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Design Research
for
Shopping Malls
Made by:
Khaled Mohamed Ahmed
Sara Hassan Sehab
Reham Hossam el din
Yasmine mohamed ali selim
Fatma el zahraa adel
Shehab Mohamed Magdy
Yomna Saad el ghazy
Hala mohamed hammad
Shehta el sayed
Asem Raouf khorshed

Cinemas and means of entertainment:Cinemas and means of entertainment:
Made by:Made by: Yomna saad and shehab magdyYomna saad and shehab magdy
SitingSiting
Planning circulationPlanning circulation
Projection room and screensProjection room and screens
Data for auditoriums and sittingsData for auditoriums and sittings
Exits and means od escapeExits and means od escape
Indoor sportsIndoor sports
Intelligent spacesIntelligent spaces
Places for playPlaces for play
The world of contemporary architectureThe world of contemporary architecture
ExamplesExamples
Commercial shops and stores:Commercial shops and stores:
Made by: Yasmine mohamed selim
Main data
Layout and dimensions
Principles of shop design
Organization of shops
Examples
Structural systems and construction:Structural systems and construction:
Made by:Made by: Fatma el zahraa and Hala mohamed hammadFatma el zahraa and Hala mohamed hammad
Kinds of structural systemsKinds of structural systems
ConstructionConstruction
FinishingFinishing
ExamplesExamples
CarCar parksparks andand securitysecurity::
Made by:Made by: Sara hassanSara hassan
Standard design carStandard design car
ParkingParking
MultiMulti--storey garagesstorey garages
Fire securityFire security
Theft securityTheft security
Natural disasters securityNatural disasters security
Vertical and horizontal circulation elements:Vertical and horizontal circulation elements:
Made by:Made by: Reham Hossam el dinReham Hossam el din
StairsStairs
RampsRamps
ElevatorsElevators
EscalatorsEscalators
External entranceExternal entrance
EntranceEntrance
Entrance hallEntrance hall
CorridorsCorridors
CoCo--ordinations for designordinations for design
ExamplesExamples
International ExamplesInternational Examples
Made by:Made by: Khaled mohamedKhaled mohamed
SHOPPING MALLSSHOPPING MALLS

Layouts and Dimensions
There are two basic planning guidelines for laying out a retail ale
floor. Six basic plan can help the designer to carry them out.
The guidelines
1 . 100 percent of the space allocated.
2 . Do not sacrifice function for
esthetics.Successful plan combine both to the
fullest
Six basic plans
1 . Straight 2 . Pathway
3 . Diagonal 4 . Curved
5 . Varied 6 . Geometric
This diagonal pattern permits angular
traffic flow and creates perimeter design
interest and excitement in movement. The
central placement of the cash-wrap permits
security and vision
1 . Straight
A geometric plan can
establish interest
without excessive cost.
if the store's product
can accept it Ceiling
and floors can be
lowered or raised to
create zones and
departments.
People respond to circular and curved
shapes such as here-shown here. which
soften the angular and square plan
This pathway plan pulls patrons
through the store to the rear without
interruption by floor fixtures. The
merits of such a layout are that the
path can take any shape and that it
creates a design pattern.
This varied plan illustrates added
variety of forms which can work to
a designer’s advantage.
This straight plan uses walls and
projections to create smaller
spaces and is economical.
3 . Diagonal
4 . Curved
6 . Geometric
2 . Pathway
5 . Varied

Merchandise is located
according to classification staple
good are unobtrusively yet
accessibly placed; luxury items
are spotted where the
prospective customer cannot
help but be attracted to them.
White counter areas are
allocated to services :
cashier,wrapper , information,
etc..
Attracting customers.
This can be accomplished by
means of advertising : all media
location exterior design
signs catalogue direct mail
colorslighting entrance.
Interiors
1 . Merchandise and space must be organized to
help the customer in making a selection
2 . Easy circulation and exposing the customer to
max. amount of merchandise are part of good
design.
3 . Avoid monotoy in circulation and display of
merchandise
4 . The location and design of the cashier are
important and provide for several persons to be
serviced.
5 . Determine what customer accessories are
required : seating,counters,tables, mirror,
telephones,special lighting,floor covering.
6 . Accessories will vary , depending on the
store’s location and type of customer.
7 . Fitting and dressing rooms should be located
conveniently near the item being sold.
Customer flow
The customer sees more influenced by
the arrangement of the space and the
walking habits of customers than by
the intrinsic quality of the objects
exhibited
An important factor in display is the relation between the possible viewing distance and the scale of the
merchandise.
1 . A stairway side wall or narrow passage is suited for small scale display only
2 . Displays opposite doorways have more carrying power and consequently can be bolder.
3 . It is possible to determine objects on display to make them stand apart from their neighbor and in this
way they are more desirable.
4 . It is not always best to separate costly and inexpensive objects.
Scale
Principles of
shop design

They are equipped with spotlights, most
stores have few possibilities of adjusting
niche size ,and definitely not the location.
There is always a need to change the
proportion of space used for new
presentation.Differences in inventory levels,
fabric density, and assortment width are not
constants. They are best handled by a
skilled merchandising and display staff on
an hoc basis.
Niches DisplayDisplay
The segregation of displays in areas specifically
designed for the purpose, and in locations selected
with respect to entrance and customer traffic flow,
is easily accomplished in departmentalized store
planning
Display surfaces
Locating display surface
perpendicular to the line of
entrance may result in angular
plans , or in the use of screens or
freestanding display cases,
Locations for display niches, may
depend on space requirements of
the various shop departments and
upon the relationship to customer
flow . This does not mean that
every inch of space must be
crowded with goods "on display,"
because such practice causes loss
of customer interest.

Changing displays is important. Windows
must be "dressed" quickly. Window
dressing may be done in full public view in
certain types of shops, as jewelry . Glazing
of types which do not interfere with vision
will materially increase the show window
‘value. Ease of window dressing
may be aided in several ways. Access
panels should be large enough for easy
passage for men and materials Access
passages, segregated from the shop's
interior, may be provided. Dummy
windows may be provided, sometimes on
rolling platforms. Show window platforms
should not be too deep, from 4 ft to 5 ft.
and should be on the low side , from 6 to
24 in
on the exterior , provision must be made
for protection when the store is closed by
use of an overhead rolling grille or a
folding gate. This protection should be
over all show windows and the entrance
door.
Show windows
Show-Window Lighting In many stores
other than specialty shops, light intensities
have been increased or above
requirements for ordinary vision, in an
effort to overcome reflections.
Diagrams optimum show-window
depths. Within a 60° cone, the average
human eye comfortably, without
appreciable physical effort. Optimum
viewing planes are those in which object
on display can be seen in their entirety
without causing the eye to encompass
arcs greater than 60.
DiagramDiagram 11 illustrates a graphic method ofillustrates a graphic method of
determining optimum viewing planet fordetermining optimum viewing planet for
given bulkhead heights.given bulkhead heights.
Diagram 2 shows the
application of these
principles to second
floor window ; sight
lines are limited by
practicable window
dimension .
Diagram 3 extends basic
principles to include both
basement and first-floor
levels,seen through one
window.

Fitting rooms
Lighting levels, color, direction, and diffusion play
an enormous role on the attitude of the customer in
a fitting room. Too many stores use a single
overhead fluorescent which has these effects on the
customer:
1 .The color turns the skin green.
2 . The direction of the light creates shadows
under the eyes and accentuates wrinkles.
3 .The brightness hurts the eye and is
compensated by the iris diaphragm which
closes down, making it harder to see the
details.
Dressing rooms are small. The amount of
light equates to the temperature level ,the
amount of heal from light sources must be
balanced with air conditioning
Fitting Room in Grand Mall

Entrance
Stuff entraSeparate
from customers ,if
necessary in
conjunction with goods
delivery.
1.Display window
extended by having
shop entrance behind
it & staircase to upper
floors set back:
internal w shop min 2
600
2 .Very deep shops often permit
extensive display windows,
impressive even if shop itself
quite small
3 .shops may have wide
vestibules with display
windows at angle ,
attracting customers
away from street traffic.
4 .Central doors suitable for
shops > 6 000-6 200 wide
;counters may be installed
on both sides , should be
cash/wrap near door.
For narrow frontage
recess entrance to
provide larger display
area & angles of view
through offsets
By slanting entire
window & having doors
in same line. Idea of (5)
is having developed to
its logical conclusion
Automatic installation for opening &closing doors (1-leaf
door with 2 - way passage, entrance &exit coupled ) : a
photo-el cell & light barrier , b contact mat.

Courreges boutique
The first is the circular
suspended tube—
containing all the lighting
fixtures and air-
conditioning ducts
Another
examples

Linear organization
double loaded
Court organization

Mean Data
The drawing illustrate the clearance
Involved In hanging-type
merchandise cases . Rod height
should be related not only to human
each limitation but in certain cases
to the sizes of the merchandise
displayed.
Shelving is probably used more than any
other single interior component for the
storage and/or display of merchandise. Not
only must the merchandise be within reach
anthropometrically, but it must be fairly
visible as well. The height established must
therefore be responsive to vertical grip reach
dimension as well as to eye height. two sets
of data are presented .One is based on the
body size of the smaller female and the
other on the body size of the smaller male.
Section through shop sales
The drawing shows the clearances
required for a medium height
display counter .the suggested seat
height of 21 to 22 in, or 53.3 to 55 8
cm, requires a footrest for the seated
customer. The counter height shown
will allow the display to be viewed
by both the seated customer and the
standing sates clerk. The customer
activity zone allows adequate space
for the chair.
The drawing is of a low 30 in or
76.2 cm. Display counter also for
use by a
seated customer. For the standing
user's optimum comfort, the
counter height should be about 2
or 3 in, or 5 to 76 cm. below
elbow height. This will allow a
person to handle objects
comfortably on the counter
surface or use the counter as
support for his or her arms. The
30-in height is too low to permit
such use.

Data for supermarket
Good vision arc demand that top
shelf be not over 5 ft high,
permitting an angle of view not
more angle15° above the horizontal.
Easy-to-reach zone starts at about 15
In. above the floor, the minimum
height for the bottom shelf .face of
cans or pack ages should be as
nearly at right Angles to eye as
practical. Cans for bottom shelves
are now designed to be legible lying
on their side.
Length of super Island units varies, 9
ft being the longest common use.
Distance between shelf supports
varies about a norm of 2 ft.
Shoes shop data

Terraced organization in Arkadia Mall Linear organization in Genena Mall
Shops surrounding the atrium in Wonder Land Glass shops separated by columns in Arkadia Mall

Carpet shops
in Grand
Mall
Watch shop in Arkadia Mall
CDs selling shop in Arkadia Mall
Supermarket in Arkadia Mall

Tie shops in Arkadia Mall
In Arkadia
Mall
Genena Mall
Separated stands in the
corridor of the Mall

Cinemas
SITING
General considerations
The siting of a commercial cinema must reflect the objective of_attracting the
attention of the public or being easily accessible to a well populated area. It
must be able to take advantage of generators of activity such as
communication centres, shopping centres and centres with evening
amenities.
The commercial cinema consists basically of four sections:
1. Auditorium with seating facing a screen on which a picture is projected from a
projection room.
2. Adjoining public spaces to provide for access, circulation, essential services,
and ancillary functions depending upon the complexity of the project.
3. Management spaces necessary for the administration and maintenance of the
cinema.
4. Engineering services.
The largest of these functions is the auditorium and projection room. The
auditorium requires reasonable proportions and acceptable means of access
and exit. The relationship between access and the auditorium is particularly
important when the cinema forms part of a complex in which other
independent uses are included.
Although reasonable situations can be provided for gaining access to a
cinema at basement level, ground level and first floor level, above first
floor creates difficulties. It is unlikely that large numbers of people
would accept lift access and lift exit from a cinema on an upper floor.
Neither Hits nor escalator qualify as means of escape.

Access to auditoriums:
(a) Cinema at ground floor. Deep foyer allows for ancillary uses over
front section of the building.
(b) Cinema at ground floor. Ancillary uses in basement under
auditorium. Consider compatibility of structural solution, noise
problem and access.
(c) Cinema at first floor level. Ancillary uses at ground floor. Consider
ease of access to first floor.
(d) Cinema on upper floor. Ancillary uses below. Consider access and
exits in relation to number of people concerned.
(e) Cinema at basement level. Consider compatibility of structural
solution and location of exits.
(f) Two cinemas sharing entrance and foyer.
(g) Four cinemas sharing foyer and projection room.
(h) Two cinemas sharing foyer and projection room.

The basic planning of the normal commercial cinema consists of lour elements:
auditorium and projection suite; entrance foyer and box office; administration
offices; engineering services These are detailed in the following paragraphs.
Auditorium and projection suite:
General circulation within the auditorium must be related to the best areas
for viewing the screen, control and the degree of disturbance to a
seated audience that would be acceptable.Lavatory accommodation
for the public should be available from the auditorium.
Accommodation should also be provided in a refrigeration room for
the administration of auditorium sales.The projection room should be
on the axis of the center of the screen.
The entrance foyer:
This accommodation should include ancillary rooms for the public; the
entrance foyer forms a baffle to reduce the transmission of noise and
din from the street, to reduce heat loss in winter and heat gain in
summer, and to provide a space for grading the lighting levels from
street to auditorium. It provides a means of directing the public and
also accommodates the box office and kiosk. It also provides access
to cloakroom, bar and other facilities.
Administration and ancillary
accommodations:
Depending upon the size of the cinema and associated activities, the staff
accommodation will consist of manager's office, assistant manager, clerical staff,
female staff room and toilets, male staff room and toilets, administration stock room,
cleaners’ room, and refuse store.
Stockrooms and refuse room should be accessible from the Street and the manager's
office should be accessible from the foyer. The staff section could have separate
access from the street, but this should not impair the general security of the cinema.
Planning (circulation)

Engineering services and plant room
The plant rooms comprise boiler room, oil storage, plenum, electrical intake, switch room, water storage, and battery room store. Floor and ceiling voids should
provide adequate service ducts as the auditorium and projection room complex are heavily controlled by services to provide the appropriate environment.
Public areas and stores will also require extensive dueled ventilation that must be accommodated.
Sales Kiosk:
This consists of fixed sales counter to sell ice cream, confectionary, soft drinks, hot dogs and cigarettes .It may incorporate the main and/or secondary pay box. The
kiosk should be located between pay box and auditorium entrances and positioned to give maximum sales impact without restriction to normal traffic flow.
A suggested minimum length for auditoria up to 750 seats is 5.5 m with an additional 300 mm for every further 250 seats. The minimum working space of 900 mm
is recommended and the floor raised 150 mm. A hand basin is required with cold water if protected food is served and both hot and cold water if unprotected food
or drinks are served. Ventilation will be required for certain foods.
Roll up or removable security grilles to protect merchandise should be available for simple installations when the kiosk is unattended.

Projection Room and
Screens
Lighting, heating and ventilation of
projection rooms
Lighting has to be carefully arranged so that no unnecessary light is
spilled onto the screen via the projection ports. Bracket fittings mounted
on the front wall to the right of each projector or narrow beam spotlights
on adjustable arms suspended from the ceiling are usually recommended.
When safety film is used and stored overnight, a minimum temperature of
7°C is required; tubular electric heaters worked by thermostat switches
are normally used. The recommended, working temperature of projection
rooms is 18°C.
Methods of projection:
1-Direct Projection: where the light falls perpendicular to the screen
plane.
2-Indirect projection: the light is reflected before falling on the
screen plane using mirrors.

Screen position:
Screens are usually spaced on the centerlines of auditoria and normal to them. In the case of curved screens centerlines are normal to the chord of the screen
arc. Screens may be tilted from the vertical plane according to the location of the projector, the type of auditorium and the system of projection.In
general, the limits of deviation for flat screen projection can be stipulated thus:
α downward = maximum 12°
α upward = maximum 5°
where α is the angle of rake.

Data for auditoriums and sittings
Sound reflectors:
When the auditorium is large and the maximum distance to an audience
seat is over 18 m. ceiling reflectors are a great help. They should be
designed so that the reflections are concentrated more on the most
distant seats. Materials for reflectors must be smooth and non-
porous and should weigh not less than 5 kg/m2 for speech only, or
25 kg/m2 for music.
One complication is that such reflectors will conflict with lighting
positions.
Loudspeakers:
In cinemas loudspeakers are usually housed behind the screen. For
monophonic sound only one speaker unit is required but for multichannel
and stereophonic sound reproduction from 35 mm film, three units are
used with one on the center line and the other two spaced equally on
either side.
Sittings:
Sizes depend on type of chair and determine chair spacing. Decide on chair
style at outset. Traditional chairs require min spacing at 840 and are 500 wide
—> (1); most common USA dimension 530. Modern chairs vary
considerably: can need 1400 spacing and width of 750. Standing Space —
>(2) formerly normal not usual in modern theatres. Seating usually laid out in
straight or curved rows; in some theatres angled seating tried —>(3). Seating
radius centre point best established by trying alternative positions. Short
radius enables whole audience face centre of stage but this must be drawn to
ensure adequate circulation space at front stalls sides.

Minimum dimensions:
A back-to-back distance between rows of seats with
backs: 760 mm (minimum)
B back-to-back distance between rows of seats
without backs 610 mm (minimum)
C width of seats with arms 510 mm (minimum)
D width of seat without arms 460 mm (minimum) E
unobstructed vertical space between rows (seat
way) 305-mm.
F Rows with more than twenty-two seats could be
possible, provided that the audience was net
imperiled.
G minimum width of gangway 1070 mm.

