not
considered technology, multitasking is a way of life, and staying connected is essential.
Frand furthers his case by arguing for educational institutions to support the activities of
students with this information-age mindset by exploiting the technologies that most
campuses have already invested large resources in supporting. He writes, “If teachers
continue to teach in the same way that they have always taught, there will be little value
added from classroom and campus networks. If students approach learning in the same
way that they always have, computer labs and laptop programs will be unnecessary
expenses” (Frand, 2000). The UCLA Library should take advantage of the resources
and networks we already have to contribute to teaching in a way that appeals to today’s
learners.

Many universities offer online courses to their students, and research has already
shown a growth in the demand for them. A report published by the Sloan Consortium in
2004 points out that over 2.6 million students were predicted to enroll in at least one
online course in Spring and Fall 2004, compared to 1.6 million in Fall 2002 (Allen and
Seaman, 2004). If these numbers are any indication of the future of instruction, the
UCLA Library must be poised to meet the needs and expectations of students for online
instruction.

The UCLA Library is increasingly providing information literacy instruction to classes
across the campus. For the past three years, several UCLA librarians have been
teaching one-unit information literacy credit courses, and others taught an information
literacy lab as part of another academic course. These classes require each librarian to
teach one 50-minute session per week for ten weeks, though the Honors Department is
open to more flexible instructional arrangements for FIAT LUX courses. With the
demand and need for these classes growing, the Library should explore alternative
methods of course delivery to ensure that there is enough trained staff and resources to
continue to provide high quality instruction. The Library is also interested in extending
the reach of these courses by offering them to more students. A pilot study would help
determine whether or not online or blended instruction will allow the Library to expand
its offerings, while still maintaining high quality instruction.

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The Blended Instruction Course Task Force (BICoTF) was charged with investigating
and making recommendations for a model one-unit information literacy blended
instruction course which would combine elements of in-person and online instruction.
The Task Force looked into existing blended instruction courses, both for information
literacy and for other disciplines, including those proposed by faculty in response to a
2004 UCLA Office of Instructional Development (OID) RFP (Request for Proposals) for
blended instruction courses. Specifically, the Task Force investigated and offers
recommendations in this report regarding the following:

• Expected learning outcomes
• Curricula, assignments, and grading
• Instructional formats
• Types of technology (hardware and software) used to teach blended courses
• Assessment of effectiveness

Investigation: General
Prior to its first meeting, Task Force members were asked to read several documents to
prepare them for initial discussion of the charge and the group’s tasks (Kiernan, 2002;
Matthews, 2003; Murphy, 2001; Pew, 2003; Twigg, 2003). The Task Force began its
work by discussing its charge and noting some important general observations,
including the following:

• Currently, the UCLA Library offers a number of non-credit one-shot sessions and
workshops, many of which are integrated with academic courses, and some 1-
unit credit courses (Writing Programs and FIAT LUX), as well as a 1-unit lab
(Sociology). The Information Studies Department also offers a few
undergraduate courses for credit, apart from the UCLA Library.

• Online models, curriculum or materials for blended courses, developed as a
result of the task force recommendations could be repurposed or shared among
a variety of new or existing courses/workshops.

• Librarians should teach blended information literacy courses, but ideally, there
would be some level of collaboration with faculty in academic departments to
customize content or resources for their discipline.

• Depending on the type of content, online learning may or may not always be
appropriate; however, online learning can offer alternative learning styles not
always possible in in-person classroom-based class sessions.

• One-shot instruction sessions may also be extended by providing online follow-
up content and activities.

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• It is important to note that lack of basic technical computer skills may pose a
barrier to effective use of blended instruction by students.

• Course management systems provide many desired options for blended
instruction and should be utilized for these types of courses.

The group then turned to examining definitions of “blended instruction.” According to the
readings mentioned above, "blended instruction" is a term that has emerged to describe
the integration of classroom-based, and online learning experiences within a course or
program. Other terms ("mixed-mode instruction" or "hybrid instruction") are used
interchangeably with "blended instruction." While varying definitions exist, the general
concept is that blended instruction falls somewhere in the middle of the spectrum of
learning environments which range from fully synchronous (simultaneous) classroom-
based, to fully online, synchronous (simultaneous) and/or asynchronous (any time, any
place):

Classroom-Based Blended Instruction Fully Online

Investigation: Course Redesign
The concept of “blended instruction” is not new. The PEW Program in Course Redesign
conducted an in-depth study in collaboration with thirty universities from 1999-2003,
with the goal of determining the impact of technology on higher education both in terms
of learning outcomes and cost effectiveness (PEW, 2003a). Based on the PEW
research, Twigg (2003) identified five technology-enhanced course redesign models:

• Supplemental: the basic structure of the classroom-based course is retained but
supplemented with online activities such as quizzes or discussion boards.

