Effect of multipath routing in autonomous mobile mesh networks

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 305
EFFECT OF MULTIPATH ROUTING IN AUTONOMOUS MOBILE
MESH NETWORKS
Sangheethaa S1
, Neethu Janardhanan2
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engg, School of Engineering and Technology, Dilla
University, Dilla, Ethiopia
2
PG Scholar, Dept of Computer Science, Vimal Jyothi Engineering, Kannur University, Kerala, India
Abstract
Autonomous mobile mesh networks are a combination of mobile ad hoc networks and mesh networks. Mobile ad hoc networks are
temporarily formed for a specific purpose, without any fixed infrastructure. Mesh networks are fully connected networks with the
support of fixed infrastructure. Autonomous mobile mesh networks (AMMNET in short) [1], is the framework designed for
supporting mesh networks, which are mobile still expects connectivity as opposed to ad hoc networks. This paper proposes a
multipath routing technology for AMMNETs which provides better packet delivery ratio in AMMNETs. The simulations are done
in ns2. The results prove that, multipath routing technology works well with AMMNET framework.
Keywords: AMMNET, routing, multipath, ns2.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Ad hoc networks [2] are temporary wireless networks
normally formed at emergency situations where there are no
centralized authorities like base station or access points. Ad
hoc networks have special characteristics. The routers are
free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily;
thus, the network's wireless topology may change rapidly
and unpredictably. Ad Hoc networks are used for creating
temporary networks. The main application areas of Ad-hoc
networks are; Creation of instant infrastructure, Disaster
relief, network connection to remote areas where installation
of base station is not feasible. An ad hoc network consists of
nodes which are free to move. The nodes may be anywhere,
in airplane, ships, trucks, cars even on every people.
One important challenge in MANETs is to manage the
network partitions due to dynamic topology. This problem is
addressed in the paper [2] , and they have proposed a
framework called as AMMNET- autonomous mobile mesh
networks. In a standard mesh network, mesh nodes may be
mobile, but the mesh routers are stationary. In AMMNET,
the routers will move along with mobile mesh clients to
serve them in communication. We have conducted
simulations and understood that, when AMMNET is used
with multipath routing, better throughput and packet
delivery ratio can be achieved. In [2] the authors have used
AODV [3] . This paper is organized in to following sections.
Next section briefs some of the existing approaches related
to this paper. Section 3 discusses the AMMNET model in
detail. Section 4 explains the proposed multipath routing in
AMMNET. Section 5 gives simulation results and finally,
section 6 concludes the paper along with some future
research scopes.
2. RELATED WORK
Some literatures [4 ] [5] study on improving the network
topology in wireless mesh networks. But our paper deals
with mobile mesh networks where routers also moving.
Wireless sensor covering is another area related to our
paper. But in sensor networks, tracking of sensors become
easy because the deployment of sensors is fixed, and
location of them is already known. There is no much
dynamicity to be considered while tracking sensors. But
mobile mesh nodes will move dynamically and tracking
them is more challenging than sensor nodes. Localization
techniques [6],[7], [8], [9] are another area where mobile
clients’ location is tracked. But these are techniques to
exactly know where a client is. But our paper need just
whether mobile client is there are not, it does not need the
exact location of clients.
3. AMMNET
Autonomous mobile mesh network is the framework for
forwarding data between clients in a mobile mesh networks.
In normal mesh networks, routers will be stationary. But in
AMMNET, routers will have to move along with the mobile
mesh nodes in order to provide them seamless connectivity.
Mesh nodes are free to move, they broadcast beacon
messages periodically. On receiving this beacon messages,
the mesh router can detect presence of a mobile mesh node.
This framework assumes group mobility patterns among the
mobile clients. When a group leader moves in a particular
direction, all the clients in that group also starts moving in
that direction. Three types of mobile mesh nodes are defined
in [1] based on their rolls. Intra group routers, intergroup
routers and free routers. A mesh node is an intra group
router, if it could serve at least one mobile client by
detecting its beacon message. These are responsible for
communication and monitoring inside a particular group.

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Inter group router as the name suggest, are responsible for
communication between the groups. A node is called a free
router if it not intra group or inter group router.
Three algorithms are proposed in [1] to decide which node
will become intra, which will be inter and which one will be
a free router. Based on these algorithms, a free router may
become a intra group router, or inter and vice versa. The
main function of these routers will be to keep track of the
mobile clients in its range. When a mobile clients’ beacon is
missing at a particular time, the router has to take necessary
action to detect that moving client and make arrangements
for that client to be in the connected area. [1] also proposes
some optimization techniques to decide the number of intra
and inter group routers active at a time. Interested readers
can know more about these algorithms from [1].
Fig 3.1 Initial network with one intra group router
Fig 3.2 Network with 3 groups of nodes
The figure 3.1 shows an example for network with some
number of nodes. This is the initial network, where all nodes
start from the same location and one intra group router is
enough to support the entire network. The intra group router
is shown as a rectangle. The radio range of this router is
shown as the outer big circle. This means that entire network
is under one group.
Figure 3.2 shows the network with three groups. Each group
has a intra group router to help communication within a
group. Communication between groups is possible with the
help of inter group routers.
[1] deals intensively in how to track a mobile client. It is not
concentrating on increasing the throughput or increasing the
packet delivery ratio. It clearly mentions that the main
objective is to keep track of the clients, rather than thinking