Rise R —»(2): difference in height between adjacent seating platforms
Floor slope:
Arrival point of sight : intersection of highest sightline at focal plane
positioned 50 above stage platform
Distance: horizontal distance from eye of seated spectator to APS
D1= distance from eye of first row to APS
Dn = distance from eye of given row n to APS
Elevation: vertical height of eye of seated spectator above focal plane
E1 = vertical height of eye of first row above focal plane
En = vertical height of eye of given row n above focal plane
E1 = 0 establishes max stage height allowable, ie 1060
Sight lines:
Typical seated spectator—»(1)
Eye height: 1120± 100
Tread of seating tier (row spacing) T: 800-1150
Head clearance C:
C1 = 65: min clearance/row, assuming spectator will see between
heads row in front (every-other-row vision)
C2 = 130 allows av spectator see over head av specator in front
(every-row vision)

Constant rise floor slope —>(2): sight lines from rows parallel; APS
determined by intersection of sight line from last or highest row at
focal plane:
R = t/d1 [E1+(N-1)+C]
D1= t/r-c [e1+(n-1)c]
E1= d1/t (r-c) – c(n-1)
N = number of rows in seat bank.
Heating and ventilation of
auditorium:
The auditorium requires an air temperature of 65°F (18.3°C) and air
should be moved at the rate of 1,000 cu ft/hour (28 m²/hr) per person
of which three-quarters should be fresh air from outside where
complete air conditioning is not required. For comprehensive air
conditioning, the humidity should be 55% in summer and 65% in
winter.
Diagram showing Relationship between public
spaces around the cinema

Exits and means of escape
Escape routes:
At least two exits should be provided from each tier or floor and
they should be independent and remote from one another.
Two exits close together would not in some circumstances
provide an alternative means of escape, nor would they
provide an alternative if they both joined into one common
space such as a foyer. Exits from the auditorium must be
distributed with safety in mind, but they should also be
related to the normal circulation of the public. In an
emergency it is easier for people to make their way out of
the building in an orderly fashion if the route is already
familiar to them. It is better to avoid special emergency
exit routes if it is possible. If the building has to be
evacuated because of an outbreak of fire on the stage, the
public would not naturally go in the direction of a fire,
even if the safety curtain had shut it off, and it is therefore
inadvisable to place the only exits close to the proscenium.
Another reason why it is better to have exits at the back of
the auditorium is that in an emergency it is less dangerous
to travel up steps than down. However, there are also
hazards in the foyer area especially as now these often
contain restaurants and coffee bars where cooking is done.
The possibility of an emergency arising in this area will
probably justify some exits near the front of the
auditorium.
§ SR = The Building Standards (Scotland) (Consolidation) Regulations 1970
§ HO = The Manual of Safety Requirements in theatres and other places of public
entertainment, issued by the Home Office
§ csr = The Cinematograph Safety Regulations, for 1955, 1958 and 1965
§ Glc = glc Places of Public Entertainment, Technical Regulations

Exit widths:
The widths of exits should be related to their use. Some licensing and other
authorities have fixed minimum widths. A recommendation given in Ministry of
Works Post- War Building Study No. 20 is to allow for a rate of movement in
cinemas and theatres of 45 per-sons per minute per unit width of 520-530 mm. In
new buildings exit doorways should not be narrower than two such units, 1070
mm, but in existing buildings not less than 960 mm in width is at present
tolerated.

Scissors escape stairs are an economic planningdevice which makes it
possible to get two completely independent, fire separated staircases into
one tower by using the maximum number of 16 permitted risers in each
flight.
Doors and corridors:
Widths must match exit requirements.doors to open outwards against exit
flow in corridors and to be free of fastening except panic bolts. Projection
for handrails up to 75 allowed into exit widths but doors must provide
clear exit dimensions measured from door face to frame when standing
open. Doors generally required to be free and self closing.
Staircases:
Must also match exit requirements,clear width being measured between
walls or wall and balustrade not less than 3 risers permitted; not more than
16 risers in straight flights. Maximum of 2 successive flights without turn
allowed provided numbers of risers reduced to 12. Landings at top,
bottom and between flights should equal width required. Stair risers (uk
code) not to exceed 150, treads at least 280; usa codes vary.

It includes audiovisual electronics, the video, which has become a vital, major element of
visual presentation. Video has brought into the store motion, sound, special programs,
promotions tied into marketing, advertising, and displays—all of the advances of striking
electronics technology from Madison Avenue.
This development has challenged the store planner/designer and the visual merchandiser to
integrate these devices imaginatively into store design. From point-of-purchase at the fixture
level, from focal major presentations, from coordination with merchandise displays, to
arresting video walls—all of these elements are competitively vital and provide an entirely
new dimension, indeed a whole new universe, to creative and advanced ideas of store design.
Television has invaded the retail store. Many stores have established in-house production
facilities to link sales campaigns with a face-to-face encounter with the customer.
Monitor displays
Multimonitor displays, called "video walls," have provided
incredible variety and power to sales presentations and have
brought into the store all of the impact, artistry, and
potential of cinematography.

Internet cafe
It consists of main computer connected to the other computer by
a network called LAN working (Local Area Network)
All the system is controlled by a huge electric power supply

The marketing concept was based on the observation that Internet
enthusiasts stayed for hours surfing the World Wide Web in low-profile
specialist outlets, where they spent little on food and drink; here was a
market with clear potential for generating much higher revenues.
Reception area: in order to create an
illusion of space in what is essentially an
office area, MET have designed double-
height areas at certain points. In the
foreground there is a "smart-card"
terminal.
The essence is to create an ambience
to explore new software and surf the
net.
The delights of computer-based information
and entertainment products are presented in
a series of seven educational displays with
over one hundred pieces of equipment for
visitor to use.
Cybersmith,White Plains,USA
Telecom world, Hong Kong
The new retail format gives
consumers the opportunity to
experiment with new technologies,
offering them a mixture of effort-
free learning and "infotainment",
of inter- active enjoyment and
shopping. Its aim is to attract a
broader public to the world of
virtual consumerism: the market of
the future.
The 7-meter-high translucent dome contain
the (Onto the web) exhibit which explores
cyberspace.
It contains a 100-seat auditorium, and
video-conferencing rooms and business
suites.
The designers have used a
restrained design vocabulary
without excessive gimmickry,
allowing the Technology to
speak for itself in direct
interaction with the visitor.
CAFÉ CYBERIA, PARIS, FRANCE
The subject only became popular once multimedia and the Internet had
begun to develop into communications technologies for the masses.
The cables of the 18 computer terminals are channeled through the "light
beam", a large, back-lit fixture which runs the full length of the ceiling.

Ten pin bowling centers
Critical factors
Consult specialist company
Car parking provision
Overall space requirements as shown in
the guide and table below
Control of noise
Lighting
Ventilation.
Environmental factors and the form
of construction.
Efficient locations for, and local regulations for:
(a) Food and drinks service
(b) Retail sales area: pro shop, other merchandise
(c) Coin operated games area
(d) Nursery and meeting rooms
(e) Billiards and snooker area
(f) Other recreational areas
(g) Storage for pins and other equipment (h)
Mechanics work area.
Facilities for those with disabilities, in the car park, at
the entrance, cloakrooms and toilets and bowling
areas.
Requirements for bowls, control and scoring systems.
Practical provisions for security.
Expansion review and space allowances.
Environmental factors and the form
of construction.
Efficient locations for, and local regulations for:
(a) Food and drinks service
(b) Retail sales area: pro shop, other merchandise
(c) Coin operated games area
(d) Nursery and meeting rooms
(e) Billiards and snooker area
(f) Other recreational areas
(g) Storage for pins and other equipment (h)
Mechanics work area.
Facilities for those with disabilities, in the car park, at
the entrance, cloakrooms and toilets and bowling
areas.
Requirements for bowls, control and scoring systems.
Practical provisions for security.
Expansion review and space allowances.
Space
As a (rule of thumb) guide allow
approximately 94 sq m of building area per
lane, or for 16 lanes or more allow at least
85 sq m per lane.
A whole range of attractive facilities of high
quality up-market bowling center. These should
at least include a bar and a fast-food outlet with
limited but good quality menu.
A separate outside sales entrance may be
considered are essential in a modern to bring in
new business.
The lounge should be designed to invite bowlers in.
Where permitted a pass-through service window
to the concourse should be provided for waitress
service to the concourse. Storage and access to an
outside loading bay must be provided for all these
facilities.
Staff rest room. Facilities to comply
with the Health
•Storage and utility spaces. There must be
adequate space for heating and air conditioning
plant, utilities meters, cleaning equipment and
supplies storage for all service, management
and amenity rooms.
Lockers. There should be rental lockers,
probably near the toilets or opening off the
concourse, where customers of both sexes can
store clothes and belongings. Five lockers per
lane are recommended.

Schedule of accommodation
A center consists of multiple parallel
bowling lanes plus the following ancillary
spaces to serve the lanes:
Concourse. This is essentially a passageway
for access to the lanes and other bowling
center facilities. The larger the number of
lanes, the shallower the concourse needs be,
but 3.65 m is a minimum. The concourse
may also be used for tables and chairs (allow
2.5 m for each row of these), for food and
vending drink sales, and for payphones.
Unless the center is specifically planned as a
tournament center spectator seating is not
recommended here. See also Food and bar
lounge, below.
Retail sales area and ball drilling.
Provide a glassed-in area for the sale of
bowling balls and other supplies.
Install modern merchandising display
systems. The sales facility should
enhance the product being promoted
and be located so that it faces potential
retail customers. Power requirements
for a ball driller are two 15-20 amp
mains voltage circuits.
Bowlers sealing area. This is situated
at the 'front end' of the bowling lanes
and opening off the concourse. It
should be at least 3.66 m deep and 0.15
m below concourse level. This contains
the automatic scoring and control
systems.
Ball racks. A space behind the
bowlers' seating area for the ball
racks.
Control counter. This
is rather like the bridge
of a ship, and the floor
must be raised to give
the control clerk a
commanding view of all
entrances, all lanes, and
the video area,
regardless of the flow of
traffic. The counter
should accommodate all
the sophisticated
electronic scoring and
business equipment,
which forms part of a
modem center, and
must therefore have
ample electrical points.
A display area for
rental show racking
and other merchandise
may be included.
If the racks are on the same level as the bowler seating area. Racks
may be 16-ball mobile storage racks, or fixed built-in racks.
Coat racks. These may be incorporated in the same area as ball
storage, or provided for in a special check room near the control
counter.
Pins potter service area. This is at the far end of the bowling lanes.
This should accommodate storage of pins and other supplies, plus a
service aisle at least 1.8 m wide for maintenance personnel. Ideally a
large service room and a mechanic's workshop should be accessible
from this service area.

Table tennis
The popularity of table tennis stretches across all ages and all
socio-economic groups. It is normally played indoors by two or
four players on a table of standardized size with a net across the
center.
Critical factors
Overall playing area including specified clearances around and
clear height above a table Colour, reflection, friction and
resilience characteristics of the floor
Floors and walls of dark and non-reflective colour
Uniform light over the playing area without any stroboscopic
effect
Reduced lighting intensity over spectators outside the playing
area Good ventilation but without draughts.
Space requirements
The ideal venue is a purpose designed club facility or a
dedicated space within a table tennis or sports center
with tables and lighting permanently available for play
Lighting and all other obstructions must be totally above the
increased clear height zone.
Recreational play coaching purposes
Though side by side is preferable, table layout should reflect space
limitations with safety being the overriding factor.
Competitive play
Tables should be laid out side-by-side and not end-to-end. Movable barriers
mark out boundaries. It is recommended in a multi-table venue to leave
gangways between playing areas, both to enable easier player official access to
courts and to give courts total independence from each other and reduce
disturbance by balls from other courts
Equipment
Tables and nets
A table tennis top measures 2.743 x 1.524 x 0.762 from the floor. Different
types and qualities of tables are required for different levels of play from
coaching recreational to international matches and tournaments.
Net and post sets should be sturdy, simple to assemble and easy to attach
to tables of any thickness. Removable nets Land posts are recommended.
Barriers
More than one table is in use, each playing area should be divided by
movable, dark-coloured, non-reflective barrier units about 50-75 cm
height.
The continuous side barrier is advisable, both to contain the ball and
define gangway space

There may be much waiting for sports in a
busy center, and the videogames help pass the
time. Properly supervised and controlled video
games and coin operated amusement machines
contribute support for the operation and a
welcome diversion for waiting list bowlers
during peak periods. They should be
concentrated in an area unobtrusive to bowlers
on the lanes but in full view of the control
counter.
The video game hall must be located
near by the main entrance of the mall
and in sight-level of the children
These photos are taken from
Arkadia, Grand Mall and Family
Land.
Video games

The main playground is divided into three sections: the adventure area, the ball game area,
and the garden. The most important of these is the adventure area, which is the starting-point
and the heart of the whole scheme
The ball game area (65x45 feet) is
divided from the rest of the
playground by a 4-foot retaining wall
of concrete blocks, with the excavated
material from the building piled
against it, shaped and graded. This
bank was then surfaced with sprayed
concrete on steel mesh, and granite
setts were embedded in it to form
steps, climbing-stones and platforms.
It is constantly used for climbing,
running, sitting and watching.
Children/ Kinder Garden
playing zones

In the most secluded corner, an ambitious garden was originally
planned but then dropped, partly because of its cost and partly to
offer the children the opportunity to make the garden themselves.
The garden site was left with banks surrounding it, and a grove of
sycamores was planted on small mound. This free growth of activities
depending on the children themselves is an essential feature of the
playground.
THE PLAYROOM
This is the largest room (20x30 feet); it is just inside the entrance to the building,
and also has a door to the paved area on the other side. It is for games, meetings,
dancing, Sable tennis and billiards. The tall narrow windows arc designed to allow
children of all ages to see out and at the same time to reduce the glass area (and
thus the breakages) to the minimum. The ceiling tiles provide heat insulation and
sound absorption. Partly inset fluorescent ceiling lighting is used in continuous
runs and with plastic diffusers. The well-equipped small kitchen enables the girls
to do some cooking, and snacks can be served through the hatch. This is so heavily
used that more space and a wider serving hatch would be fully justified.
THE ACTIVITIES ROOM
.
The Fun Planet is a
children enjoying zone in
Arkadia Mall
This room is linked to
the playroom by a
lobby lined with
cupboards. It is
designed for quieter
and more sedentary
activities, such as
painting, clay-modeling
and crafts

Billiards
Critical factors
• Overall area, including where appropriate officials sitting-out
space around the tables
• A firm floor level and surface
• Tables must not be moved once they have been set up and
adequately protected when not in use
• Match tables need adequate space for players and elevated
spectators
• Uniform, shadow-free illumination provided by special
separate lighting for each table
Space
The overall size of a full-sized billiard table is approximately 4
x 2 m depending on the particular design. The Billiards and
Snooker Control Council introduced (with world agreement)
the 3.50 m standard table and for the first time this specifies
the actual playing area size (3.50 x 1.75 m)
A clear playing space of 2m
all round the table is
desirable, so that a clear floor
space of 8 x 6 m is required
for actual play.
Seating must be positioned
outside this area. If the clear
playing space around the
table is reduced to the
absolute minimum of 1.6 m,
the total playing area can be
reduced to a minimum of 7.0
x 5.2 m
Table weight and installation
The weight of a full-size traditionally designed billiard table
is approximately 1.5 tons spread on eight legs.
Siting and layout
Tables have to be plumbed and leveled accurately before use and therefore cannot be
moved to make room for other activities.
It is best to arrange the tables end to end to limit the possible obstruction between players
at adjacent tables.
Spectator facilities
Spectator seating, if required,
should be provided around at least
three sides of one table but
sufficiently distant from it to allow
ample space for the players.
Permanent or removable seating is
acceptable.
A small cafeteria located
beside the billiard hall
The reception counter
In Wonderland
In Family land

ICERINKS
Hosed ice rinks in some countries on tennis courts, roller skating rinks and similar
large areas (surrounding wall approx 100-150); water layer 20; drainage for letting out
water.
Artificial ice rinks with refrigeration system 25 below screed. Pump system with
deep freeze salt solution or cold air chambers (usually ammonia compression
method) —»(3)-(5). Sometimes combination of roller skating rink summer and ice
rink winter. Refrigeration system 25-50 below top of rink surface (not possible on
terrazzo).Photos of the ice skating rink in
Family-Land
It is a covered air-conditioned hall with
special leveled spectator seating.
Curling (1): ground I 42 m; w 4000 (30x 3000 also possible); intermediate tracks (strips)
1 m; pitch ends > 600. Starting and aiming areas surrounded with easily crossed wooden
barrier on 3 sides.
Scottish curling (2): field 142 m; target area (tee) 0 3650. To center point of tie 38.35 m.
If ice poor, reduce to 29.26 m. Curling stone; weight as 19.958 kg, circumference 914,
h>1/8 of circumference.
Ice hockey (3): ground x 26 x 56 m, as 30x 61 m. Goal 1830 w. 1220 h; may be played
around back. Pitch requires wooden barrier 1200 h_(3).
ROLLER SKATING RINKS-
1 Sports tracks roller skating hockey: (4)15 x 30/ 20 x
40m 25x50m 10x 10/ 20 x 20 m.
Impact board 250 h. 30 above track. 800 parapets
along all sides. 2000 chain-link grid at narrow end (to
catch ball), surrounding walking areas 1200; 50-100
deeper. Joints< 5-6, slope as 02%. Surface water in
gutters or ditches, frost protection layer > 200_(4).