• Replacement: the amount of classroom time is reduced and replaced by online
activities; at the same time, in-class activities are often reworked to focus less on a
one-way lecture and more on active learning through case studies, collaborative
activities, and instructor-student contact.

• Emporium: in-class meetings are eliminated and replaced by a learning resource
center staffed by faculty and teaching assistants who provided personalized and
small group guidance as students work at their own pace through the course
curriculum.

• Fully Online: classroom-based meetings are eliminated and replaced with entirely
online or technology based learning activities moderated by an instructor.

• Buffet: students created a personalized learning path according to their own
learning styles, which may incorporate lectures, lab work, online activities, or other
means of mastering course content (PEW, 2003b).

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UCLA’s recent experience offers an illustrative example of a range of forms of
instruction even within the concept of “blended instruction.” The UCLA Faculty
Committee on Educational Technology’s (FCET) and the UCLA Office of Instructional
Development’s (OID) joint Blended Instruction Case Studies (BICS) initiative
differentiates between classroom-based courses which are simply "technology-
enhanced" and blended courses by stating that "blended instruction courses provide a
significant proportion of the curriculum electronically. The electronic component often,
but not necessarily, replaces some of the time that is traditionally spent in the
classroom" (UCLA, 2004a). Through the BICS initiative, UCLA has sought to assess the
effect of blended instruction from multiple perspectives, including faculty experience,
student experience, impact on resources, and learning outcomes. The three 2004/05
projects which received grant funding during the first round of awards were:

• Political Science 50: Introduction to Comparative Politics
• Statistics 10: Introduction to Statistical Reasoning
• Life Sciences 3: Introduction to Molecular Biology

For the Political Science 50 course, approximately half of the lectures were developed
in an online format using a variety of technologies. Articulate Presenter was used to
integrate recorded video segments, narrated PowerPoints including graphics, charts,
and tables, Camtasia screen recordings demonstrating data analysis, self-assessment
exercises, and downloadable datasets, all in one streamlined interface.

For the Statistics 10 course, the Statistics department used Moodle, an open-source
course management system (Moodle, n.d.), to develop a test bank and administer
quizzes to students online prior to discussion section meetings. Detailed statistics about
quiz results enabled Stats 10 instructors and teaching assistants to tailor each week's
lecture and discussion to focus on problem areas which students showed the most
difficulty in mastering.

The Life Sciences 3 project is still under development as of Fall 2005, but will include
online lectures and quizzes which focus on lab techniques, bioinformatics, and genomic
research.

While the final assessment of the 2004/05 BICS projects has not yet been released to
the campus, preliminary findings show that students readily accepted the online lecture
format, preferred blended to fully online or fully classroom based instruction, and
-
frequently viewed lectures multiple times, especially in preparation for an exam. The
faculty and teaching assistant preparation time required for producing online lectures
and quizzes was generally underestimated, and the complexity of the projects required
a team approach and close coordination between faculty, teaching assistants, and
technical support staff (UCLA, 2004b).

The BICo Task Force learned about the UCLA BICS initiative and considered all five
PEW Course Redesign models. Following discussion, the Task Force decided to look
into the PEW Supplementary and Replacement models. In the end, the Task Force

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focused primarily on the Replacement Model as most closely matching its definition of
blended instruction—i.e., a course which is 50-75% online with the remainder, in-
person.

The PEW study found successful outcomes in several of the Replacement Model
courses, beyond the "no significant difference" typically found in educational research
which compares in-person and online instruction (Russell, 2005), including:

• At the University of Colorado, Boulder, an Introductory Astronomy course (1,080
students/semester) was redesigned by reducing the number of lectures and placing
students in 9-person collaborative learning teams, coached by Undergraduate TAs
to consider weekly discussion questions. Delivery of facts and concepts moved to
the web, while the class meetings concentrated on understanding the material.
Students’ grades were tied to contribution in weekly responses to questions. Web
based modules included sets of graded homework exercises, an online astronomy
text, and group creation of web pages. Class discussions focused on questions
where answers disagreed or produced “controversy.” A thorough comparison of the
redesigned course to the original course was not possible. Positive student reactions
outnumbered negative reactions by 5 to 1. 20% of students indicated a preference
for individual work, while 80% enjoyed group work to get to know fellow students.