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whether data is delivered to correct destination or not. But
the ultimate aim of tracking should be communication.
AMMNET framework does not guarantee delivery of
packets to the correct destination. So this paper utilizes the
multipath routing concept to ensure that data is delivered to
the destination and thus increasing the throughput and
packet delivery ratio of AMMNET. Next section explains
the concept of multipath routing and its use in AMMNET.
4. MULTIPATH ROUTING IN AMMNET
Multipath routing [2] means routing the packets through
different available routes to the destination. Existing on-
demand protocols like AODV, DSR are giving shortest path
to the destination. They use route request message to find a
route. Route request is sent as a broadcast message by the
source which wants to send data. Intermediate nodes and/or
destination will give route reply. On receiving the first route
reply, or best route reply, the source starts transmission of
data. The source is actually receiving multiple route replies
from the intermediate nodes as well as from the destination.
So it would be better, if more than one route is used for
transmission of data to the destination.
Fig. 4.1: Example multiple paths to destination from source
AOMDV [10] is a multipath routing version of the Adhoc
on-demand routing protocol (AODV). It is proved in [10]
that AOMDV is superior to AODV and other existing
routing protocols. It utilizes all alternative paths, thus not
monopolizing any routes. It ensures delivery
of packets to the correct destination. Figure 5.1 gives an
example for two alternative paths to reach destination in
group 2 from a source in group 3 through different intra
group routers. Even though multiple paths are not available
outside the group, i.e the routes are through the same
intergroup routers, still inside a group, multiple paths are
available.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulations are done in ns2 [11] version 2.35. The
parameters set for simulation are given in table 5.1. The
parameters used for performance comparison are, Packet
delivery ratio and Throughput.
Table 5.1 Simulation parameters
S.No Parameter Values
01 Number of nodes 39
02 Speed of nodes 15 m/s
03 Simulation time 100 s
04 Initial Energy 500 joules
05 Type of traffic UDP
06 Number of connections 12
Figure 5.1 shows the packet delivery ratio achieved for
AMMNET and AMMNET with multi-path routing. From
the graph it is clear that, using multipath routing in
AMMNET increases the packet delivery ratio by 20 %.
When the traffic increases, AMMNET is not able to achieve
better packet delivery ratio, where as in AMMNET with
multi path routing, PDR increases. This is due to the fact
that data is transmitted over multiple available paths. Note
that AMMNET uses AODV for updating its routing table.
But multipath routing uses AOMDV.

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Fig 5.1 Packet Delivery ratio Vs. Simulation Time
Fig 5.2 Throughput Vs. Simulation Time
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
AMMNET
AMMNET with Multipath
routing
PacketDeliveryratio
Simulation time in seconds
0
5,00,000
10,00,000
15,00,000
20,00,000
25,00,000
30,00,000
35,00,000
40,00,000
45,00,000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
AMMNET
AMMNET with multipath routing
Simulation time in seconds
Throughputinbitsperseconds

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Figure 5.2 shows that the throughput is increased by 40% in
AMMNET with multipath routing, compared to AMMNET.
It is also due to data transmission over multiple available
paths. Thus from the graphs it is clear that, AMMNET when
used with multi path routing technology, improves PDR,
throughput and efficiency.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper has added multipath routing concept along with
AMMNET and proved that, using multipath routing in
AMMNET will increase the throughput as well as packet
delivery ratio. The simulations are done for just 39 nodes, In
future, the number of nodes can be increased and the effect
of multipath routing in AMMNET can be analyzed.
REFERENCES
[1]. Wei-Liang Shen, Chung-Shiuan Chen,Kate Ching-Ju
Lin, “Autonomous Mobile Mesh Networks“ IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 13,
NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014
[2]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ ad_hoc_network.
[3]. C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, “Ad hoc On-Demand
Distance Vector (AODV) routing,” RFC 3561, Jul. 2003.
[Online]. Available: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt
[4]. J. Tang, G. Xue, and W. Zhang, “Interference-Aware
Topology Control and QoS Routing in Multi-Channel
Wireless Mesh Networks,” Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2005.
[5]. A. Naveed, S. Kanhere, and S. Jha, “Topology Control
and Channel Assignment in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel
Wireless Mesh Networks,” Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Mobile
Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), 2007.
[6]. A. Savvides, C.-C. Han, and M.B. Strivastava,
“Dynamic Fine-Grained Localization in Ad-Hoc Networks
of Sensors,” Proc. ACM MobiCom, 2001.
[7]. C. Savarese, J.M. Rabaey, and K. Langendoen, “Robust
PositioningAlgorithms for Distributed Ad-Hoc Wireless
Sensor Networks,”Proc. USENIX Ann. Technical Conf.,
2002.
[8]. J. Liu, Y. Zhang, and F. Zhao, “Robust Distributed
Node Localization with Error Management,” Proc. ACM
MobiHoc, 2006.
[9]. H.T. Kung, C.-K. Lin, T.-H. Lin, and D. Vlah,
“Localization with Snap-Inducing Shaped Residuals (SISR):
Coping with Errors in Measurement,” Proc. ACM
MobiCom, 2009.
[10]. Mahesh K. Marina,Samir R. Das“ Ad hoc on-demand
multipath distance vector routing” in WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS AND MOBILE COMPUTING
Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput.2006;6 :969–988 Published
online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
DOI: 10.1002/wcm.432
[11]. Ns2- www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

Effect of multipath routing in autonomous mobile mesh networks

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Effect of multipath routing in autonomous mobile mesh networks