Equipment storage
Stores must be immediately adjacent to the halls or rooms they
serve with opening widths and heights, which do not inhibit the easy
transfer of equipment. Extra area will be needed for non-sports use
and for items of furniture, staging or exhibition stands
Main hall storage
Portable equipment is kept in the storage zone
until it is required.
The preferred location for equipment stores is
centrally on the long side of the hall.
This position has three advantages:
1-It allows access promptly to any pan of the sports
hall.
2-It saves staff time in setting out and retrieving
equipment.
3-It avoids the problems associated with the design
of doors around goal areas where wall surfaces and
fittings are particularly vulnerable to damage
A store is deep rather than shallow means that
item, of equipment placed at the front have to be
removed in order to reach equipment stored at the
back and poor utilization of space and internal
circulation may account for as much as 30-40% of
the floor area provided.
Store access
Adequately dimensioned openings are essential to facilitate
easy loading and unloading of equipment. Door openings
should give direct access to the hall or room
Any equipment which constitutes a fire hazard could fall into
this category must be kept in a separate store constructed to
give one hour's fire resistance with lockable self-closing doors.
The store should be fitted with a smoke detector linked to main
reception and the center’s alarm system. Small or valuable
items of equipment. There should be a separate, lockable store
or lockable cupboards for securing small-scale equipment,
which is easily mislaid or damaged.

Administration and staff provision
Offices will be needed for the manager of the center and his staff — secretarial
and executive — with probably a meeting space for the tenants' association
A rest room and toilet facilities to statutory or recommended standards
for the number of security and other staff employed will also be needed.
The shopping centre has to tempt shoppers to dally — providing
points for rest and refreshment and varying degrees of
entertainment, in addition to the primary aim of buying. It must
have a very special appeal to women shoppers, who may represent
up to 80% of the shopping population.
General provision for customers
An essential to long-stay shopping is adequate and pleasant lavatory
accommodation (now universally re-styled toilet facilities'). This must
be adequate for both sexes and must be conveniently situated and
easily identified, remembering the large proportion of women and also
children.

DIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGUREDIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGURE
TYPICALCOUNTER SERVICE DIMENSIONSTYPICALCOUNTER SERVICE DIMENSIONS
SEATING REQUIREMENTSSEATING REQUIREMENTS
LAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANTLAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANT
ASSISTED COUNTER SERVICEASSISTED COUNTER SERVICE
DIFFERENTTYPES OF SERVING AREAS:DIFFERENTTYPES OF SERVING AREAS:
DAUL LINE SERVING AREA:DAUL LINE SERVING AREA:
ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:
SELFSELF--SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:
FOOD COURTS:FOOD COURTS:
LAYOUT OF SEATING AREAS,LAYOUT OF SEATING AREAS,
RESTAURANTS IN MALLSRESTAURANTS IN MALLS
TYPES OF FOOD COURTS:TYPES OF FOOD COURTS:
11-- “L” SHAPED“L” SHAPED
22-- LINEARLINEAR
33-- “U” SHAPED“U” SHAPED
44-- CIRCULARCIRCULAR
EXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTSEXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTS
EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:
SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):
CAMERON TOLL (MICHAEL LAIRED & PARTNERS):CAMERON TOLL (MICHAEL LAIRED & PARTNERS):
THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:
RIO RETAIL CENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):RIO RETAIL CENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):
REFERENCES:REFERENCES:
TIMETIME--SAVER STANDARDSSAVER STANDARDS
ARCHITECTS’ DATA SHEETSARCHITECTS’ DATA SHEETS
RESTAURANTS (FRED LAWSON)RESTAURANTS (FRED LAWSON)
SHOP DESIGN SERIES (COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES)SHOP DESIGN SERIES (COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES)
PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:
SHEHTA ELSAYED ELSAIDSHEHTA ELSAYED ELSAID 22ndnd YEAR ARCH. SEC.YEAR ARCH. SEC. 22

DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS OFOF THETHE HUMANHUMAN FIGUREFIGURE::
TheThe dimensionsdimensions andand clearancesclearances shownshown forfor thethe averageaverage adultadult representrepresent
minimumminimum requirementsrequirements forfor useuse inin planningplanning buildingbuilding layoutslayouts andand
furnishingsfurnishings.. IfIf possible,possible, clearancesclearances shouldshould bebe increasedincreased toto allowallow
comfortablecomfortable accommodationsaccommodations forfor personspersons largerlarger thanthan overageoverage..
SinceSince doorwaysdoorways andand passagewayspassageways mustmust normallynormally bebe dimensioneddimensioned toto
permitpermit thethe movementmovement ofof furniture,furniture, theythey shouldshould seldomseldom bebe designeddesigned merelymerely
onon thethe needsneeds ofof thethe overageoverage adultadult..
RESTAURANTS IN MALLSRESTAURANTS IN MALLS
TYPICALCOUNTER SERVICETYPICALCOUNTER SERVICE
DIMENSIONS (mm.)DIMENSIONS (mm.)

SEATING REQUIREMENTSSEATING REQUIREMENTS
Dimensions for varies tables and local seating densitiesDimensions for varies tables and local seating densities
Seating and table arrangementsSeating and table arrangements
ThereThere areare usuallyusually significantsignificant differencesdifferences inin thethe arrangementarrangement ofof seatingseating areas,areas, dependingdepending onon::
** customercustomer profilesprofiles averageaverage spendspend naturenature ofof meal,meal, expectations,expectations,
** CircumstancesCircumstances leisureleisure dining,dining, basicbasic meal,meal, refreshment,refreshment,
** tabletable serviceservice selfself--service,service, waitedwaited service,service, countercounter seating,seating,
** groupinggrouping tabletable sharing,sharing, flexibilityflexibility inin arrangement,arrangement,
** roomroom characteristicscharacteristics dimensions,dimensions, windows,windows, obstructionsobstructions..
The range of seating capacities, based on average requirements, is indicated below.The range of seating capacities, based on average requirements, is indicated below.

British Relay Ltd, CrawleyBritish Relay Ltd, Crawley
The plan illustrates a selfThe plan illustrates a self--service restaurant designed to serveservice restaurant designed to serve 350350 diners overdiners over
aa 11 11//22 hour period. An island salad bar has been provided to divide the flowhour period. An island salad bar has been provided to divide the flow
and increase the speed of service, in addition to allowing a better presentation.and increase the speed of service, in addition to allowing a better presentation.

LAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANTLAYOUT OF SELF SERVING RESTAURANT
mobile benches and trolleys are used extensively in modern kitchens tomobile benches and trolleys are used extensively in modern kitchens to
reduce unnecessary walking and carrying, seats may be provided inreduce unnecessary walking and carrying, seats may be provided in
work centers where the work is repetitive and restricts movement.work centers where the work is repetitive and restricts movement.

ASSISTED COUNTER SERVICEASSISTED COUNTER SERVICE

EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVING AREASEXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVING AREAS

DAUL LINE SERVING AREA:DAUL LINE SERVING AREA:
DIFFERENT MENUSDIFFERENT MENUS
ASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS: FULLASSISTED SEPARATE SERVING AREAS: FULL
MEALAT THE POINT OF SERVICEMEALAT THE POINT OF SERVICE

SELFSELF--SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:SERVICE SEPARATE SERVING AREAS:
((A) High level register with cashier standing.A) High level register with cashier standing.
(B) Cashier sitting at(B) Cashier sitting at 9090°° to the customer and tray slide. The average rate ofto the customer and tray slide. The average rate of
serving isserving is 66--99 customers per minute depending on the menu.customers per minute depending on the menu.
Up toUp to 44 customers per minute may be served using credit type cards. Differentcustomers per minute may be served using credit type cards. Different
prices may be charged to dprices may be charged to diifferent categories of cardholder.fferent categories of cardholder.
Mini register: the easiest option where only a small range of items areMini register: the easiest option where only a small range of items are
sold (egsold (eg
snack bar).snack bar).

BRITISH HOME STORESBRITISH HOME STORES
early as possible as some items of catering equipment have long deliveryearly as possible as some items of catering equipment have long delivery
periods, and some service items need to be integrated into the structure.periods, and some service items need to be integrated into the structure.
Flexibility will be needed and adequate general facilities provided to allowFlexibility will be needed and adequate general facilities provided to allow
future variations in the kiosk operation to happen with as little disruption asfuture variations in the kiosk operation to happen with as little disruption as
possible.possible.
Catering operation servicing is specialized and complex to be tailored to theCatering operation servicing is specialized and complex to be tailored to the
particular conditions of the food court in each center, and each project willparticular conditions of the food court in each center, and each project will
need careful and expert planning. It is worth pointing out certain generalneed careful and expert planning. It is worth pointing out certain general
considerations.considerations.
Electricity, gas and water (hot and cold as appropriate) should be separatelyElectricity, gas and water (hot and cold as appropriate) should be separately
metered to each kiosk, in positions accessible from outside themetered to each kiosk, in positions accessible from outside the
kiosks.,Estimates for loadings and consumption will be needed for incomingkiosks.,Estimates for loadings and consumption will be needed for incoming
services, allowing maximum tolerance for future alterations. Gas should beservices, allowing maximum tolerance for future alterations. Gas should be
available to all kiosks, even if not immediately required.available to all kiosks, even if not immediately required.
Direct main supply of cold water" must be provided to preparation sinks,Direct main supply of cold water" must be provided to preparation sinks,
boiling kettles, mixer units and all outlets where the water is to beboiling kettles, mixer units and all outlets where the water is to be
consumed, but the Water Authority must be consulted regarding tirnescaleconsumed, but the Water Authority must be consulted regarding tirnescale
levelslevels —— in case it is 'advisable to supply softened water to hot drinks,in case it is 'advisable to supply softened water to hot drinks,
brewing equipment, ice makers and stonmers, etc. If so, the water softenerbrewing equipment, ice makers and stonmers, etc. If so, the water softener
should preferably be in a plant room serviced by "the management, whoshould preferably be in a plant room serviced by "the management, who
will be responsible for the replenishment and storage of salt.will be responsible for the replenishment and storage of salt.
Cold water for washing and other purposes may be supplied from the mainCold water for washing and other purposes may be supplied from the main
tank system of the center. Certain pieces of equipment may require specialtank system of the center. Certain pieces of equipment may require special
pressures in which case pressure reducing valves, or pressure booster pumpspressures in which case pressure reducing valves, or pressure booster pumps
will be needed, as appropriate.will be needed, as appropriate.
Drainage points within the kiosks should be sited to allow for futureDrainage points within the kiosks should be sited to allow for future
alterations, be of sufficient number at lower level and accessible fromalterations, be of sufficient number at lower level and accessible from
perimeter wails and counters, and should not be run to shared collectionperimeter wails and counters, and should not be run to shared collection
points. Grease traps may be demanded to washpoints. Grease traps may be demanded to wash--up sinks and dishwashersup sinks and dishwashers
arid. if so, should be recessed into the floor in positions where they will notarid. if so, should be recessed into the floor in positions where they will not
affect the equipment layout; this also applies to inspection chamber coversaffect the equipment layout; this also applies to inspection chamber covers
which should allow a flush floor finish.which should allow a flush floor finish.
FOOD COURTSFOOD COURTS

Condensate from cold rooms, and from steam discharge. highCondensate from cold rooms, and from steam discharge. high--
pressure steamers and from ice makers. should discharge into tundishpressure steamers and from ice makers. should discharge into tundish
galleys.galleys.
A dishwashers' area will need aA dishwashers' area will need a 5454--mm (mm (2 12 1//99 in) drain point and ain) drain point and a
tundish for direct waste connections, as watt as an open draintundish for direct waste connections, as watt as an open drain
discharge from the dishwasher if allowed by the Environmentaldischarge from the dishwasher if allowed by the Environmental
Health Officer, a stainlessHealth Officer, a stainless
steel floor galley could be provided, with the floor finish laid to fallssteel floor galley could be provided, with the floor finish laid to falls
for wash down. Trolley washing with hot water spray shouldfor wash down. Trolley washing with hot water spray should alsoalso bebe
provided, and floor galleys are recommended in the cleaner's andprovided, and floor galleys are recommended in the cleaner's and
refuse stores, if permuted.refuse stores, if permuted.
SingleSingle--phase and threephase and three--phase supply should be provided to eachphase supply should be provided to each
kiosk, all electrical items used within the kiosk areaskiosk, all electrical items used within the kiosk areas —— includingincluding
light fittingslight fittings —— to be water and vapor proof. An acceptable level ofto be water and vapor proof. An acceptable level of
lighting in production areas can be taken aslighting in production areas can be taken as 500500 lux.lux.
Electrical equipment, isolators sockets and spur outlets should beElectrical equipment, isolators sockets and spur outlets should be
recessed into the walls, and control panels and electrical equipmentrecessed into the walls, and control panels and electrical equipment
generally, should be coordinated to offer an orderly appearance.generally, should be coordinated to offer an orderly appearance.
SpareSpare 1313 amp switchamp switch--socket outlets should be provided generallysocket outlets should be provided generally
throughout the area, and refrigerated storage equipment must bethroughout the area, and refrigerated storage equipment must be
connected to the building standby electrical generator plant.connected to the building standby electrical generator plant.
GasGas--fired cooking appliances must have flame failure devices.fired cooking appliances must have flame failure devices.
Earthling tapes required under the Regulations, to items of fabricatedEarthling tapes required under the Regulations, to items of fabricated
equipment, should provide flexibility for future alterations.equipment, should provide flexibility for future alterations.
Service routing needs to be flexible for future modification, althoughService routing needs to be flexible for future modification, although
i( is preferable to conceal it as far as possible, in order to reduce thei( is preferable to conceal it as far as possible, in order to reduce the
cleaning problem.cleaning problem.
Horizontal surface runs should be avoided; exposed pipe work andHorizontal surface runs should be avoided; exposed pipe work and
conduit selfconduit self--finished and fixed approximatelyfinished and fixed approximately 2020 mm (mm (44//55 in.) clear ofin.) clear of
the wall where exposed.the wall where exposed.
LAYOUT OF SEATINGAREAS,LAYOUT OF SEATINGAREAS,
KIOSKS AND STAFF SUPPORT FACILITIESKIOSKS AND STAFF SUPPORT FACILITIES

““L” SHAPED,LINEAR, “U” SHAPEDL” SHAPED,LINEAR, “U” SHAPED
AND CIRCULARAND CIRCULAR
TYPES OF FOOD COURTSTYPES OF FOOD COURTS
11-- ““L” SHAPED:L” SHAPED:

33-- ““U” SHAPED:U” SHAPED:22-- LINEAR:LINEAR:

44-- CIRCULAR (WITH EXTERIOR SEATING):CIRCULAR (WITH EXTERIOR SEATING):

EXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTS:EXAMPLES FOR FOOD COURTS:

SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):SAWGRASS MILLS (ARQUITECTONICA):
West side of fort lauderdale in Southern Florida.West side of fort lauderdale in Southern Florida.
CAMERON TOLL (MICHAELLAIRED & PARTNERS):CAMERON TOLL (MICHAELLAIRED & PARTNERS):
Scotland.Scotland.
EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:EXAMPLES FOR RESTAURANTES IN MALLS:

THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:THE RIVERCHASE GALLERIA:
BirminghanBirminghan

RIO RETAILCENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):RIO RETAILCENTER (ARQUITECTONICA):
ItlantaItlanta

Arkadia MallArkadia Mall
Pathew in food court are defined byPathew in food court are defined by
different kinds of floor finishesdifferent kinds of floor finishes
Panoramic elevatorsPanoramic elevators
Steel finishes at north part of the mallSteel finishes at north part of the mall
Food courtFood court
Relation between court and other levelsRelation between court and other levels

FUNCTIONS OF LIGHTINGFUNCTIONS OF LIGHTING
PERFORMANCE OF TASKSPERFORMANCE OF TASKS
ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTUREENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE
FOCUSING ATTENTIONFOCUSING ATTENTION
PROVISION OF SECURITYPROVISION OF SECURITY
ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN LIGHTING DESIGNISSUES TO CONSIDER IN LIGHTING DESIGN
LIGHTING THE HORIZONTAL PLANELIGHTING THE HORIZONTAL PLANE
UNIFORMITYUNIFORMITY
CONTRUSTCONTRUST
GLAREGLARE
AVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONSAVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONS
BATWING DISTRIBUTIONBATWING DISTRIBUTION
LUMINAIRE SELECTION PARAMETERSLUMINAIRE SELECTION PARAMETERS
DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION
WHERE IS THE FIXTUREWHERE IS THE FIXTURE
DIRECT GLAREDIRECT GLARE
SOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDESOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDE
DAY LIGHTINGDAY LIGHTING
QUALITY IN DAYLQUALITY IN DAYL11GHTINGGHTING
SOLARSOLAR--THERMAL GAINS/LOSSESTHERMAL GAINS/LOSSES
ORIENTATIONORIENTATION
CONFIGURATIONCONFIGURATION
ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLSARCHITECTURAL CONTROLS
EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICESEXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES
ELECTRONICSELECTRONICSANDAND ANIMATEDANIMATED LIGHTLIGHT
EFFECTS OF LIGHTING AND SPACE PERCEPTIONEFFECTS OF LIGHTING AND SPACE PERCEPTION
INTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC & DAY LIGHTINGINTEGRATION OF ELECTRIC & DAY LIGHTING
LIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERSLIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERS
LIGHTING TO THE OPEN MALLLIGHTING TO THE OPEN MALL
LIGHTING TO THE CLOSED MALLLIGHTING TO THE CLOSED MALL
PRACTICAL DESIGNPRACTICAL DESIGN
EMERGENCYLIGHTINGEMERGENCYLIGHTING
EXAMPLES FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMSEXAMPLES FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS
A NEW LOOK FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINEA NEW LOOK FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINE
EXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLEEXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLE
LUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASSLUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASS
OVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMSOVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMS
REFERENCES:REFERENCES:
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN, GARY R.STEFFYARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN, GARY R.STEFFY
IBG INTERNATIONAL, WORLD GLASS DOMES & SKY LIGHTIBG INTERNATIONAL, WORLD GLASS DOMES & SKY LIGHT
SKYLIGHT, ALUMINIUM & GLASS FOR SHOPPING CENTERSSKYLIGHT, ALUMINIUM & GLASS FOR SHOPPING CENTERS
THEORY & ELEMENTS OF STORE PLANNING & DESIGNTHEORY & ELEMENTS OF STORE PLANNING & DESIGN
NEW ARCHITECTURE, SHOPPING MALLSNEW ARCHITECTURE, SHOPPING MALLS
PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:
ASEM RAOUF KHORSHID AMINASEM RAOUF KHORSHID AMIN –– 22ndnd YEAR ARCH. SECYEAR ARCH. SEC 33
LIGHTING DESIGN FOR SHOPPING MALLSLIGHTING DESIGN FOR SHOPPING MALLS