• At Portland State University, a high-demand Spanish course taught by one faculty
("course director") and up to 10 teaching assistants was redesigned to improve
instructional quality and consistency, align better with state standards, and
coordinate TA planning and training. Activities such as testing, grammar instruction,
and listening comprehension were moved into an online format, while in-class
sessions turned their focus toward oral communication and student-student
interaction. Study results showed that students in the blended courses performed
higher on oral exams (though the results were not statistically significant) and the
redesign achieved a 31% reduction in per-student course costs.

• At Penn State, an Elementary Statistics course shifted from being a lecture-focused
course to a split between lecture, computer-mediated workshops, and independent
online learning modules to improve instructional quality and make instruction more
individualized. Students in the redesigned class demonstrated a greater
understanding of critical statistical concepts and outperformed students in traditional
class on tests and homework assignments. Student drop rate also decreased from
12% to 9.8%.

While no single activity or method defines blended instruction, a number of common
approaches have emerged to integrate online content, activities, and communication
into traditional classroom-based courses, including:

• Delivering lectures or tutorials online in formats such as narrated
PowerPoints, streaming media, or screen capture video
• Providing interactive computer-graded exercises and quizzes

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• Moving course discussions online through use of discussion boards, chat,
listservs, email or other communication tools
• Moving delivery of facts and basic concepts online, and using in-person time
to discuss controversial issues, bubbled up via online discussion
• Enabling online collaboration through web projects, wikis, blogs, or other
shared content authoring tools.

It is important to note here that, as Ko and Rossen emphasize, we cannot expect to
improve learning simply by putting materials online as is, or simply by using a
discussion board (Ko and Rossen, 2001). These approaches do not take advantage of
the full benefits of blended instruction. Instead, we need to redesign courses to utilize
those aspects of online and classroom environments that will help improve learning, in
part, through increased student engagement.

Rather than the traditional lecture strategy of one-way information dissemination by the
instructor, the classroom portion of a blended instruction course may be restructured to
include activities that take advantage of the particular strengths of the face-to-face
environment:

• Increasing student-student and instructor-student interaction
• Focusing discussions on in-depth analysis of content or discussion of issues,
rather than "coverage"
• Engaging students in problem solving, case studies, group work, and other
forms of active learning

The substantial resources that must be allocated for blended learning need to be
justified by improved learning outcomes and cost/benefit analysis. Some of the practical
benefits of blended instruction are:

• The ability to share, standardize and reuse content
• Learner control over pace and sequencing, and the ability to review online
content multiple times
• Immediate feedback on computer-graded quizzes and exercises and quicker
feedback on writing assignments
• Reduced grading load for instructors
• Lessened demand for classroom space
• More flexible scheduling for students and instructors

All of these benefits would allow for increasedfocus during in -person or remote
synchronous (simultaneous) periods on more hands-on, collaborative activities, case
studies, and closer instructor-student and student-student interaction.

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Investigation: Low-Threshold Applications (LTAs)
Many elements of blended instruction directly impact teaching in ways that exemplify
and advance Chickering’s and Gamson’s well known seven principles of good practice
in undergraduate education (1987). According to Steve Gilbert of the Teaching and
Learning Technology Group (TLTG), “A Low Threshold Application (LTA) is a
teaching/learning application of information technology that is reliable, accessible, easy
to learn, non-intimidating and (incrementally) inexpensive. Each LTA has observable
positive consequences, and contributes to important long term changes in teaching
and/or learning. ‘... the potential user (teacher or learner) perceives an LTA as NOT
challenging, not intimidating, not requiring a lot of additional work or new thinking.
LTAs… are also low threshold in the sense of having low INCREMENTAL costs for
-
purchase, training, support, and maintenance.’” (TLTG, n.d.b) The following table, with
text and ideas adapted from the TLT site (TLTG, n.d.a, n.d.c), shows how technology
can help enable the seven principles:

Principle (Chickering and Gamson, Practical Implementation Ideas
1987)
1. Good practice encourages contact Use email, online journals, listservs,
between students and faculty personal homepages, video
introductions, and chat to connect
students with faculty
2. Good practice develops reciprocity and Use discussion boards, listservs, web
cooperation among students projects, and group presentations to
foster communication and collaboration
among students.
3. Good practice encourages active Transform in-class sessions from one-
learning way lectures to focus on problem-
solving, case studies, and group
projects. Use interactive online exercises
and tutorials.
4. Good practice gives prompt feedback Use computer-graded quizzes or
exercises with feedback, and web or
email-based peer and instructor reviews
to provide prompt feedback and
opportunities for self-assessment.
5. Good practice emphasizes time on task Use technology to manage course
administration tasks (announcements,
submission and grading of assignments)
so class time is focused on learning.
6. Good practice communicates high Use online rubrics, peer review, and
expectations student examples to communicate high
expectations.
7. Good practice respects diverse talents Include multiple options for project
and ways of learning selection and deliverables (web page,
PowerPoint presentation, video or other
media), and make course content
available in various formats to
accommodate learning style differences.

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Investigation: FIAT LUX Course Analysis

The Task Force turned next to an examination of Esther Grassian’s Spring 2005 1-unit
FIAT LUX information literacy course syllabus. The course, focused on social sciences
information resources, is Pass/No Pass, and designed for freshmen, particularly those
enrolled in GE80: “Frontiers in Human Aging.” Some aspects of the course already
utilized technology. However, the group reviewed this syllabus in order to come up with
ideas for supplementing or enhancing it with LTAs, to aid in converting it to a blended
instruction course. Following is a list of possible LTA supplements that Task Force
members suggested:

• Have e-mail or chat office hours.

• Before the class begins, ask students to e-mail their introductions to the
instructor.

• Allow students to submit research journal assignments as Word documents via
e-mail, with the instructor sending back comments using tracked changes.
Moodle’s “Assignments Module” may be another way of submitting assignments.
This board is private so that students can submit their homework, but only the
instructor sees it. Instructors can post comments using this tool as well. Moodle
also has a “journal” option (Moodle, n.d.).

• Other online options include College Library’s “Research Topic Focusing
Worksheet” (UCLA. College Library, 2004) and “Finding Useful Books Exercise.”
(Online submission for both needs to be activated, and the latter needs to be
updated and made live.)

• Allow students to post their Web site reports online and critique them online.
Students could post comments/questions online using chat or discussion board,
or pick from a menu of options regarding how they would like to complete this
assignment—e.g., webcast; post written essay. The current generation of
undergraduates especially appreciates having choices of means of completing
assignments (Manuel, 2001), and providing such choices would also help
students who are anxious about using some software that may be new to them.

• Use Articulate to convert PowerPoint slide shows and lectures into online
offerings by posting lectures to be viewed prior to in-person classes, and using
quizzes to assess learning from the lectures. The quiz would be based on the
online lecture, would be required, and would close before class began to ensure
that students would make an effort to view the lecture before class.

Following discussion, the Task Force identified ways in which librarians already use
technology for FIAT LUX courses and developed a table (Appendix A) to show

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potentially useful LTAs, as well as suggested means of informal and formal online
assessment.

Lessons Learned and Principles Defined
As the Task Force investigated the issues surrounding blended instruction and worked
on its charge, discrete “lessons” emerged which have become defining principles for
this report.

• Courses which offer a balanced mix of in-person and remote technology-based
teaching/learning, result in more positive student learning and satisfaction than
courses which are completely in-person or completely online.

• A successful blended instruction program requires sufficient initial and ongoing
support from the Library and the institution, including budget, release time,
additional staff time, training, software, hardware, and facilities.

• As technology evolves, so must blended instruction course formats and
teaching/learning activities.

• Student use of and comfort level with personal technology devices (iPods, cell
phones, text-messaging devices) should not be confused with technology literacy
or information literacy.

• Skill levels and access to technology vary greatly among faculty, staff and
students, so increased use of technology necessitates ongoing training to help
them reach a common level of expertise.

• Students must assume a greater level of responsibility for learning in a blended
instruction environment, so must take a much more active role in their own
learning than an in-person lecture course generally requires.

• On a campus level, increased inclusion of technology in courses may require
additional computing facilities, hardware, software, training and support for
students, staff and faculty.

Recommendations
Blended instruction is a real and necessary option, given limited staff as well as very
large and growing learner populations. Our investigation has shown that both learners
and instructors prefer blended instruction that includes some in-person and online
learning experiences. Based on the findings of our investigation, we have developed
recommendations for enhancements to both short-term ("one-shot") workshops and for-
credit courses and labs, identified necessary resources to ensure development of a

16

sustainable, scaleable program, and provided a framework for ongoing assessment and
revision of blended courses. The Task Force wishes to underscore, however, that
developing and maintaining successful blended instruction courses, and, as a result,
reaching more learners, will require ongoing investment in resources, release time,
support, prioritization, long-term commitment, programmer time, quality control, training,
and an effective efficient cycle of ongoing assessment, re-training and revision.