FUNCTIONS OF LIGHTINGFUNCTIONS OF LIGHTING
Light is one of many tools available to help us design space. It is wise at theLight is one of many tools available to help us design space. It is wise at the
beginning of any project to recall the functions of lighting and to be certain thatbeginning of any project to recall the functions of lighting and to be certain that
each function has been examined.each function has been examined.
PERFORMANCE OF TASKS:PERFORMANCE OF TASKS:
Visual work is a primary reason for providing lighting.Visual work is a primary reason for providing lighting.
ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE:ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE:
For centuries, structural systems evolved partly in response to aesthetic asFor centuries, structural systems evolved partly in response to aesthetic as
well as functional desires for light of a certain quality. The progress fromwell as functional desires for light of a certain quality. The progress from
bearing wall to curtain wall was driven by the push of newly discoveredbearing wall to curtain wall was driven by the push of newly discovered
technologies (both in materials and in technique)technologies (both in materials and in technique)
FOCUSINGATTENTION:FOCUSINGATTENTION:
The quality of light in a space profoundly affects one's perception of thatThe quality of light in a space profoundly affects one's perception of that
space. Lighting draws attention to points of interest and helps to guide the userspace. Lighting draws attention to points of interest and helps to guide the user
of a space about.of a space about.
PROVISIONPROVISION OFOF SECURITYSECURITY::
LightingLighting cancan enhanceenhance visibilityvisibility andand therebythereby engenderengender aa sensesense ofof securitysecurity..
LightingLighting cancan alsoalso bebe usedused toto illuminateilluminate hazards,hazards, suchsuch asas aa changingchanging floorfloor planeplane
oror movingmoving objectsobjects..

Good lighting design promotes seeing the sense of performing such visualGood lighting design promotes seeing the sense of performing such visual
tasks as reading or operating equipment, and perceiving the space and itstasks as reading or operating equipment, and perceiving the space and its
various qualities (volume, color, texture).various qualities (volume, color, texture).
Most lighting standards discuss the quantity of light in terms of incident light or lightMost lighting standards discuss the quantity of light in terms of incident light or light
that falls onto a surface. This light, called luminance, is measured in foot candles orthat falls onto a surface. This light, called luminance, is measured in foot candles or
lux.lux.
COLORCOLOR:: EachEach lamplamp familyfamily hashas itsits ownown inherentinherent colorcolor characteristicscharacteristics.. TheThe
chartchart describesdescribes inin generalgeneral termsterms thethe variousvarious perceivedperceived colorcolor effectseffects..
SIZE:SIZE:It is useful to think of sources and source/fixtureIt is useful to think of sources and source/fixture –– combinations classifiedcombinations classified
into point, tine, or area sources.into point, tine, or area sources.
Line sources (bare fluorescent tubes and linear fluorescent fixtures) can beLine sources (bare fluorescent tubes and linear fluorescent fixtures) can be
controlled in their transverse axis of output, but not longitudinally. This makescontrolled in their transverse axis of output, but not longitudinally. This makes
them useful for lighting large open areas where repetitive rows of fixtures arethem useful for lighting large open areas where repetitive rows of fixtures are
suitable.suitable.
ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN GOOD LIGHTING DESIGN:ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN GOOD LIGHTING DESIGN:
LIGHTINGLIGHTING THETHE HORIZONTALHORIZONTALPLANEPLANE::
The most commonly used measure of a lighting system's performance is theThe most commonly used measure of a lighting system's performance is the
resulting luminance (the amount of foot candles delivered to the work surface).resulting luminance (the amount of foot candles delivered to the work surface).
This is not because luminance is an effective measure of all aspects of quality,This is not because luminance is an effective measure of all aspects of quality,
but because the luminance characteristics of lighting systems are wellbut because the luminance characteristics of lighting systems are well
understood and easily predicted.understood and easily predicted.
The most common area source is a window, but also included in thisThe most common area source is a window, but also included in this
category are arrays of line sources covered by a diffusing element. Thesecategory are arrays of line sources covered by a diffusing element. These
sources usually provide medium to high levels of light with little directionalsources usually provide medium to high levels of light with little directional
control.control.

UNIFORMITY:UNIFORMITY:
Uniformity is of interest to the lighting designer for two reasons. One is that itUniformity is of interest to the lighting designer for two reasons. One is that it
is thought that excessive variations in brightness in the observer's field of view inis thought that excessive variations in brightness in the observer's field of view in
a work environment can be unpleasant and lead to feelings of fatigue anda work environment can be unpleasant and lead to feelings of fatigue and
subsequently reduced performance.subsequently reduced performance.
TheThe secondsecond interestinterest inin uniformityuniformity hashas toto dodo withwith thethe relativelyrelatively commoncommon needneed toto
provideprovide aa fixedfixed lightinglighting systemsystem forfor aa flexibleflexible (or(or.. unknownunknown atat thethe timetime ofof design)design)
furniturefurniture planplan ThisThis situationsituation requiresrequires uniformityuniformity ofof luminanceluminance soso thatthat thethe
requiredrequired amountamount ofof footfoot candlescandles isis presentpresent whereverwherever aa workwork surfacesurface mightmight bebe
positionedpositioned..
MoreMore efficientefficient overalloverall lightinglighting givengiven byby fluorescentfluorescent lampslamps fittedfitted aboveabove 'egg'egg--crate'crate'
oror otherother formsforms ofof louveredlouvered falsefalse ceilingceiling-- SpeciallySpecially contouredcontoured plasticsplastics metallisedmetallised
louverlouver gridsgrids concentrateconcentrate lightlight downwardsdownwards withwith lowlow brightnessbrightness appearanceappearance ofof
ceilingceiling..
InIn airair--conditionedconditioned buildingbuilding extractextract airair shouldshould bebe drawndrawn throughthrough airair--handling'handling'
luminariesluminaries soso thatthat heatheat cancan bebe removedremoved fromfrom lampslamps andand controlcontrol geargear beforebefore entersenters
rmrm.. ThisThis healheal maymay oftenoften bebe usefullyusefully recoveredrecovered forfor useuse inin perimeterperimeter areasareas..
VariationVariation ofof luminanceluminance overover workingworking areaarea shouldshould notnot normallynormally bebe suchsuch thatthat minmin isis
lessless thanthan 00..88 ofof avav.. ToTo ensureensure thisthis manufacturer'smanufacturer's recommendedrecommended spacing/hspacing/h ratioratio
(ratio(ratio ofof horizontalhorizontal distancedistance apart,apart, toto mountingmounting heightheight aboveabove workingworking plane)plane) shouldshould
notnot bebe exceededexceeded..
33-- EdgeEdge ofof maskingmasking cornicecornice shouldshould bebe highhigh enoughenough conceal!conceal! lampslamps.. ToTo avoidavoid darkdark
areasareas betweenbetween lampslamps tubestubes shouldshould bebe staggeredstaggered oror overlappedoverlapped.. HighHigh reflectance'sreflectance's
onon upperupper wallswalls andand coilingcoiling essentialessential toto redirectredirect lightlight onon workingworking planeplane..
22-- HighHigh degreedegree ofof uniformityuniformity ofof lightinglighting cancan bebe providedprovided byby indirectindirect lightinglighting
fromfrom cornicescornices inefficientinefficient inin termsterms ofof powerpower butbut maymay bebe desirabledesirable toto displaydisplay
ceilingsceilings ofof particularparticular architecturalarchitectural interestinterest..
CONTRUST:CONTRUST:
Objects are seen by contrast, either contained contrast or contrast with theirObjects are seen by contrast, either contained contrast or contrast with their
background: higher the contrast the more visible the object. Visibility of printedbackground: higher the contrast the more visible the object. Visibility of printed
or written matter depends on contrast of marking material with paper. This canor written matter depends on contrast of marking material with paper. This can
be markedly dependent on lighting and viewing angles even if materials usedbe markedly dependent on lighting and viewing angles even if materials used
not obviously glossy Light sources should be kept out of “forbidden zone”not obviously glossy Light sources should be kept out of “forbidden zone”
indicated, best position is to one side of worker rather than in front.indicated, best position is to one side of worker rather than in front.

GLARE:GLARE:
Excessive brightness contrast in field of view can cause glare. If source, e.g.Excessive brightness contrast in field of view can cause glare. If source, e.g.
window or unwindow or un--shaded desk lamp, seen close to visual task it can cause disabilityshaded desk lamp, seen close to visual task it can cause disability
glare and reduce task visibility; can also be cause of discomfort; this can occurglare and reduce task visibility; can also be cause of discomfort; this can occur
even when source is well away from task, e.g. luminaries on ceiling, and is mucheven when source is well away from task, e.g. luminaries on ceiling, and is much
more common danger.more common danger.
IES code gives recommendations for upper limit of discomfort glare index,IES code gives recommendations for upper limit of discomfort glare index,
which is related to luminance and size of light sources, their number andwhich is related to luminance and size of light sources, their number and
position in field of view and luminance of their surroundings. Calculation of thisposition in field of view and luminance of their surroundings. Calculation of this
glare index can be performed as described.glare index can be performed as described.
AVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONS:AVOIDING VEILING REFLECTIONS:
Fixtures located off to eachFixtures located off to each
side in an areaside in an area 2525°°--4545°° off theoff the
task surface will tend not totask surface will tend not to
produce veiling reflections:produce veiling reflections:
The area above and directly inThe area above and directly in
front of the task is called thefront of the task is called the
offending zone, since it is theoffending zone, since it is the
most likely to cause veilingmost likely to cause veiling
reflections (reflected glare).reflections (reflected glare).
BATWING DISTRIBUTION:BATWING DISTRIBUTION:
Fixture manufacturers have developed luminaries (mostly fluorescent) thatFixture manufacturers have developed luminaries (mostly fluorescent) that
produce a light distribution that tends to reduce direct glare and veilingproduce a light distribution that tends to reduce direct glare and veiling
reflections if used in large, uniform arrays and typical open office geometries.reflections if used in large, uniform arrays and typical open office geometries.
This distribution pattern is called batwing and has the following characteristics:This distribution pattern is called batwing and has the following characteristics:
The intensity of light straight below the fixture (The intensity of light straight below the fixture (00°°) is minimized so that) is minimized so that
even a fixture placed in the "offending zone" will not be as objectionable aseven a fixture placed in the "offending zone" will not be as objectionable as
it otherwise might The intensity at angles betweenit otherwise might The intensity at angles between 3535°° andand 6060°° is maximizedis maximized
so that at typical spacing. peak intensities overlap at the work surface:so that at typical spacing. peak intensities overlap at the work surface:

InIn selectingselecting luminariesluminaries thatthat willwill contributecontribute toto thethe makingmaking
ofof anan appropriateappropriate environmentenvironment inin aa space,space, severalseveral factorsfactors
areare usuallyusually consideredconsidered::
DISTRIBUTION:DISTRIBUTION:
is the shape of the light output from a luminaries. It is illustrated by theis the shape of the light output from a luminaries. It is illustrated by the
candlepower distribution curve, a polar plot of intensities at specific angles.candlepower distribution curve, a polar plot of intensities at specific angles.
Luminaries are classified by the percentage of their luminous output sent inLuminaries are classified by the percentage of their luminous output sent in
various directions.various directions.
LUMINAIRELUMINAIRE SELECTIONSELECTION FF PARAMETERSPARAMETERS::
WHERE IS THE FIXTURE:WHERE IS THE FIXTURE:
relative to the space? Is it outside (i.e., recessed), inside on a surface (ceiling or wall),relative to the space? Is it outside (i.e., recessed), inside on a surface (ceiling or wall),
or within: portable (table or floor)?or within: portable (table or floor)?
DIRECT:DIRECT:
All recessed lighting is an example of a direct lighting system, but a pendant fixtureAll recessed lighting is an example of a direct lighting system, but a pendant fixture
could be direct if it emits virtually no light above the horizontal. Unless extensivecould be direct if it emits virtually no light above the horizontal. Unless extensive
wallwall--washing is used, the overall impression of a direct lighting system is one of lowwashing is used, the overall impression of a direct lighting system is one of low
general brightness with the possibility of higher intensity accents.general brightness with the possibility of higher intensity accents.
SEMIDIRECT:SEMIDIRECT:
All systems other than direct ones necessarily imply that the lighting fixturesAll systems other than direct ones necessarily imply that the lighting fixtures
are in the space, whether pendant mounted, surface mounted, or portable. Aare in the space, whether pendant mounted, surface mounted, or portable. A
semi direct system will provide good luminance on horizontal surfaces, withsemi direct system will provide good luminance on horizontal surfaces, with
moderate general brightness.moderate general brightness.

GENERALDIFFUSE:GENERALDIFFUSE:
A general diffuse system most typically consists of suspended fixtures,A general diffuse system most typically consists of suspended fixtures,
with predominantly translucent surfaces on all sides.with predominantly translucent surfaces on all sides.
DIRECTDIRECT--INDIRECT:INDIRECT:
A directA direct--indirect lighting system will tend to equally emphasize the upperindirect lighting system will tend to equally emphasize the upper
and lower horizontal planes in a space (i.e., the ceiling and the floor).and lower horizontal planes in a space (i.e., the ceiling and the floor).
SEMIISEMII--NDIRECT:NDIRECT:
AA semi indirect system will place the emphasis on the ^ceiling, with somesemi indirect system will place the emphasis on the ^ceiling, with some
downward or outwarddownward or outward--directed light.directed light.
INDIRECTINDIRECT::
AA fullyfully indirectindirect systemsystem willwill bouncebounce allall thethe lightlight offoff thethe ceiling,ceiling,
resultingresulting inin aa lowlow--contrastcontrast environmentenvironment withwith littlelittle shadowshadow..
DIRECT GLARE:DIRECT GLARE:
Direct glare is produced by excessive luminance in the visual field whichDirect glare is produced by excessive luminance in the visual field which
affects the visual systems as the individual looks around the environment. It isaffects the visual systems as the individual looks around the environment. It is
usually associated with the luminaries zone fromusually associated with the luminaries zone from 4545°° toto 9090°°. To minimize direct. To minimize direct
glare, the luminous intensity should be kept out of theglare, the luminous intensity should be kept out of the 4545°°--9090°° zone.zone.
SOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDE:SOURCE TYPE AND MAGNITUDE:
The lumen output of a fixture must be proportionate to the desiredThe lumen output of a fixture must be proportionate to the desired
luminance level and the size of the space. The color of the source must alsoluminance level and the size of the space. The color of the source must also
be appropriate to the area/space and activity being lighted.be appropriate to the area/space and activity being lighted.

DAYDAY LIGHTINGLIGHTING::
AmpleAmple daylightdaylight isis availableavailable throughoutthroughout mostmost ofof NorthNorth AmericaAmerica forfor lightinglighting
interiorinterior spacesspaces duringduring aa largelarge portionportion
with electric task lights. Daylight is thought by most to be psychologicallywith electric task lights. Daylight is thought by most to be psychologically
desirable and there is much evidence that it is biologically beneficial. Thedesirable and there is much evidence that it is biologically beneficial. The
variability of daylight from one moment to the next produces visual stimulusvariability of daylight from one moment to the next produces visual stimulus
and provides a psychological contact with the outdoors which most peopleand provides a psychological contact with the outdoors which most people
find extremely satisfying. Its use in place of, or in conjunction with, otherfind extremely satisfying. Its use in place of, or in conjunction with, other
lighting sources pan conserve energy, but energy is conserved only if electriclighting sources pan conserve energy, but energy is conserved only if electric
light sources are adequately controlled through onlight sources are adequately controlled through on--off switching and/oroff switching and/or
dimming.dimming.
OVERCAST:OVERCAST: Diffuse,steady,bright or dark.Diffuse,steady,bright or dark.
PARTLYCLOUDY:PARTLYCLOUDY: Intense,diffuse,direct bright.Intense,diffuse,direct bright.
CLEAR:CLEAR: Intense,direct bright,blue.Intense,direct bright,blue.
SOLARSOLAR--THERMALGAINS/LOSSESTHERMALGAINS/LOSSES
Daylight includes a significant amount of radiation that produces heat. This may beDaylight includes a significant amount of radiation that produces heat. This may be
beneficial during the heating season, allowing for a reduction in other interiorbeneficial during the heating season, allowing for a reduction in other interior
heating, or it may be detrimental during the cooling season, requiring additional airheating, or it may be detrimental during the cooling season, requiring additional air
conditioning. Shading can be configured to reduce direct sun heating during warmconditioning. Shading can be configured to reduce direct sun heating during warm
weather while allowing some sun penetration in winter.weather while allowing some sun penetration in winter.
QUALITYIN DAYLQUALITYIN DAYL11GHTING:GHTING:
The principles of good lighting apply equally to daylight and electric light. OfThe principles of good lighting apply equally to daylight and electric light. Of
principal concern in day lighting is the glare that may result when building occupantsprincipal concern in day lighting is the glare that may result when building occupants
peripherally see bright clouds or sun lighted surfaces while trying to perform visualperipherally see bright clouds or sun lighted surfaces while trying to perform visual
tasks.Energytasks.Energy --savings from switching or dimming of electric lights depend onsavings from switching or dimming of electric lights depend on
daylight intensity and on the percentage of the year that daylight is available.daylight intensity and on the percentage of the year that daylight is available.