Technical Support
1. Make a course management system (CMS) available for pilot testing with 1-unit
information literacy courses and labs.

Currently available:
ClassWeb
This homegrown system, developed by the Social Sciences Computing Network
(SSCNet), is available for use in a pilot study, as web sites for FIAT LUX
courses designed to support GE80 can be mounted on the SSCNet server, and
a number of online tools are already available through this CMS.
(Note: Would require the same sort of support from SSCNet as provided to other
social sciences courses.)

Moodle: This CMS, currently being used by GSE&IS is PhP- and MySQL-based,
but its development has been less disciplined than SAKAI. Moodle requires its
own server, however, the Library may be able to experiment with using it if
GSE&IS or some other Department is able and willing to permit its use, at least
for pilot studies.

In development:
SAKAI: This CMS is a Java-based, community-source course management
system, with code being developed on a shared basis by those participating in
the project at a number of colleges and universities. SAKAI will form a framework
where colleges and universities can plug in new tools to be developed in the
future. However, the Task Force understands that SAKAI will probably not be
ready for widespread use at UCLA for 1-2 years. Furthermore, once SAKAI is
implemented, there is no way to tell if it will be used universally, or even widely,
at UCLA.

2. Provide ongoing technical support, from the outset, to develop and adapt
instructional materials for an online environment.
Instructional materials for an online environment must be created in formats that are as
portable as possible among systems for current use, and that can be adapted or
migrated to new systems to meet changes in technology over time.

3. Provide ongoing programmer time for course development, course
maintenance, and updates.
Among other essential duties, programmer time would be needed for development and
on an ongoing basis, to add rosters to the CMS each quarter, so students can log on

17

and make use of the system.

4. Provide up-to-date hardware and software for design and development.
Examples of potentially useful software include Adobe Professional and Articulate, in
addition to a CMS.

5. Maintain up-to-date backup copies in formats that will enable importing and
exporting of files for future technology iterations.

6. Ensure that interested students who enroll in blended instruction courses and
labs receive technology instruction when needed, both in advance of and during
the course, and have ongoing support for technical problems they may
encounter, as their technology skills can vary greatly.
Examples of such support include: technology tutorials, in-person classes, orientations,
skill checklists or self-assessments, referrals to other resources for technology-related
skills, including CLICC, etc.

Training and Development
7. Encourage librarians to design new information literacy courses and labs, or to
adapt existing courses and labs, in order to use a blended instruction approach
to enhance and improve learning, in particular, by utilizing technology to address
Chickering’s and Gamson’s seven principles of good practice in undergraduate
education (Chickering and Gamson, 1987).

8. Encourage librarians to continue to experiment with various types of
technology, to help achieve expected learning outcomes in one shot information
-
literacy sessions, as well as in quarter-long credit courses and labs.

9. Provide ongoing training and other support for staff interested in using online
instructional materials and teaching methods.
Such support would include release time for librarians to learn, to design, to develop
materials, and to experiment with their use in teaching.

Faculty/Librarian Collaboration
10. Raise consciousness among faculty about the value of librarian participation
in course web sites for the purpose of improving students’ information literacy
skills.
Such participation may include the ability to view course materials, to view and respond
to discussion board postings for information-literacy-related questions, and to create
information literacy pretests and post-tests.

11. Work with faculty and campus computing networks to establish a systematic
or automatic means of providing librarians with guest access to class web sites,
both for one-shot instructional sessions and credit courses and labs.

18

Publicity and Promotion
12. Publicize and promote blended instruction courses and labs, and their
formats, widely, and on an ongoing basis.
The Library needs to advertise the existence and requirements of blended instruction
courses in order to raise student awareness and help them understand what would be
involved in taking such courses, including technology skills and the student’s
responsibility to engage actively.

Assessment and Further Development
13. Appoint a training, support and “quality control group” charged to review and
assess current blended instruction courses and labs, as well as technological
and other options for further development.