East and west facades require treatment to avoid the bright early and late direct sun.East and west facades require treatment to avoid the bright early and late direct sun.
This is usually best accomplished with vertical louvers or a mix of vertical and horizontalThis is usually best accomplished with vertical louvers or a mix of vertical and horizontal
(egg crate) louvers.(egg crate) louvers.
SouthSouth facadesfacades provideprovide thethe bestbest opportunityopportunity forfor daylightdaylight--mgmg.. HorizontalHorizontal controlscontrols (e(e..gg..,,
overhangs,overhangs, lightlight shelves,shelves, louvers,louvers, VenetianVenetian blinds)blinds) respondrespond bestbest toto thethe sunsun inin thethe southernsouthern
skysky quadrantquadrant.. AperturesApertures cancan bebe designeddesigned suchsuch thatthat whenwhen thethe sunsun isis highhigh inin thethe skysky
duringduring thethe summersummer therethere isis nono sunsun penetration,penetration, butbut inin thethe winterwinter somesome lowlow--altitudealtitude sunsun
cancan bebe admittedadmitted..
ORIENTATION:ORIENTATION:
Apertures to the north receive only skyApertures to the north receive only sky--contributed illumination and so will requirecontributed illumination and so will require
larger areas of glazing than orientations with exposure to direct sun. Advantages oflarger areas of glazing than orientations with exposure to direct sun. Advantages of
north apertures include the resulting soft, diffuse north sky light and lack of need for sunnorth apertures include the resulting soft, diffuse north sky light and lack of need for sun
controls. However, sky glare controls still need to be considered.controls. However, sky glare controls still need to be considered.
CONFIGURATION:CONFIGURATION:
Building configuration is also important in day lighting. Buildings wrapped aroundBuilding configuration is also important in day lighting. Buildings wrapped around
courtyards, light wells, and atria can be effectively day lighted if properly designed.courtyards, light wells, and atria can be effectively day lighted if properly designed.
Open spaces must be large enough so as not to block light from the sky fromOpen spaces must be large enough so as not to block light from the sky from
reaching interior spaces.The effectiveness of such light wells can be improved byreaching interior spaces.The effectiveness of such light wells can be improved by
using highusing high--reflecting, diffuse exterior finishes such as white paint, lightreflecting, diffuse exterior finishes such as white paint, light--colored tile,colored tile,
or concrete. Direct sun illuminating these surfaces, however, may make them veryor concrete. Direct sun illuminating these surfaces, however, may make them very
bright when viewed from the building interior.bright when viewed from the building interior.
ARCHITECTURALCONTROLS:ARCHITECTURALCONTROLS:
Shading/Reflecting Devices: Shading devices can be used to preventShading/Reflecting Devices: Shading devices can be used to prevent
penetration of direct sun and to shield view of the sky. Some shadingpenetration of direct sun and to shield view of the sky. Some shading
devices also reflect daylight toward the interior.devices also reflect daylight toward the interior.
Sun screen consisting of tiny horizontal louvers can also be effective inSun screen consisting of tiny horizontal louvers can also be effective in
shading.shading.
Tinted glazing (glass or plastic) reduces the apparent brightness ofTinted glazing (glass or plastic) reduces the apparent brightness of
exterior objects from the interior, but it also reduces the amount ofexterior objects from the interior, but it also reduces the amount of
transmitted daylight, which must be supplemented by electric light.transmitted daylight, which must be supplemented by electric light.
Directional glass block is useful in directing incoming light toward theDirectional glass block is useful in directing incoming light toward the
ceiling, providing a low brightness image from the interior.ceiling, providing a low brightness image from the interior.
AperturesApertures:: Windows,Windows, clerestories,clerestories, andand skylightsskylights cancan bebe usedused forfor effectiveeffective
dayday lighting,lighting, providedprovided theythey areare equippedequipped withwith properproper shadingshading devicesdevices..
GlazingGlazing locatedlocated aboveabove thethe workwork planeplane isis moremore effectiveeffective inin producingproducing workwork
planeplane illuminationillumination thanthan glazingglazing closeclose toto thethe floorfloor..
The effect of clerestories can be improved by using lightThe effect of clerestories can be improved by using light--colored roofcolored roof
surfaces to reflect exterior daylight into the aperture, but direct sunsurfaces to reflect exterior daylight into the aperture, but direct sun
penetration may still be a concern. Clerestories and skylights both maypenetration may still be a concern. Clerestories and skylights both may
produce glare if the sky is not properly shielded from interior view.produce glare if the sky is not properly shielded from interior view.

TheThe illustrationsillustrations showshow aa numbernumber ofof basicbasic typestypes ofof devices,devices, classifiedclassified asas horizontal,horizontal,
vertical,vertical, andand eggegg cratecrate typestypes.. TheThe dashdash lineslines shownshown inin thethe sectionsection diagramdiagram inin eacheach
casecase indicateindicate thethe sunsun angleangle atat thethe timetime ofof 100100%% shadingshading.. TheThe shadingshading maskmask forfor eacheach
devicedevice isis alsoalso shown,shown, thethe extentextent ofof 100100%% shadingshading beingbeing indicatedindicated byby thethe graygray areaarea..
EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:
BecauseBecause ofof thisthis type'stype's highhigh shadingshading ratioratio andand lowlow winterwinter headhead admissionadmission;; itsits bestbest
useuse isis inin hothot climateclimate regionsregions.. ForFor northnorth walls,walls, fixedfixed verticalvertical devicesdevices areare
recommendedrecommended;; however,however, theirtheir useuse isis neededneeded onlyonly forfor largelarge glassglass surfaces,surfaces, oror inin hothot
regionsregions.. AtAt lowlow latitudeslatitudes onon bothboth southsouth andand northnorth 'exposures'exposures eggegg cratecrate devicesdevices
workwork efficientlyefficiently..
GeneralGeneral rulesrules cancan bebe deduceddeduced--forfor thethe typestypes ofof shadingshading devicesdevices toto bebe usedused forfor
differentdifferent orientationsorientations SoutherlySoutherly orientationsorientations callcall forfor shadingshading devicesdevices withwith
segmentalsegmental maskmask characteristics,characteristics, andand horizontalhorizontal devicesdevices workwork inin thesethese directionsdirections
efficientlyefficiently.. ForFor easterlyeasterly andand westerlywesterly orientationsorientations verticalvertical devicesdevices serveserve welt,welt,
havinghaving radialradial shadingshading masksmasks.. IfIf slanted,slanted, theythey shouldshould inclineincline towardtoward thethe north,north, toto
givegive moremore protectionprotection fromfrom thethe southernsouthern positionspositions ofof thethe sunsun.. TheThe eggegg cratecrate typetype ofof
shadingshading devicedevice worksworks weltwelt onon wallswalls facingfacing southeast,southeast, andand isis particularlyparticularly effectiveeffective
forfor southwestsouthwest orientationsorientations..
Whether the shading devices be fixed or movable, the sameWhether the shading devices be fixed or movable, the same
recommendations apply in respect to the different orientations. Therecommendations apply in respect to the different orientations. The
movable types can be most efficiently utilized where the sun's altitudemovable types can be most efficiently utilized where the sun's altitude
and bearing angles change rapidly: on the east, southeast, andand bearing angles change rapidly: on the east, southeast, and
especially, because of the afternoon heat. on the southwest and west.especially, because of the afternoon heat. on the southwest and west.
HORIZONTALHORIZONTALTYPESTYPES::
HorizontalHorizontal overhangsoverhangs areare mostmost efficientefficient towardtoward south,south, oror aroundaround southernsouthern
orientationsorientations.. TheirTheir maskmask characteristicscharacteristics areare segmentalsegmental..LouversLouvers parallelparallel toto
wallwall havehave thethe advantageadvantage ofof permittingpermitting airair circulationcirculation nearnear thethe elevationelevation..
SlantedSlanted louverslouvers willwill havehave thethe samesame characteristicscharacteristics asas solidsolid overhangs,overhangs, andand cancan
bebe mademade retractableretractable.. WhenWhen protectionprotection isis neededneeded forfor lowlow sunsun angles,angles, louverslouvers
hunghung fromfrom solidsolid horizontalhorizontal overhangsoverhangs areare efficientefficient.. AA solid,solid, oror perforatedperforated
screenscreen stripstrip parallelparallel toto wallwall cutscuts outout thethe lowerlower raysrays ofof thethe sunsun.. MovableMovable
horizontalhorizontal louverslouvers changechange theirtheir segmentalsegmental maskmask characteristicscharacteristics accordingaccording toto
theirtheir positioningpositioning..
VERTICALTYPES:VERTICALTYPES:
Vertical fins serve well toward the near east and near west orientations. TheirVertical fins serve well toward the near east and near west orientations. Their
mask characteristics are radial. Vertical fins oblique to wall will result inmask characteristics are radial. Vertical fins oblique to wall will result in
asymmetrical mask. Separation from wall will prevent heat transmission.asymmetrical mask. Separation from wall will prevent heat transmission.
Movable fins can shade the whole wall, or open up in different directionsMovable fins can shade the whole wall, or open up in different directions
according to the sun's position.according to the sun's position.
EGG CRATE TYPES:EGG CRATE TYPES:
Egg crate types are combinations of horizontal and vertical types, and theirEgg crate types are combinations of horizontal and vertical types, and their
masks are superimposed diagrams of the two masks. Solid eyeties withmasks are superimposed diagrams of the two masks. Solid eyeties with
slanting vertical fins results in asymmetrical mask. Egg crate device withslanting vertical fins results in asymmetrical mask. Egg crate device with
movable horizontal elements shows flexible mask characteristics. Because ofmovable horizontal elements shows flexible mask characteristics. Because of
their high shading ratio, egg crates are efficient in hot climates.their high shading ratio, egg crates are efficient in hot climates.

EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:EXAMPLES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SHADING DEVICES:

EFFECTS OF LIGHTINGAND SPACEEFFECTS OF LIGHTINGAND SPACE
PERCEPTION:PERCEPTION:
Color reacts to and affects lighting. Dark colors absorb, lightColor reacts to and affects lighting. Dark colors absorb, light
colors reflect. A color selected under natural light will lookcolors reflect. A color selected under natural light will look
amazingly different when placed under incandescent or fluorescentamazingly different when placed under incandescent or fluorescent
light. It is necessary for the designer to select a color palette underlight. It is necessary for the designer to select a color palette under
light conditions that are as close as possible to those that will existlight conditions that are as close as possible to those that will exist
in the actual proposed space.in the actual proposed space.
Illumination engineers have developed empirical tables thatIllumination engineers have developed empirical tables that
establish room factors based on color intensities. If a dark colorestablish room factors based on color intensities. If a dark color
scheme is established, more wattage and footscheme is established, more wattage and foot--candles are requiredcandles are required
to render the space agreeable and to highlight the merchandise. If ato render the space agreeable and to highlight the merchandise. If a
dark floor is specified, its absorption of light tends to produce adark floor is specified, its absorption of light tends to produce a
shadow effect at the ceiling and to make the space feel poorlyshadow effect at the ceiling and to make the space feel poorly
lighted.lighted.
Additional upAdditional up--component light sources are required to achieve acomponent light sources are required to achieve a
cheerful ambient space effect. Cool colors tend to turn ceilings graycheerful ambient space effect. Cool colors tend to turn ceilings gray
and unpleasant; warm colors tend to radiate warm reflections onand unpleasant; warm colors tend to radiate warm reflections on
ceilings.ceilings.
It is quite well known that dark and intense colors seem to bringIt is quite well known that dark and intense colors seem to bring
a wall surface closer and seem to reduce the size of a space. Lighta wall surface closer and seem to reduce the size of a space. Light
colors, by contrast. seem to open the size of a space.colors, by contrast. seem to open the size of a space.
An understanding of these perceptions allows the decorator toAn understanding of these perceptions allows the decorator to
improve and modify an awkwardly proportioned space. On theimprove and modify an awkwardly proportioned space. On the
other hand, the use of intense color at a strategically placed wallother hand, the use of intense color at a strategically placed wall
will generate excitement and tend to pull a customer to itwill generate excitement and tend to pull a customer to it..
The evaluation of these often conflicting effects is perhaps theThe evaluation of these often conflicting effects is perhaps the
most important challenge to the designer, who must reconcile andmost important challenge to the designer, who must reconcile and
impose upon them an overall style consistent with the search for aimpose upon them an overall style consistent with the search for a
tasteful, imaginative, appropriate, and unforgettable store image.tasteful, imaginative, appropriate, and unforgettable store image.
TechnologicalTechnological developmentdevelopment havehave profoundlyprofoundly influencedinfluenced thethe possibilitiespossibilities ofof transmittingtransmitting
animatedanimated messagesmessages throughthrough displaydisplay AnAn entireentire universeuniverse ofof possibilitiespossibilities hashas beenbeen revealedrevealed
justjust inin electronicselectronics andand programmedprogrammed animationanimation systemssystems.. ReferenceReference hashas beenbeen mademade toto
videovideo andand thethe videovideo wall,wall, whichwhich integratesintegrates computercomputer animationanimation forfor multimediamultimedia
presentationspresentations.. ThisThis isis anan IncredibleIncredible sellingselling instrument!instrument!
ItIt offersoffers aa dramaticdramatic wayway inin whichwhich toto projectproject fashionfashion stories,stories, sight,sight, andand soundsound fromfrom thethe
studiostudio intointo thethe epicenterepicenter ofof sellingselling.. CoordinatedCoordinated withwith fashionfashion advertisingadvertising onon thethe printedprinted
pagepage.. asas wellwell asas onon television,television, thethe impactimpact inin thethe storestore ofof allall ofof thethe artsarts ofof cinematographycinematography
andand fashionfashion designdesign isis enormousenormous.. TheThe ImaginativeImaginative andand cleverclever integrationintegration ofof multiplemultiple
televisiontelevision monitorsmonitors intointo thethe architecture,architecture, storestore design,design, andand merchandisemerchandise presentationpresentation
elementselements ofof thethe storestore addsadds aa newnew dimensiondimension toto storestore designdesign..
Similar opportunities open up for dramatically coordinating Into the elements of aSimilar opportunities open up for dramatically coordinating Into the elements of a
store's interior design all of the other electronic and animatedstore's interior design all of the other electronic and animated
ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS ANDAND ANIMATEDANIMATED LIGHTLIGHT::

EvenEven inin wellwell daylight,daylight, lightlight hashas toto bebe usedused onon winterwinter afternoonsafternoons whenwhen daylightdaylight
ladeslades..
WhenWhen sideside--litlit rmrm deepdeep enoughenough forfor workwork requiringrequiring illuminanceilluminance 500500 IxIx toto bebe carriedcarried
outout atat distancedistance fromfrom windowwindow greatergreater thanthan heightheight ofof windowwindow headhead aboveabove workingworking
plane,plane, elel lightlight requiredrequired forfor moremore thanthan 1515%% ofof workingworking yearyear asas DFDF willwill probablyprobably bebe
lessless thanthan 1010%%.. ThisThis requirementrequirement increasesincreases toto aboutabout 5050%%.. atat depthdepth ofof 11½½ -- 22 windowwindow
headhead heightheight andand toto practicallypractically 100100%%.. eveneven withwith fullyfully glazedglazed wall,wall, ifif depthdepth greatergreater
thanthan 55 xx thatthat heightheight.. IfIf tintedtinted glazingglazing usedused thesethese depthsdepths greatlygreatly reducedreduced..
ThereforeTherefore arrangearrange generalgeneral lightinglighting luminariesluminaries inin rowsrows parallelparallel toto windowwindow wallwall..
eacheach rowrow switchedswitched separatelyseparately.. SwitchesSwitches shouldshould bebe locatedlocated soso thatthat theythey cancan bebe
convenientlyconveniently operatedoperated byby occupantsoccupants asas requiredrequired andand soso thatthat itit isis clearclear whichwhich rowsrows
theythey operateoperate.. OftenOften possiblepossible provideprovide pendantpendant switchesswitches controllingcontrolling individualindividual
luminariesluminaries withwith thinthin lightlight cordscords whichwhich cancan bebe reachedreached fromfrom standingstanding positionposition..
Fluorescent lamps should be chosen from 'intermediate' color range compatibleFluorescent lamps should be chosen from 'intermediate' color range compatible
with color rendering requirements and with warmth of lighting required at night.with color rendering requirements and with warmth of lighting required at night.
El lighting should be designed to provide luminance recommended for particularEl lighting should be designed to provide luminance recommended for particular
tasks carried out in interior, but not less thantasks carried out in interior, but not less than 3030 (x on over working plane. For max(x on over working plane. For max
conservation of energy automatic control should be installed in new building toconservation of energy automatic control should be installed in new building to
switch off.switch off.
oror preferablypreferably dimdim.. thosethose rowsrows ofof luminariesluminaries lightinglighting thethe workingworking areaarea whichwhich
areare notnot requiredrequired whenwhen daylightdaylight risesrises toto provideprovide luminanceluminance atat thatthat depthdepth suchsuch
thatthat fullfull elel lightinglighting notnot necessarynecessary..
UnderUnder thesethese conditionsconditions windowswindows needneed notnot bebe designeddesigned toto achieveachieve maxmax
penetrationpenetration ofof daylightdaylight;; moremore attentionattention cancan bebe paidpaid toto anyany requirementsrequirements forfor
obtainingobtaining maxmax benefitbenefit fromfrom exteriorexterior view,view, ee..gg.. byby providingproviding widewide
uninterrupteduninterrupted windowswindows ratherrather thanthan highhigh andand narrownarrow onesones.. OpportunityOpportunity cancan
bebe takentaken toto reducereduce contrastcontrast ofof wallwall aboveabove oror betweenbetween windowswindows withwith exteriorexterior
seenseen throughthrough themthem byby maintainingmaintaining lightlight colorcolor andand arrangingarranging (or(or somesome wallwall
washingwashing byby artificialartificial lightinglighting..
In topIn top--lit interiors with sufficient glazing to provide an average DF oflit interiors with sufficient glazing to provide an average DF of 1010%%
over working area el lighting will similarly be required forover working area el lighting will similarly be required for 1515% of working% of working
year for tasks on whichyear for tasks on which 500500 Ix required, and (or longer than this whereIx required, and (or longer than this where
higher luminance required or lower DF provided. It there is differencehigher luminance required or lower DF provided. It there is difference
between activities carried out in different areas, requiring differentbetween activities carried out in different areas, requiring different
luminance's or different periods of occupation, el lighting may be switchedluminance's or different periods of occupation, el lighting may be switched
by areas. Otherwise whole installation can be linked toby areas. Otherwise whole installation can be linked to 11 controller. This maycontroller. This may
be photobe photo--electric switch or photoelectric switch or photo--electric dimming control where fluorescentelectric dimming control where fluorescent
lighting is used; but at the dale of writing there is little experience oflighting is used; but at the dale of writing there is little experience of
application of such control to other types of discharge lamps.application of such control to other types of discharge lamps.
INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION OFOF ELECTRICELECTRIC LIGHTINGLIGHTING && DAYDAY LIGHTINGLIGHTING::
Day time control of luminaries in relation to depth of interior spaceDay time control of luminaries in relation to depth of interior space

LIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERS:LIGHTING IN SHOPPING CENTERS:
The problems of lighting a shopping center are highly technical andThe problems of lighting a shopping center are highly technical and
the equipment available is constantly changing. Although the lightingthe equipment available is constantly changing. Although the lighting
consultant will almost inevitably form part of the design team, theconsultant will almost inevitably form part of the design team, the
designer of the center will need to be acquainted with the vocabulary ofdesigner of the center will need to be acquainted with the vocabulary of
light sources and aware of their variety and practical application, aslight sources and aware of their variety and practical application, as
lighting is bound to form a major element in the design and must belighting is bound to form a major element in the design and must be
considered in architectural terms from briefing stage onwards.considered in architectural terms from briefing stage onwards.
One main design problem will be to maintain the correct balance ofOne main design problem will be to maintain the correct balance of
illumination between the shops and the malls; to provide in the mallsillumination between the shops and the malls; to provide in the malls
and courts an adequate overall lighting level both in daylight and nightand courts an adequate overall lighting level both in daylight and night
time conditions, adding interest and a further dimension, with varietytime conditions, adding interest and a further dimension, with variety
of lighting to highlight planting features, special areas and so on, butof lighting to highlight planting features, special areas and so on, but
not to the detriment of the shops or shop fronts. All this must be at annot to the detriment of the shops or shop fronts. All this must be at an
acceptable running cost and ease and economy of maintenance.acceptable running cost and ease and economy of maintenance.
Artificial lighting levels in shops are extremely high as they cannotArtificial lighting levels in shops are extremely high as they cannot
rely on daylight owing to their configuration and the need for highrely on daylight owing to their configuration and the need for high
intensity to attract customers and display merchandise. It should beintensity to attract customers and display merchandise. It should be
assumed in calculating overall electrical demand that the lighting loadassumed in calculating overall electrical demand that the lighting load
may be betweenmay be between 4040 andand 5050 W mW m22 ((1212--1515 W.fTW.fT22) overall in shop units;) overall in shop units;
these of course will provide their own electrical installation but athese of course will provide their own electrical installation but a
measure of control will need to be imposed by the center. For instance,measure of control will need to be imposed by the center. For instance,
all shops should be lit when the center is open, particularly the shopall shops should be lit when the center is open, particularly the shop
fronts.fronts.
A minimum lighting level should be demanded as the center will relyA minimum lighting level should be demanded as the center will rely
very largely for its impact and attraction on shop front lighting whichvery largely for its impact and attraction on shop front lighting which
may be greater than that of the mall, saymay be greater than that of the mall, say 600600--700700 lux, at the entrancelux, at the entrance
though this may fail tothough this may fail to 300300 lux inside, while major units may have alux inside, while major units may have a
level oflevel of 10001000 lux within the shop area.lux within the shop area.
Certainly a minimum lighting level at shop entrances can reasonablyCertainly a minimum lighting level at shop entrances can reasonably
be demanded. In the open center where shop fronts are glazed, a highbe demanded. In the open center where shop fronts are glazed, a high
lighting level is necessary in any event within the shop front to competelighting level is necessary in any event within the shop front to compete
with daylight and to avoid reflection.with daylight and to avoid reflection.

Lighting to the open mall:Lighting to the open mall: Lighting to the closed mall:Lighting to the closed mall:
The newer closed centers and refurbished ones tend to be favored with aThe newer closed centers and refurbished ones tend to be favored with a
considerable element of daylight^considerable element of daylight^ --^^we^^we--s^n. This will vary with sunlight ands^n. This will vary with sunlight and
shade, time of day, weather, seasons and climate and even in bright conditions willshade, time of day, weather, seasons and climate and even in bright conditions will
need supplementing by artificial light to ensure an adequate level of generalneed supplementing by artificial light to ensure an adequate level of general
brightness and to accentuate certain areas and features.brightness and to accentuate certain areas and features.
There will be a transition from day to night which will require design decisions;There will be a transition from day to night which will require design decisions;
for instance, is artificial lighting to take over gradually as dusk turns to night, orfor instance, is artificial lighting to take over gradually as dusk turns to night, or
dramatically and suddenly at certain times? To what extent is it to alter thedramatically and suddenly at certain times? To what extent is it to alter the
appearance of the center between day and night conditions? The transition willappearance of the center between day and night conditions? The transition will
generally be automatically controlled by solar cell or as part of an energygenerally be automatically controlled by solar cell or as part of an energy
management system, programmed and controlled by computer from themanagement system, programmed and controlled by computer from the
management center. As already indicated, malls in a closed center will be lit to anmanagement center. As already indicated, malls in a closed center will be lit to an
overall acceptable level by a system of general lighting, supplemented by featureoverall acceptable level by a system of general lighting, supplemented by feature
lighting avoiding monotony and blandness.lighting avoiding monotony and blandness.
There is considerable diversity of opinion about mall lighting levels and theirThere is considerable diversity of opinion about mall lighting levels and their
relation to shop front lighting. Earlier centers tended to offer a low level of mallrelation to shop front lighting. Earlier centers tended to offer a low level of mall
lighting, relying on shop front lighting as a dominant feature. This has nowlighting, relying on shop front lighting as a dominant feature. This has now
changed and it is realized that the malls need to contribute their own excitement,changed and it is realized that the malls need to contribute their own excitement,
color and invitation.color and invitation.
The problem of lighting to the malls in the open center will be similar to thatThe problem of lighting to the malls in the open center will be similar to that
of any street, though scale and design of suitable lamp standards or canopyof any street, though scale and design of suitable lamp standards or canopy
lighting must be sympathetic to the character of the center; a modicum oflighting must be sympathetic to the character of the center; a modicum of
flood lighting should be introduced to identify features, sculpture, plantingflood lighting should be introduced to identify features, sculpture, planting
and provide interest.and provide interest.
When the artificial lighting goes on at dusk the whole character of the centerWhen the artificial lighting goes on at dusk the whole character of the center
will alter. This also applies to closed centers relying on daylight for majorwill alter. This also applies to closed centers relying on daylight for major
lighting of the mall, though the problems are intensified and there are manylighting of the mall, though the problems are intensified and there are many
additional ones.additional ones.

The contrast between say aThe contrast between say a 600600 toto 700700 lux shop front and the earlierlux shop front and the earlier
accepted levels of perhaps onlyaccepted levels of perhaps only 8080 lux was too great; too low a malllux was too great; too low a mall
lighting level can have a depressing effect. The feeling generated in thelighting level can have a depressing effect. The feeling generated in the
malls must surely be one of sparkle and interest and invitation.malls must surely be one of sparkle and interest and invitation.
Lighting design must be considered in relation to the color andLighting design must be considered in relation to the color and
materials used in finishes, particularly those of ceilings and floors.materials used in finishes, particularly those of ceilings and floors.
External lighting will be important to the image of the center. TheExternal lighting will be important to the image of the center. The
entrances to malls should be sufficiently brightly lit to form a focusentrances to malls should be sufficiently brightly lit to form a focus
looking in from the outside, in contrast with the surrounding externallooking in from the outside, in contrast with the surrounding external
scene, particularly in a developed area where a positive message ofscene, particularly in a developed area where a positive message of
invitation and excitement is needed.invitation and excitement is needed.
This is a major constituent of the entrance design, othersThis is a major constituent of the entrance design, others
being dimensions, type of signing and so on as we havebeing dimensions, type of signing and so on as we have
already seen. Where a center makes a major visualalready seen. Where a center makes a major visual
contribution to its environment, night time lighting mustcontribution to its environment, night time lighting must
be designed accordingly, possibly in discussion with thebe designed accordingly, possibly in discussion with the
local authority, to reveal and emphasis the elevationlocal authority, to reveal and emphasis the elevation
impact.impact.

Practical design:Practical design:
Now to some practical considerations. Lighting design will in the main be a matter of choosing theNow to some practical considerations. Lighting design will in the main be a matter of choosing the
type of lamp, type of fitting, situation and distribution to give the required illumination, direction andtype of lamp, type of fitting, situation and distribution to give the required illumination, direction and
character of light required.character of light required.
There are many options open in the design of general lighting to malls and courts, with theThere are many options open in the design of general lighting to malls and courts, with the
introduction of high pressure mercury and high pressure sodium discharge lamps (as an alternative tointroduction of high pressure mercury and high pressure sodium discharge lamps (as an alternative to
the familiar fluorescent tube).the familiar fluorescent tube).
These newer lamps have considerable advantages;These newer lamps have considerable advantages;
they give more light for the same heat; as an example, at the rate ofthey give more light for the same heat; as an example, at the rate of 250250 W the mercury lamps will giveW the mercury lamps will give
77--88 times more light for the same heat than fluorescent lighting. Moreover. the estimated life of atimes more light for the same heat than fluorescent lighting. Moreover. the estimated life of a
mercury lamp is quoted asmercury lamp is quoted as 10 00010 000 hours, and that of the sodiumhours, and that of the sodium 20 00020 000 hours (or put another wayhours (or put another way
indefinite!).indefinite!).
This is in itself a considerable advantage as accessibility for lamp changing is always aThis is in itself a considerable advantage as accessibility for lamp changing is always a
problem in high malls and courts. These high pressure discharge lamps have specialproblem in high malls and courts. These high pressure discharge lamps have special
features, they nearly always have remote control gear. The gear might be sayfeatures, they nearly always have remote control gear. The gear might be say 200200 xx 100100 xx
5555 mm (mm (88xx44xx22 in.) per lamp and must be in ventilated positions as it generates heat.in.) per lamp and must be in ventilated positions as it generates heat.
Fittings can be chosen which have the accompanying gear enclosed in steel casing.Fittings can be chosen which have the accompanying gear enclosed in steel casing.
High pressure sodium lamps are now available in low wattage form, i.e.High pressure sodium lamps are now available in low wattage form, i.e. 5050 andand 7070W. TheW. The
mercury lamp which has been in use for a considerable time already is available inmercury lamp which has been in use for a considerable time already is available in 8080--125125
W ratings andW ratings and 5050 W has now been introduced. Both sodium and mercury lamps haveW has now been introduced. Both sodium and mercury lamps have
suffered from the disadvantage of poor color rendering, the mercury being in the bluesuffered from the disadvantage of poor color rendering, the mercury being in the blue
range while the sodium, until recently, gave too yellow a light to be used in any situationrange while the sodium, until recently, gave too yellow a light to be used in any situation
where natural effects were needed.where natural effects were needed.
We have all experienced the shock of seeing ordinary human beings under the effects ofWe have all experienced the shock of seeing ordinary human beings under the effects of
the low pressure sodium street lamps turn into ghostly faces from another world. However,the low pressure sodium street lamps turn into ghostly faces from another world. However,
in the newest high pressure sodium lamps the color is improved, being whiter, e.g. whitein the newest high pressure sodium lamps the color is improved, being whiter, e.g. white
SON, although the cost of these lamps at present is high, the solution is to combine theseSON, although the cost of these lamps at present is high, the solution is to combine these
with mercury lamps.with mercury lamps.

However, general lighting is not sufficient and a display lighting dimension must alsoHowever, general lighting is not sufficient and a display lighting dimension must also
be available. For floodlighting the tungsten halogen, quartz iodine filament lamp is inbe available. For floodlighting the tungsten halogen, quartz iodine filament lamp is in
general use but for individual highlighting of display features there are various lightgeneral use but for individual highlighting of display features there are various light
sources available for either track or individually mounted fittings, etc., such as lowsources available for either track or individually mounted fittings, etc., such as low
voltage diachronic lamps.voltage diachronic lamps.
Discharge lamps have simple circuits and little to fail but they takeDischarge lamps have simple circuits and little to fail but they take 1010 minutes to runminutes to run
up to full operation. Again it must be emphasized they are for general lighting andup to full operation. Again it must be emphasized they are for general lighting and
need to be supplemented by 'architectural' light to pick out features and give threeneed to be supplemented by 'architectural' light to pick out features and give three--
dimensional depth and variety.dimensional depth and variety.
Where daylight is introduced into the malls problems of color are encountered.Where daylight is introduced into the malls problems of color are encountered.
Variations are exaggerated in daylight and there is an immediate awareness of theVariations are exaggerated in daylight and there is an immediate awareness of the
contrast with the artificial lighting which may be discordant. The other choice iscontrast with the artificial lighting which may be discordant. The other choice is
whether to bring on the artificial light suddenly or gradually.whether to bring on the artificial light suddenly or gradually.
It is not possible to dim high pressure discharge lamps as with tungsten. SwitchIt is not possible to dim high pressure discharge lamps as with tungsten. Switch
control will probably be by time switch and can be solar controlled as for streetcontrol will probably be by time switch and can be solar controlled as for street
lighting. This can be arranged to camouflage the changelighting. This can be arranged to camouflage the change--over by gradually increasingover by gradually increasing
the artificial lighting as daylight fails.the artificial lighting as daylight fails.
Guide to general characteristics of lampGuide to general characteristics of lamp
Fluorescent tubes are now available with electronic ballasts. These have theFluorescent tubes are now available with electronic ballasts. These have the
advantage of being smaller and lighter, and one type is available which canadvantage of being smaller and lighter, and one type is available which can
be dimmed and therefore directly solar controlled.be dimmed and therefore directly solar controlled.
Fluorescent low wattage (maximumFluorescent low wattage (maximum 2626 W) tubes are now available inW) tubes are now available in
compact form fittings, some with builtcompact form fittings, some with built--in control gear.in control gear.
Service and warehouse areas must not be forgotten in consideringService and warehouse areas must not be forgotten in considering
lighting. Lighting installations in racked out areas will have to be kept highlighting. Lighting installations in racked out areas will have to be kept high
and clear of forkand clear of fork--lift or other distribution systems.lift or other distribution systems.
The lamps will be industrial fittings; lighting levels are likely to be say,The lamps will be industrial fittings; lighting levels are likely to be say, 150150
lux and where racking extends almost to the ceiling overall general lightinglux and where racking extends almost to the ceiling overall general lighting
may not be possible, each racking row having to be independently lit tomay not be possible, each racking row having to be independently lit to
avoid shadow, probably in this case by fluorescent fittings, with specialavoid shadow, probably in this case by fluorescent fittings, with special
reflectors.reflectors.
One cardinal principle in design of 'landlords' lighting, both in public andOne cardinal principle in design of 'landlords' lighting, both in public and
in service areas is that in order to reduce vandalism and the risk of crimein service areas is that in order to reduce vandalism and the risk of crime
there should be no 'dark spaces'.there should be no 'dark spaces'.