Issues Regarding Costs
It is extremely difficult to estimate costs to develop and institute blended information
literacy instruction courses, as there are many variables, each of which may be
addressed and funded in a variety of ways and at a range of costs. Following are
examples of some of these variables, along with examples of some of the ways in which
they might be addressed, though this is not an exhaustive list:

1. Provide ongoing programmer time
a. Utilize existing salaried LIT programmer/analyst time, on a dedicated basis
b. Hire outside professional programmer/analyst
c. Hire amateur student programmer

2. Make a CMS available
a. Utilize ClassWeb, freely available through SSCNet
b. Utilize Moodle—requires a dedicated server, or shared use with another
department, such as GSE&IS. Such shared use may entail expenses for
shared server cost and programmer time
c. Utilize SAKAI when available (will also require programmer time)

3. Provide software and up-to-date hardware for design and development
a. Purchase or upgrade hardware and purchase individual licenses for specific
software, or a large variety of software for experimentation—costs will vary
greatly, depending on the number of individual licenses and
applications/packages purchased, as well as cost of upgrading or purchasing
new hardware
b. Purchase or upgrade hardware and purchase site licenses for specific
software, or a large variety of software—costs will vary greatly, depending on the

19

number of site licenses and applications/packages purchased, as well as cost of
upgrading or purchasing new hardware

4. Provide release time for librarians to develop and teach courses
a. Expand already employed part-time librarians’ hours to full-time to cover duties
dropped or deemphasized due to release time
b. Hire temporary librarians to cover duties dropped or deemphasized due to
release time (would require some training)
c. Hire Information Studies (IS) students, in addition to those already employed
as Reference Desk Assistants, to cover some duties dropped or deemphasized
due to release time (may require much training)

20

Appendix A: Sample Blended FIAT LUX Course
A 1-Unit Quarter-Long FIAT LUX Course Converted to a Blended Instruction Course
Instructor Activities Instructor Activities Expected Learning Student Activities Assessment
Online In-Person Outcomes

• Introductory email Online FORMAL: 4 “Road To
with directions re • *Individual intro form/ Research” pretests
activities exchange (Due: Day 1)
• • 4 RTR pretests (Due: Day 1
Pre-course

Syllabus
or Day 2)
In-Person
• *Library Catalog Exercise
(Due: Day 1 in person)

• Course overview • Describe the steps In-Person INFORMAL:
and description of of the research • Participate in class 1-minute paper (Due:
1st research process and its discussion re research steps today in class, online)
journal – due via recursive nature • Use library catalog exercise
email on Day 2 results & find book on shelf
• Basic research • Use the UCLA together with rest of class; or
DAY 1

Steps Library Catalog use catalog in class
• Find a book on effectively and • (Optional: Physical tour of
the shelf efficiently in order library)
• Physical tour of to locate books Online
library • 4 RTR pretests (Due: Day 1
• Locate a book on or Day 2 online)
the shelf in
College Library

21


• Email directions re • Identify a research Online INFORMAL: “Muddiest
topic selection paper topic and • Topic selection exercise & Point” (Due: today during
exercise & refine it. form (Due: Day 3) class; online)
DAY 2

encyclopedia • *Encyclopedia exercise &
exercise • Describe where form—must compare 1 print
• Office hour for research paper & 1 online encyclopedia
questions topic fits in the (Due: Day 3)
flow of information

• Visible vs. Invisible • Develop Online INFORMAL: “What will
• Hoax exercise appropriate search • Students pair up & go you do differently” (Due:
• Directions re strategies through Hoax exercise sites today during class;
activities on their own online)
• Critically evaluate <http://www.library.ucla.edu/l
ibraries/college/help/
DAY 3

materials to
identify those most hoax/index.htm>
useful for a • Student partners write report
research paper critiquing sites, create “My
topic Web Site Evaluation
Checklist” & post on class
web site (Due: Day 4—post
on discussion board)

22


• Invisible Web – • Develop Onlline INFORMAL: “Transfer &
print and online appropriate search • *Explore Databases Apply” (Due: today during
research tools strategies Exercise (Due: Day 5) class; online)
(using Explore • Written critique of web site
Database • Critique research related to research topic
Exercise) tools (Due: DAY 5 online—post on
• Directions for “Annotation Board”:
Webcast/chat; • Identify research SSCNet)
web site tools most useful
presentation and for a research
DAY 4

participation paper topic

• use appropriate
research tools
effectively

• Critically evaluate
materials to
identify those most
useful for a
research paper
topic

• Students critique • Critically evaluate Online •
web site related to web sites to • “Bruin Success…”
their research topic identify those most certificates (Due: Day 6)
• Email directions for useful for a • Each student must post 1
DAY 5

activities research paper question each re any 3 web
topic sites presented, on
Annotation Board]
• Research journal (Due: Day
6 --email)

23


• Copyright, • Describe the Online INFORMAL: “1-minute
intellectual ethical and • Online polling – plagiarism paper” (Due: today during
property & intellectual issues quiz (during synchronous class; online)
plagiarism: related to class)
DAY 6