Emergency lighting:Emergency lighting:
The whole center will have to be provided with an emergency lightingThe whole center will have to be provided with an emergency lighting
installation not only in case of fire but to cater for possible power failures andinstallation not only in case of fire but to cater for possible power failures and
should conform to the latest British Standards. The interpolation of the typicalshould conform to the latest British Standards. The interpolation of the typical
emergency lighting fitting can be an irritation to the designer. A requirementemergency lighting fitting can be an irritation to the designer. A requirement
will be instant operation, i.e. withinwill be instant operation, i.e. within 55 seconds (or more at the discretion of theseconds (or more at the discretion of the
enforcing authority) of failure.enforcing authority) of failure.
The emergency lighting system in all communal areas will be designed into theThe emergency lighting system in all communal areas will be designed into the
landlord's lighting scheme with control also over that in the large units. Thelandlord's lighting scheme with control also over that in the large units. The
fittings wilt be either selffittings wilt be either self--contained (fed by trickle charge in normal running) orcontained (fed by trickle charge in normal running) or
fed from a central system, operated by a standby generator automaticallyfed from a central system, operated by a standby generator automatically
started, or by central battery storage.started, or by central battery storage.
If there are two alternative town supplies available, one being what is known asIf there are two alternative town supplies available, one being what is known as
'a firm supply' from the supply authority to provide a 'standby system', this'a firm supply' from the supply authority to provide a 'standby system', this
may be preferable though it also has a disadvantage in that a power strike ormay be preferable though it also has a disadvantage in that a power strike or
power failure would inhibit the supply.power failure would inhibit the supply.
The disadvantage of central battery storage is the considerable accommodationThe disadvantage of central battery storage is the considerable accommodation
space and ventilation needed, with disciplined regular maintenance. There mayspace and ventilation needed, with disciplined regular maintenance. There may
also be a noticeable voltage drop between the central point and the furthestalso be a noticeable voltage drop between the central point and the furthest
emergency light position.emergency light position.
The disadvantage of the selfThe disadvantage of the self--contained fitting is its visual interruption of thecontained fitting is its visual interruption of the
designed ceiling pattern already confused by ceiling grilles, light fittings,designed ceiling pattern already confused by ceiling grilles, light fittings,
sprinklers, etc.sprinklers, etc.
The location of the standby generator is important, with particular respect to itsThe location of the standby generator is important, with particular respect to its
cooling and aspiration. It should preferably not be internal as it needs a wellcooling and aspiration. It should preferably not be internal as it needs a well--
ventilated area with calculated intake and exhaust and be of a size related toventilated area with calculated intake and exhaust and be of a size related to
starting currents and the motors served. Generators may be diesel or gas fed;starting currents and the motors served. Generators may be diesel or gas fed;
dependent on circumstances. For diesel, oil storage must be provided.dependent on circumstances. For diesel, oil storage must be provided.
A standby generator will anyway be needed to serve emergency equipmentA standby generator will anyway be needed to serve emergency equipment
such as warning system, smoke venting, sprinkler pumps, fire lifts andsuch as warning system, smoke venting, sprinkler pumps, fire lifts and
passenger conveyor where these latter are acceptable as Means of Escape.passenger conveyor where these latter are acceptable as Means of Escape.

A “NEW LOOK” FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINE:A “NEW LOOK” FOR BUILDINGS AND THE SKYLINE:
ALUMIMIUM AND GLASS CREAT A NEW FEELING OF SPACEALUMIMIUM AND GLASS CREAT A NEW FEELING OF SPACE
To create that special 'plus' for a commercial building, the glass roof constructions canTo create that special 'plus' for a commercial building, the glass roof constructions can
provide the desired effect. Spectacular skylights put the building and its appearance in theprovide the desired effect. Spectacular skylights put the building and its appearance in the
best light! Investment in 'structural image' pays for itself many times over. By increasedbest light! Investment in 'structural image' pays for itself many times over. By increased
customer attraction and thus higher turnover, combined with the fact that the cost factorcustomer attraction and thus higher turnover, combined with the fact that the cost factor
for glassfor glass--covered space is often lower than with conventional buildings of a comparablecovered space is often lower than with conventional buildings of a comparable
type.type.
Architectural glass revolution makes shopping a real experience: After a fine renovation,Architectural glass revolution makes shopping a real experience: After a fine renovation,
this department store now presents an excellent shopping area expected today in a majorthis department store now presents an excellent shopping area expected today in a major
city. The journey by escalator from the basement to the glass. roof alone is an impressivecity. The journey by escalator from the basement to the glass. roof alone is an impressive
experience for the customer. Even though the exterior surroundings are visibly enriched byexperience for the customer. Even though the exterior surroundings are visibly enriched by
the glass roof, the main intention was to provide a pleasing and exciting effect on thethe glass roof, the main intention was to provide a pleasing and exciting effect on the
environment inside. This attractive improvement successfully lifts the shop above the level ofenvironment inside. This attractive improvement successfully lifts the shop above the level of
its competitors and puts new life into the traditional department store.its competitors and puts new life into the traditional department store.
Pleasure in Buying andPleasure in Buying and
Driving: Fine productsDriving: Fine products
can hardly be presentedcan hardly be presented
better. Under thisbetter. Under this
transparent rooftransparent roof
structure, quality carsstructure, quality cars
like these con be seen tolike these con be seen to
their best effect.their best effect.
Architecture whichArchitecture which
captures the attention:captures the attention:
This glass pyramid hasThis glass pyramid has
become the outstandingbecome the outstanding
focus of a new displayfocus of a new display
center. The ventilationcenter. The ventilation
flaps at the apex areflaps at the apex are
particularly intriguing.particularly intriguing.

EXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLE:EXPANDED SELLING AREA, INCREASED STYLE:
GALLERIES AS AN INVITING FORM OF SHOP FRONTGALLERIES AS AN INVITING FORM OF SHOP FRONT
Shops and boutiques which are always in season. Even duringShops and boutiques which are always in season. Even during
traditional "off season" times, these two shopping areas ore always fulltraditional "off season" times, these two shopping areas ore always full
of people. Glass roof constructions provide shelter from the elements: aof people. Glass roof constructions provide shelter from the elements: a
long ridged roof and a steep pyramid. Daylight and sunshine create along ridged roof and a steep pyramid. Daylight and sunshine create a
delightfully pleasant atmosphere.delightfully pleasant atmosphere.
These pictures show the answer for individual shops, but in supermarketThese pictures show the answer for individual shops, but in supermarket
proportions. Substantial ports of the sales area hove been moved forwardproportions. Substantial ports of the sales area hove been moved forward -- in frontin front
of the building itselfof the building itself -- using long, gallery type forward structures. Designs like thisusing long, gallery type forward structures. Designs like this
ore ideal for existing buildings because they substantially increase the sales area.ore ideal for existing buildings because they substantially increase the sales area.
But even for new buildings this is a highly effective concept for sales promotion,But even for new buildings this is a highly effective concept for sales promotion,
because the new, inviting shop fronts also become in effect large panoramic displaybecause the new, inviting shop fronts also become in effect large panoramic display
windows.windows.
A building whichA building which
advertises itself. Thisadvertises itself. This
annex, made ofannex, made of
aluminum and gloss,aluminum and gloss,
gives a new look to agives a new look to a
building that used to bebuilding that used to be
rather plain. Therather plain. The
transparency of the gtransparency of the g
ass walls turns it into aass walls turns it into a
huge showroom whichhuge showroom which
advertises itself.advertises itself.
The supermarket withThe supermarket with
the two color effect. Darkthe two color effect. Dark
brown on the outside andbrown on the outside and
fresh green on the insidefresh green on the inside
-- plus the large area ofplus the large area of
glass. The supermarket,glass. The supermarket,
which is also lit bywhich is also lit by
sunlight, is a pleasingsunlight, is a pleasing
contrast to conventionalcontrast to conventional
halls which are usuallyhalls which are usually
enclosed and artificiallyenclosed and artificially
lit.lit.

The shopping center that customersThe shopping center that customers
prefer. More and more people choose toprefer. More and more people choose to
shop in high quality surroundings: withshop in high quality surroundings: with
exciting impressions created by color,exciting impressions created by color,
design and style adding to the pleasure.design and style adding to the pleasure.
solar constructions createsolar constructions create the structuralthe structural
ambience required to provide this. Theyambience required to provide this. They
lend buildings a new architecturallend buildings a new architectural
attraction, by way of glass coveredattraction, by way of glass covered
passages, bays, arcades and galleries. Topassages, bays, arcades and galleries. To
provide the exciting shoppingprovide the exciting shopping
environment for customers.environment for customers.
An old shopping center shining in new found brilliance.An old shopping center shining in new found brilliance.
Huge glass canopies in buildings and covering areas. The architectural expression of protectedHuge glass canopies in buildings and covering areas. The architectural expression of protected
historic buildings combined with new construction. Glasshistoric buildings combined with new construction. Glass--covered streets and passage ways joincovered streets and passage ways join
separate areas of the city to form a unique center. Even when ifs raining you can always go onseparate areas of the city to form a unique center. Even when ifs raining you can always go on
extended shopping trips.extended shopping trips.
After completion, an old city center restructured in this way will have ten times the shop areaAfter completion, an old city center restructured in this way will have ten times the shop area
available than before. Even now, this unusual building attracts a growing number of delightedavailable than before. Even now, this unusual building attracts a growing number of delighted
customers.customers.
LUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASSLUXURY SHOPPING PRECIENTS UNDER GLASS

SEASONAL GLORYSEASONAL GLORY
Autumn leaves. But a maintenance headache? Not with the enclosed guest pool atAutumn leaves. But a maintenance headache? Not with the enclosed guest pool at
this Ontario hotel. IBG Canada's glass dome, mounted on anthis Ontario hotel. IBG Canada's glass dome, mounted on an 88--inch concrete curb,inch concrete curb,
isis 6060 feet in diameter. Aluminum structural frame consists of square tubes.feet in diameter. Aluminum structural frame consists of square tubes.
Project: Holiday Inn, FlemingdonProject: Holiday Inn, Flemingdon
Park, TorontoPark, Toronto
Architect: Raymond MoriyamaArchitect: Raymond Moriyama
BURNISHEDBURNISHED BRIDGEBRIDGE
BronzeBronze--tinted acrylic glazing and bronze anodized structural aluminum combinetinted acrylic glazing and bronze anodized structural aluminum combine
with the rich warmth of custom carpeting to stunning effect in thiswith the rich warmth of custom carpeting to stunning effect in this 128128--foot longfoot long
covered walkway at a Cyprus seaside hotel. IBG walkway system integratescovered walkway at a Cyprus seaside hotel. IBG walkway system integrates
hemispherical BarrelVault and vertical wall.hemispherical BarrelVault and vertical wall.
Project: Amathus Beach Hotel, Limassol, CyprusProject: Amathus Beach Hotel, Limassol, Cyprus
Architect: The Architects' Collaborative, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Colakides &Architect: The Architects' Collaborative, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Colakides &
Associates, Architectects, Limassol CyprusAssociates, Architectects, Limassol Cyprus
LUMINOUSLUMINOUS
AfterAfter--dark dining and entertainment are made memorabledark dining and entertainment are made memorable
by glowing colors, dramatic lighting effects, spiraling levelsby glowing colors, dramatic lighting effects, spiraling levels
of activity, lush interiorscaping, reflective pool andof activity, lush interiorscaping, reflective pool and
fountain and a generous serving of Chicago's night sky.fountain and a generous serving of Chicago's night sky.
Credit IBGCredit IBG 112112--foot byfoot by 118118--foot grid and gutter skylightfoot grid and gutter skylight
and overhead glazing systems.and overhead glazing systems.
Project: Hyatt Regency, ChicagoProject: Hyatt Regency, Chicago
Architect: A. Epstein & Sons, Chicago.Architect: A. Epstein & Sons, Chicago.
OVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMSOVERHEAD GLAZING SYSTEMS

edged frames–Linear and multi
1-it takes big spans .
2-the edges are being increased to have more resistance for the forces .

cables
*its properties :
1-it is not fixed , it can be put or removed any time.
2-its shape changes with changing the loads on it .
3-the most simple shapes of the ceilings consisting of cables ,
some of them holed from the stressed columns and which able to
resist buckling .
4-cheap and light .
5-the ceiling is made of heavy materials to avoid vibrations
caused by the wind .

Columns and beams
1-columns are vertical units holding the beams .
2-advantage of beams is its high resistance to the bending in case of wood iron
and reinforced concrete .
3-it is used in case of small spans .
Using the columns and beams for the
space to hold the roof

Trusses
1-it is used to increase spans it reaches 40 m .
2-it is used in big span halls and it takes different geometrical shapes.
3-it may be used also in cinemas and theaters , libraries entertainment .
4-it may take several shapes ,curved or flat .

space frames
1-it is used in covering space which contains several purposes .
2-it may be flat ceilings or inclined to cover with glass the atrium spaces or
spaces in the last floor of the building .
3-it may continue in the walls to the ceilings and it plays a big role in
technology
Using the frame structure to make skylight over
the atrium

shell structure
.1-thin
2-it takes large spans
Domes : its shape shows its geometric properties

tent structured
.1-light in its weight .
2-used in different construction purpose
3-it may cover hundreds of meter sewers
4-it can be fixed by tension wires to resist the compression caused by winds
5-it can be fixed the cradles.

pneumatic structures
.1-it is not fixed
2-it can be used and then we can get rid of it .
3-light in its weight , easily transferred and cheep .
4-used in temporarily stores and we can take it to space
platesfolded

continuous arches
.1-it is used for transudation , public spaces and for commercial pursues and
for car parking covering .
2-made from steel
3-small resistance for it wasn’t treated by materials .

construction
• The special difficulty is difference between .TH.requirements of
shops and for malls and courts ,the shapes requirements and
services will be different .offices ,car parking and other
considerations may affect structural system .Shop unit cosideration
needs to be flexible in both size and use .The possibility of of future
expansion must be considered .
• Give vaariety of unit letting , for example an 11 m grid
will allow a permutation of frontages bet 3.7 and 5.5 and
7.3 , but the longer the span the deeper the beam and the
greater required floor to floor height , front to back depth
of the unit may vary bet 12 m and 36 m which will help to
determine the grid depth while allowing variation of unit
plan shaped
• KINDS OF CONSTRUCTIONS
• Reinforced concrete and framed beam construction is prefrable to
flat slab ,waffle or prestressed concrete .These suggest very
considerable problems when alterations are needed as precast and
infilled beam construction are easier to adapt than in stu systems
.Remodelling is on 12 year cycle . Steel frame construction is an
attractive alternative ,but needs careful programming and detailing
.It is economical , flexible and easily erected ,but if concrete casing
is required as fire protection it suffers wet trades ,shuttering,
setting time ,additional loads and large members .Future
developpments may include the use of site steel treated with a
combined fire and corrusion protection system with high
temperature properties. Structural frame:
in designing it frames and beams supporting
party walls between units should not be wider
than the walls they support as where hoists ,
lifts staircases and escalators are required by
tenants they are likely to be sited against the
party walls and will want flush vertical
surfaces to maximize use of shop width and
avoid unusable floor areas
Car parking grid
consideration:the determination of a suitable grid is
compliated where basement car parking is incorporated as
an economical car park grid of 16 m . 19m is not compatible
with shop dimensions , altering the grid at any level involves
complicated construction wasteful in construction time ,
beam depths and cost although pressure on this may be
brought on the developper by key tenants

• Floor height:
• Floor - to - floor height large space users will want,
say, 3.66m (12ft) minimum clear height with
adequate depth, say, 1.2m (4 ft) between ceiling and
structure slab for ducting. Smaller units may prefer
limited height, say, 3m (10ft) clear height, to avoid
excessive costs in heating/cooling, ventilation, and in
multi-level units to avoid unnecessary effort by staff
or customers in vertical circulation.
Dimensions ;
gridsize must be related to
standard unit , dimensions giving
a shop frontage centre line to
centre of bet 5 m to 6 m gives a
workable shop unit but a grid
width as large as possible will
Cladding in finishes :
two popular internal cladding
techniques are referred as finishes
,they are glass reinforced gypsum and
fibrous plaster. Other cladding
materials as marble , brick , stone ,
stainless steel , mirror tiles , faience ,
mosaic …….ease and security of
fixing repair and replacement
,cleaning methods , wearing qualities
and aesthetic aspect need to be
assessed
•Columns grids:
•the position of columns between mall and shops is
important as already indicated. Columns do not necessary
sarily have to be situated on the main shop front line,
where they tend to restrict shop front design and the use of
individual scale to express the large unit. If columns play a
subsidiary role to the shop front they allow variety of
treatment and emphasise the individual retailer. If it is
necessary to place them on the shop front line they should
really be so restricted. It should be accepted that retailers
may like to express the size of their unit. A rigid vertical
emphasis offers the danger of a monotony of treatment and
a distorted scale.
In single level trading it may be possible by
providing a height of 4 m (14 ft) floor to underside
of slab, to offer smaller units the facility of
mezzanine or balcony level storage or sales
•Roof: I
•f the roof are to be used the slab and finish will have to de
designed accordingly. The construction on the roof ramps,
and canopies and their finish is critical, as damage or water
penetration requiring internal repair may involve heavy
claims. A maximum length between joints should be 150 m
(500 tt). It may even be necessary to design to ‘fail - safe’
standards involving gutters and evaporation trays under
joints.