Webcast/chat information • Debate and questions to
(synchronous) OR research answer (on discussion
discussion board board, if asynchronous
(asynchronous) session)
• Give directions for • Research journal (Due: Day
activities 7,email)

• Citation style – • Use APA citation In-Person INFORMAL: “Make a
what is it; why cite: style to cite • “Which is Which; What is connection” (Due: today
Webcast/chat materials Where” (in class) during class; online)
• consistently and • *Citation style exercises (in
DAY 7

Give directions for
student accurately in a class)
conferences bibliography • Be prepared to discuss
research progress and bring
at least 1 research question
to student conference

• Student Online
DAY 8

Conferences Research journal (Due: Day 10,
email )
DAY 9

HOLIDAY HOLIDAY HOLIDAY

24


• Debriefing re • Feel more Online Online
research process confident about 4 Road To Research Quizzes FORMAL: 4 Road To
• Give directions conducting (Due: Finals Week, online) Research Quizzes
for activities information
DAY 10

• Course research for FORMAL: Instructor-
evaluations academic and created course evaluation
personal needs form (Appendix B)

In-Person
FORMAL: Official course
evaluation form
* = item exists as Word document, but needs to be turned into online form

25

Appendix B: Sample Instructor-Created Course Evaluation Form
[NOTE: Dominique Turnbow created this course evaluation and mounted it online using SurveyMonkey.]

FIAT LUX 19, Section 6, Dominique Turnbow (Spring 2005)
Course Evaluation
1. Which topic(s) did you find the most valuable this quarter? Select all that apply.
How to select a research topic
Identifying topic limiters
Brainstorming related terms
Identifying databases to search for a particular topic
Creating search strategies using features such as subject headings and truncation
How to evaluate web sites
Copyright
Plagiarism
Privacy
How to create citations
None
Other(s)?

2. What assignment(s) did you find MOST useful?
LitSearch Journals
Research Topic Focusing Worksheet
Explore a Database
Web site Report & Critique
"Bruin Success with Less Stress" tutorial
Meeting with instructor about your paper
Annotated Bibliography

26

None
Other(s)?

2. What assignment(s) did you find LEAST useful?
LitSearch Journals
Research Topic Focusing Worksheet
Explore a Database
Web site Report & Critique
"Bruin Success with Less Stress" tutorial
Meeting with instructor about your paper
Annotated Bibliography
None
Other(s)?

3. What was your FAVORITE in-class activity?
Encyclopedia Evaluation exercise
Selecting databases for your topic
Evaluating Web sites
Creating a poster about intellectual property, copyright, or plagiarism
Identifying plagiarized paragraphs
Pracitce paraphrasing a paragraph
Which is Which (identifying type of citation)
Practice writing a MLA and APA citation
None
Other(s)?

4. What was your LEAST FAVORITE in-class activity?
Encyclopedia Evaluation exercise
Selecting databases for your topic

27

Evaluating Web sites
Creating a poster about intellectual property, copyright, or plagiarism
Identifying plagiarized paragraphs
Practice paraphrasing a paragraph
Which is Which (identifying type of citation)
Practice writing a MLA and APA citation
None
Other(s)?

5. What topic(s) were not covered in this class that you wished and/or expected to be covered?

6. What is one thing (e.g. topic, assignment, in-class activity, etc.) you would keep the same for future classes?

7. Is there anything else you would like to tell me about the class?

8. Would you recommend this class to a friend?
Yes
No

9. Can I share your anonymous comments with other librarians or use them in promotional materials for next year?

28

Appendix C: Sample Technologies

The following table offers a sample of current and emerging technologies which may be used as part of a blended instruction course or lab.

Technology Description Possible Academic Usage
Course A password-protected online system which allows Course calendar, announcements, discussion boards,
Management enrolled students and faculty access to course- chat, file sharing, content display, quizzes, etc.
Systems specific content and tools. Examples include:
Blackboard, WebCT, Angel, Moodle, Sakai,
ClassWeb
Podcasting "Broadcasting" of links to articles, blog postings, Audio lectures, walking tours of libraries or other
podcasts, calendar events, and updated web university facilities, guest lectures or panel discussions,
content. recorded events.
Blogs Short for "web logs" - chronologically organized Student or faculty research journals, personal reflection
series of text entries in an online journal; may journals, team project notes, ongoing faculty or student
include audio, images, or video clips. Usage can commentary on current events or topics of interest in a
be limited to individual authors or groups. Blog particular academic field.
visitors may be permitted to add comments to
entries.
Wikis Collaborative software that allows people to share Student or faculty research projects, web presentations,
and edit information, including urls, by using a group writing projects, student-generated glossaries or
simple web page. Editing rights can be limited to encyclopedias.
specific individuals or open to the public.
Screen capture Software for capturing still or video images of an Training or demos for software, course management
entire computer screen, or parts of it. Captured systems, library databases, and other web applications;
images can be annotated, narrated, or otherwise narrated slide shows or web tours.
modified.
RSS "Broadcasting" of links to articles, blog postings, Compile RSS feeds for dynamic content specific to
podcasts, calendar events, and updated web course and incorporate into course web pages as
content. required or recommended reading/resources.

29

Discussion Also known as online forums or bulletin boards – Weekly discussion topics, peer review and critiques,
Boards asynchronous (any time/any place) threaded text
discussions, where responses are listed together
with the message to which they are responding.
May include file attachments.
Chat Synchronous (real time) discussions using a Virtual office hours, remote reference desk assistance,
standalone chat application or one included in a student-faculty conferences, guest lecturer chats, group
course management system. project meetings.
Listserv An email distribution system that allows Ongoing informal class discussions, announcements or
subscribed members of a group to send and updates; informal Q & A or assistance for course-related
receive emails to all group members issues, with contributions from students and faculty.
simultaneously through a central listserv email
address.
Online quizzing Either standalone or incorporated into course Self-assessment quizzes after each lecture or chapter,
management systems; usually provide options for practice exams for midterm and final, pre-class quizzes
creating a variety of question formats, such as to check if students have completed assigned reading.
multiple choice, true/false, short answer, matching,
ranking, and numerical.
Online lectures Web versions of in-person videos or slide Put lecture content online allowing students to review
presentations.–The latter may include narrations and take notes at their preferred pace; use class time
and video and interactive features. instead for discussions, group work, student
presentations, or other active learning instructional
events.

30

Bibliography
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Online Education in the United States, 2003 and 2004. Needham, MA: Sloan Consortium.

Caravello, Patti S., et al. 2001. "Information Competence at UCLA: Report of a Survey Project".
UCLA Library. Information Literacy. Paper 01.
http://repositories.cdlib.org/uclalib/il/01

Chickering, Arthur W. and Gamson, Zelda F. 1987. Seven Principles of Good Practice in
Undergraduate Education. AAHE Bulletin 39 no.7:3-7

Frand, Jason. 2000. The Information Age Mindset: Changes in Students and Implications for
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Kiernan, Vincent. 2002. Technology Will Reshape Research Universities Dramatically, Science-
Academy Report Predicts
http://chronicle.com/free/2002/11/2002110801t.htm

Ko, Susan and Rossen, Steve. 2001. Teaching Online: a Practical Guide. Boston, New York:
Houghton Mifflin.

Manuel, K. (2001). Teaching an online information literacy course. Reference Services Review,
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Martyn, Margie. 2003. The Hybrid Online Model: Good Practice. Educause Quarterly, (1):18-
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http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/eqm0313.pdf

Matthews, Henry. 2003. Hybrid Courses and the Future of Teaching and Learning at UC
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Moodle. n.d.
http://moodle.org/

Murphy, Paula. 2001. The Hybrid Strategy: Blending Face-to-Face with Virtual Instruction to
Improve Large Lecture Courses. University of California Teaching, Learning and technology
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PEW Center for Academic Transformation. 2003a. Program in Course Redesign.
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__________. 2003b. Program in Course Redesign: Project Descriptions by Model.
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TLTG (Teaching, Learning, Technology Group). n.d.a The Seven Principles of Good Practice:
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_________. n.d.b. TLT/Collaborative Change: Low Threshold Applications (LTAs).
http://www.tltgroup.org/resources/rltas.html

_________. n.d.c TLT/Seven Principles Library.
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Twigg, Carol A. 2003. Improving Learning and Reducing Costs: New Models for Online
Learning. Educause Review
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UCLA. College Library. 2004. “Research Topic Focusing Worksheet.”
http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/college/help/topic/tpicfrm2.htm

UCLA Faculty Committee on Educational Technology and UCLA Office of Instructional
Development. 2004a. Blended Instruction Case Studies (BICS) Initiative. BICS Vision and
Purpose.
http://www.college.ucla.edu/edtech/bics/

__________. 2004b. Assessment Progress Report.
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