• Glazing material : galzing method savry with the
glazing material . Mateials available are plastic or glass.
The preferred plastic id polycarbonate. On vertical
surfaces it can dish with unfortunate results and some
rigorous conditions of temperature extremes may
preclude its use. Glass is a well tried material but heavier
than polycarbonate. Toughened glass is resistant to
temperature variations and is less vulnerable in use than
laminated glass, in single, double or triple glazing and
sandwich form provide differing degrees of solar control
and insulation
Floor decks: floor decks on upper floors may become
cantilevered or edge-supported balconies possibly in a long
open mall connected by bridges. Upstand balconies or edge
beams may contribute to smoke control. If solid mall ceilings
are evisaged they may need to be a minimum of 1 m (3 ft 3 in.)
higher than shop front opening to provide smoke reservoirs
• Roof glazing: Roof design will relate to daylight provision - open,
fully glazed, with or without translucent intermediate ceiling - clear storey,
or solid with artificial lighting only. Areas of glazing, poses problems,
where introducing daylight is dealt with here in some detail. Even where
malls are provided with cooling, solar heat gain must be minimised, else it
will substantially add to maintenance costs and service charges. The task
is to provide adequate ventilation while preventing unwelcome solar gain
and maintaining a comfortable temperature. The colour and type of
internal finishes affecting the degree of radiation, galzing methods and
materials. There are obviously physical design precautions which may be
taken to avoid projecting excessive direct sunlight, heat and glare into
vulnerable shopping areas. For example, limiting the amount of daylight
to, say, 30% as of roofing - clear - storey glazing, protection of glazed
areas from direct sunlight, the design profile configuration of the roof, the
height of walls and, of course, orientation.
The ‘greenhouse effect’ is radiation from the sun in short - wave form
penetrates clear glass, will be absorbed by interior surfaces (and people)
and reradiate in a longer wavelength which cannot penetrate back
through the glass. Without some means of escape temperatures can
rapidly escalate..
A carefully designed ventilation system, forced or will help to disperse or
remove excess heated air, and is likely to be.

Structure of glazing material: The usual glazing
method is a mechanically restrained support system (such as
aluminium patent glazing) transferred as necessary to structural
supports, traditionally supported on two edges; this inevitably
results in some air leakage. With improvement in glass technology
larger modules have facilitated four edge supports and a sealed
system. But in the four - sided method retention of the glass
depends on the silicone quality and very rigorous.
Safe and easy access must be available for cleaning and repair, so
glazing should be fitted from the outside. Although careful
detailing may ensure virtual self-cleansing externally, internal
surfaces will require periodic attention. Smoke venting must be
allowed for and the roof construction kept as flexible as possible to
allow for correct distribution of ventilation outlets. Whether
natural or powered, as well as for smoke vents.
The floor construction generally must be sufficiently rigid and
with deflection so designed as not to affect finishes. All floors will
need to be waterproofed major enemy must be designed for with
best practice.
Mall spans: mall spans may vary from 4.5m to 12 m
for major malls - centre courts wide span up to 21 m with
suitable support. Height will depend on the number of
storeys.
• Flooring : floor is the most vulnerable in terms of maintenance.
Selection of flooring materials for malls is of major importance in any
centre. They are better designed in pattern and limited module size to
facilitate repair and avoid expansion and cracking.
Granite, marble, clay tiles and terrazo have proved satisfactory finishes
if correctly laid and jointed. In all cases cost of replacement and
availability of matching materials must be faced. Is the floor to be fixed
or floating? USA practice tends to be to machine bond to the screed
which is laid on polythene sheet taped and sealed at joints, on a loose
sand bed 5 mm (1/5 in.) thick minimum, the slab being finished with a
tampedceramic tiles tend to have wide joints.
Floors must not be slippery. Protective matting at enterances will avoid
additional hazard on wet days. Colour is important. Pattern and colour
can be used with imagination to identify circulation routes
• Wall finishes :Walls vulnerable to the public, such as toilets,
telephone kiosks, etc. must be graffiti-deterrent at least for a height of
2.9 to 3 m (9 ft 6 in. to 10 ft). Hard, easy- clean, durable surfaces, such
as glazed tile, melamine and terrazzo, are preferable.
Painted surface will, however, need the discipline of regular periodic
repainting to be considered in terms of accessibility, disturbance and
cost.
• Ceiling finishes: need to be chosen in relation to many factors
both aesthetic and practical. They may be open or sealed. The method
and type of lighting will also affect ceiling design, of which it is a part.
The reflective properties as well as colour of any ceiling or soffit will
contribute positively to overall appearance.
• Machanical and electrical services: the extent, quality
method and system of providing environmental control to the shopping
centre is of prime importance.

• Finishes : Selection of external finishes part of aesthetics. In UK
lightweight cladding systems may be acceptable in greenfield sites but less
likely in established urban communities, external facing materials must be
durable and maintenance - free - and present an image of permanence and
quality. Climatic conditions and weathering must be taken into account in
selection, where natural lighting is to be introduced selecting transparent
or translucent material - glass or its substitute, and factors which must be
taken into account are quality of light, penetration, fire resistance and
accessibility for regular cleaning.
An attractive and striking appearance of the centre is to be aimed at.
St. Enoch’s Square Development, Glasgow:
unique project, Adequate allocation of cost for high quality construction
and elevational design, both externally and internally, as justified on the
grounds of low maintenance and of publicity and attraction of the
shopper, must be accepted.
Malls, consequently, are the major coordinating design feature of the
centre, and require utmost skill and care in development, design and
finish. Fire precautions, will be restricting and finishing materials in the
UK.
A shopping centre endures intensive use with very fast and intensive
throughput of user. Materials to provide minimum maintenance,
durability, and certainly high quality standards are essential in public
areas malls, car parks, etc.
A permanent building of civic significance within Glasgow’s vigorous
engineering tradition, allowing internal flexibility without affecting
planning approval.
Energy conservation is becoming a major issue in construction,
overheating is a constant problem in shop design.
The acoustic effect of all finishes taken together must be carefully
assessed; a certain modicum of background noise is a necessary adjunct to
a shopping centre in order to give a feeling of ‘busyness’ and activity. But
excessive noise of echo caused by interaction of reflective surfaces is
distracting and there is a need for clarity and audibility of public address.

Constructions & Finishes of
First Mall
Glass handrail framed by wooden frame
Marble floor finishes
Beam & column concrete construction
is shown
Column grid in the parking area
Interior view of construction
Glazing skylight constructed on a
concrete ceiling

CarCar ParksParks
Standard designStandard design
carcar::
L AL A 4750 55004750 5500
W BW B 1800 20301800 2030
H CH C 1700 1631700 163
Door opening clearance DDoor opening clearance D 500500
Wheel base (worst cases) EWheel base (worst cases) E 2900 32502900 3250
FF 900 890900 890
GG 1100 13501100 1350
Turning circle (dia)Turning circle (dia)
Kerb HKerb H 13000 655013000 6550
Wall JWall J 14000 701014000 7010
Ground clearance KGround clearance K 100 1220100 1220
Parking:Parking:
9090 parkingparking
A B C DA B C D
In bldgIn bldg 3000 4600 2300 32603000 4600 2300 3260
In openIn open 3390 5500 2400 38903390 5500 2400 3890
E FE F
In bldgIn bldg 5000 28005000 2800
In openIn open 5500 28005500 2800--30003000
4545 parkingparking
B C FB C F
In bldgIn bldg 4600 2300 60004600 2300 6000
In openIn open 5500 2400 61005500 2400 6100--67006700
Parallel parkingParallel parking
A B CA B C
In bldgIn bldg 5800 4600 22005800 4600 2200--23002300
In openIn open 61006100--6700 5500 24006700 5500 2400

Desirable parking area=Desirable parking area=00..55--11% of population of whole built% of population of whole built--up areaup area
Parking Lanes:Parking Lanes:
Gap between end of parking lane & bldg line >Gap between end of parking lane & bldg line > 60006000,, 1000010000
preferred.preferred.
Safety stripsSafety strips 500500 wide recommended between parking lanes &wide recommended between parking lanes &
moving traffic.moving traffic.
Circulation:Circulation:
ArrangementArrangement
for narrow sitefor narrow site
Road at angle givesRoad at angle gives
economical use of space foreconomical use of space for
different car sizes, savesdifferent car sizes, saves
approxapprox 1010% floor ar% floor ar
Population:Population:
9090 parking for trucksparking for trucks
4545 parking forparking for
large carslarge cars
reversingreversing
4545 parkingparking
for mediumfor medium
carscars
reversingreversing
4545 drivedrive--
throughthrough
parking forparking for
medium tomedium to
small carssmall cars
(no(no
reversing)reversing)
4545 drivedrive--
throughthrough
parkingparking
for largefor large
cars (nocars (no
reversingreversing

Turning dimensions:Turning dimensions:
U drive diagram with table ofU drive diagram with table of
turning dimensionsturning dimensions
Vehicle R RVehicle R R11 T D CT D C
Small carSmall car 66..05 305 3..28 328 3..7 37 3..05 005 0..1515
Standard carStandard car 66..83 383 3..84 484 4..57 357 3..4 04 0..22
Large carLarge car 77..01 301 3..84 484 4..57 357 3..66 066 0..2323
AmbulanceAmbulance 99..14 514 5..72 772 7..62 462 4..04 004 0..33
Circular drivewaysCircular driveways
Minimum values: R=Minimum values: R=2929’’--00” ,” ,
W=W=1111’’--00”, r=”, r=1818’’--00””
Formula: H=square rootFormula: H=square root
(G((G(22R+R+22rr--G)), in which G=RG)), in which G=R--
11//22WW
Landings & easingLandings & easing
Minimum valuesMinimum values
R=R=2929’’--00”, r=”, r=1818’’--00”, W=”, W=1111’’--00””
K M K MK M K M
7474’’--44”” 0 770 77’’--00”” 1515’’--1010””
7575’’--00”” 88’’--00”” 7878’’--00”” 1818’’--88””
7676’’--00”” 1212’’--11”” 7979’’--00”” 2121’’--22””
8080’’--00”” 2323’’--55””
Elliptical drivewaysElliptical driveways
Formula:Formula:
H’=square root (G(H’=square root (G(22R’+R’+22r’r’--G)G)--
(w’+r’(w’+r’--Q’) in which G=r’+Q’) in which G=r’+11//22(L+W’)(L+W’)
R”=(g square +h square)/R”=(g square +h square)/22gg ––R’ inR’ in
which g=R’+which g=R’+11//22(L(L--W’, h=H’+R’W’, h=H’+R’--QQ
Minimum values:Minimum values:
P=P=4848’’--00” R’=” R’=6060’’--00””
Q=Q=3636’’--00” W’=” W’=99’’--66””
R=R=3030’’--00” W=” W=1111’’--00””
r=r=1919’’--00” r’=” r’=4444’’--44””
r”=r”=4949’’77””

LandingsLandings
R=R=2929’’--00”, W=”, W=1111’’--00”, r=”, r=1818’’--00””
Compound curvesCompound curves
P=P=4848’’--00” Q=” Q=3636’’--00””
R=R=3030’’--00” R’=” R’=6060’’--00””
W’=W’=99’’--66” W=” W=1111’’--00””
R=R=1919’’--00” r’=” r’=4444’’--44””
Multi storey garages:Multi storey garages:
The following must be provided :The following must be provided :
11-- Elevators for rapid ascending & descending ofElevators for rapid ascending & descending of
cars & personscars & persons
22-- staircases for people ascending & escapingstaircases for people ascending & escaping
33-- Security rooms on entrances to inspect the cars &Security rooms on entrances to inspect the cars &
changer on the existchanger on the exist
44-- Elevators & escalators directly to the high floorsElevators & escalators directly to the high floors
55-- Upwards for ascending & others for descending,Upwards for ascending & others for descending,
straight or circlestraight or circle
Note:Note:
Among the probabilities which faced great success was theAmong the probabilities which faced great success was the
joint buildings of garages with the commercialjoint buildings of garages with the commercial centers ofcenters of
multi floors so as each floor leads to a garage &to a similarmulti floors so as each floor leads to a garage &to a similar
used floor taking into consideration the arrangementused floor taking into consideration the arrangement
between the slabs, as result of height differences, bybetween the slabs, as result of height differences, by
providing internal staircasesproviding internal staircases
Ratio of parking area to gross floorRatio of parking area to gross floor
area:area:
Shopping centersShopping centers 22..00--22..33
Clean height :Clean height :
For aboutFor about 33mm
EntranceEntrance::
Width for separated entrance & exit >Width for separated entrance & exit >22..44mm
Width for common entrance & exit >Width for common entrance & exit >44..88mm
Barrier capacity:Barrier capacity:
Entry barrierEntry barrier 400400 vehicle / hrvehicle / hr
Exit barrierExit barrier
Lighting:Lighting:
Mean service illumination for public should be (lx):Mean service illumination for public should be (lx):
Parking areasParking areas 2020 roofroof 2020
DrivewaysDriveways 5050 entrance &exitentrance &exit 150150
RampsRamps 7070

RampsRamps ::
Ramp slopes ( transitions are required only if rampRamp slopes ( transitions are required only if ramp
slope exceedsslope exceeds 1010% )% )
Driveway exitsDriveway exits
Types of rampsTypes of ramps ::
Minimum site widthMinimum site width
required for a ramprequired for a ramp
garage isgarage is 100100 toto 110110 ftft
The diameter of the rampThe diameter of the ramp
is controlled by theis controlled by the
required turning radius : arequired turning radius : a
minimum ofminimum of 4545ftft

Circle descending ( cottonCircle descending ( cotton
stock market in Alexandria )stock market in Alexandria )
Ascending slabs system (Ascending slabs system (
opera garage )opera garage )
Diversified levels slabs allowsDiversified levels slabs allows
horizontal waitinghorizontal waiting
Double and mid crossingDouble and mid crossing
descendingdescending
Descending slabs on anDescending slabs on an
additional crossing in theadditional crossing in the
middlemiddle
Ascending upwardsAscending upwards
and other descendingand other descending
from one sidefrom one side

Multi floor garage with two circleMulti floor garage with two circle
interfere descending and by theinterfere descending and by the
separation between ascending andseparation between ascending and
descendingdescending
Multi floor garage with twoMulti floor garage with two
separate circle descending , one isseparate circle descending , one is
up and other is down .up and other is down .
ElevatorsElevators
ForFor 3030 lotslots 3333mm
For smaller radius of ramp itsFor smaller radius of ramp its
width must be widerwidth must be wider
11-- diameterdiameter 99..22mm
22-- diameterdiameter 1313..33mm
Separating the up and down by twoSeparating the up and down by two
descending , the difference betweendescending , the difference between
them in the level is one floorthem in the level is one floor
Separating the up and down with twoSeparating the up and down with two
descending with both sides of thedescending with both sides of the
garagegarage

Examples :Examples :
11-- The ramps , situated in opposite corners , are angled to facilitateThe ramps , situated in opposite corners , are angled to facilitate
the movement from the floors to the rampsthe movement from the floors to the ramps
22-- entrance and exits have been provided on two streets on separateentrance and exits have been provided on two streets on separate
levelslevels
11-- The overall dimensions of theThe overall dimensions of the 352352 space facility arespace facility are 120120 byby
240240 ft .ft . 9090degree parkingdegree parking
22-- the stairs and elevators location is to afford minimumthe stairs and elevators location is to afford minimum
walking distanceswalking distances
Main floorMain floor Main floorMain floor
Typical floorTypical floor Typical floorTypical floor
Functional plan for twin spiral garageFunctional plan for twin spiral garage Functional plan for staggered floor garageFunctional plan for staggered floor garage
Section ASection A--A’A’

11-- the garage has one way aislesthe garage has one way aisles
22-- the entrance and exit were on the same street , they arethe entrance and exit were on the same street , they are
widely separated to reduce conflicts .widely separated to reduce conflicts .
33-- the overall dimensions of the facility arethe overall dimensions of the facility are 183183 byby 165165 ftft
44-- in a sloping floor or continues ramp garage , the aislesin a sloping floor or continues ramp garage , the aisles
serve two purposes : axis to the parking stalls , and floor toserve two purposes : axis to the parking stalls , and floor to
floor Circulationfloor Circulation
One pedestrian elevator and three stair ways have beenOne pedestrian elevator and three stair ways have been
provided for the five level facilityprovided for the five level facility
Main floorMain floor
Typical floorTypical floorTypical floorTypical floorMain floorMain floor
Functional plan for straight ramp garageFunctional plan for straight ramp garage
Functional plan for sloping floor garageFunctional plan for sloping floor garage

Under black car park Geneva SwitzerlandUnder black car park Geneva Switzerland
Design C ZschokkeDesign C Zschokke
SectionSection
Plan of fist floorPlan of fist floor
Multi floors garages with two continuous descendingMulti floors garages with two continuous descending
outside the building , one descending and the otheroutside the building , one descending and the other
ascendingascending
Luckhertd , AnkerLuckhertd , Anker
140140 place for each floorplace for each floor
Esleben SchneiderEsleben Schneider
Garage in DusseldorfGarage in Dusseldorf
Cars enter different floor by outside ramps and thereCars enter different floor by outside ramps and there
is maintenance for cars in the ground flooris maintenance for cars in the ground floor

FalcontFalcont –– Paris garageParis garage
RomeRome
Double spiral ascending ramps in the centerDouble spiral ascending ramps in the center

The relation between the location of the garageThe relation between the location of the garage
and the rest of the building :and the rest of the building :

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