An Introduction to Tornado
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Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. It is a scalable, non-blocking web server that allows applications to handle multiple requests simultaneously using a single thread. Some key features include lightweight and fast templates, asynchronous request handlers, and integrations with databases, caches and other services. Tornado is best suited for building real-time web services and can be used alongside other front-end web servers.
![class Application(object):
"""A collection of request handlers that make up a web application.
Instances of this class are callable and can be passed directly to
HTTPServer to serve the application:
application = web.Application([
(r"/", MainPageHandler),
])
http_server = httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(8080)
ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
The constructor for this class takes in a list of URLSpec objects
or (regexp, request_class) tuples. When we receive requests, we
iterate over the list in order and instantiate an instance of the
first request class whose regexp matches the request path.
Each tuple can contain an optional third element, which should be a
dictionary if it is present. That dictionary is passed as keyword
arguments to the contructor of the handler. This pattern is used
for the StaticFileHandler below:
application = web.Application([
(r"/static/(.*)", web.StaticFileHandler, {"path": "/var/www"}),
])
CLEAN, WELL DOCUMENTED CODE](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-5-320.jpg)
![TORNADO APPLICATION
• tornado.web.Application: Main controller class
• Canonical Tornado Hello World:
import tornado.httpserver
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world")
if __name__ == "__main__":
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
])
http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-10-320.jpg)
![REQUEST HANDLER EXAMPLE
import redis
import tornado.web
class MyRequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def initialize(self):
host = self.application.settings['Redis']['host']
port = self.application.settings['Redis']['port']
self.redis = redis.Redis(host, port)
class Homepage(MyRequestHandler):
@tornado.web.asynchronous
def get(self):
content = self.redis.get('homepage')
self.write(content)
self.finish()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-13-320.jpg)
![BASE TEMPLATE
<html>
<head>
<title>My Site :: {% block title %}Unextended Template{% end %}</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ static_url('css/site.css') }}" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ static_url('javascript/site.js') }}"></script>
{% if not current_user %}
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://api.recaptcha.net/js/recaptcha_ajax.js">
</script>
{% end %}
</head>
<body{% if current_user %} class="authenticated"{% end %}>
{% include "header.html" %}
{% if request.uri not in ['/', ''] and current_user %}
{{ modules.MemberBar() }}
{% end %}
<div id="content">
{% block content %}
No Content Specified
{% end %}
</div>
<ul id="footer">
<li><a href="/terms">{{_("Terms and Conditions")}}</a></li>
<li class="center">{{_("Version")}}: {{ handler.application.settings['version'] }}</li>
<li class="right">{{_("Copyright")}} © {{ datetime.date.today().year }}</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-16-320.jpg)
![Embed
UIMODULE EXAMPLE
<div>{{ modules.HTTPSCheck() }}</div>
class HTTPSCheck(tornado.web.UIModule):
def render(self):
UIModule Class
if 'X-Forwarded-Ssl' not in self.request.headers or
self.request.headers['X-Forwarded-Ssl'] != 'on':
return self.render_string("modules/ssl.html")
return ''
<div class="information">
Template
<a href="https://{{request.host}}{{request.uri}}">
{{_("Click here to use a secure connection")}}
</a>
</div>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-21-320.jpg)
![TEMPLATE EXAMPLE AGAIN
<html>
<head>
<title>My Site :: {% block title %}Unextended Template{% end %}</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ static_url('css/site.css') }}" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ static_url('javascript/site.js') }}"></script>
{% if not current_user %}
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://api.recaptcha.net/js/recaptcha_ajax.js">
</script>
{% end %}
</head>
<body{% if current_user %} class="authenticated"{% end %}>
{% include "header.html" %}
{% if request.uri not in ['/', ''] and current_user %}
{{ modules.MemberBar() }}
{% end %}
<div id="content">
{% block content %}
No Content Specified
{% end %}
</div>
<ul id="footer">
<li><a href="/terms">{{_("Terms and Conditions")}}</a></li>
<li class="center">{{_("Version")}}: {{ handler.application.settings['version'] }}</li>
<li class="right">{{_("Copyright")}} © {{ datetime.date.today().year }}</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-26-320.jpg)
![USING TORNADO.AUTH
- [/login/form, site.auth_reg.LoginForm]
- [/login/friendfeed, site.auth_reg.LoginFriendFeed]
class LoginFriendFeed(RequestHandler, tornado.auth.FriendFeedMixin):
@tornado.web.asynchronous
def get(self):
if self.get_argument("oauth_token", None):
self.get_authenticated_user(self.async_callback(self._on_auth))
return
self.authorize_redirect()
def _on_auth(self, ffuser):
if not ffuser:
raise tornado.web.HTTPError(500, "FriendFeed auth failed")
return
username = ffuser['username']](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/50594742-an-introduction-to-tornado-120313170915-phpapp02/85/An-Introduction-to-Tornado-28-320.jpg)
An Introduction to Tornado
- 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TORNADO Gavin M. Roy CTO myYearbook.com pyCon 2011 Atlanta, GA
- 2. TORNADO AT MYYEARBOOK.COM • Currency Connect • Marketing Website, Portal, RESTful API • Redirect Engine • Nerve • Staplr 2 • Image Upload Service
- 3. WHAT IS TORNADO? •A scalable, non-blocking web server and micro-framework in Python 2.5 & 2.6. • Python 3 port underway • Developed at FriendFeed and open-sourced by Facebook • Similar to web.py in use • Fast: ~1,500 requests/sec backend* * Your milage will vary
- 4. FEATURES • Small barrier to entry to quickly developing applications • Third Party Authentication via OpenID, OAuth Mixins • Light-weight template system • Auto-magical cross-site forgery protection • WSGI && Google App Engine Support • Develop using debug mode and automatically reload code and templates when changed on disk
- 5. class Application(object): """A collection of request handlers that make up a web application. Instances of this class are callable and can be passed directly to HTTPServer to serve the application: application = web.Application([ (r"/", MainPageHandler), ]) http_server = httpserver.HTTPServer(application) http_server.listen(8080) ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() The constructor for this class takes in a list of URLSpec objects or (regexp, request_class) tuples. When we receive requests, we iterate over the list in order and instantiate an instance of the first request class whose regexp matches the request path. Each tuple can contain an optional third element, which should be a dictionary if it is present. That dictionary is passed as keyword arguments to the contructor of the handler. This pattern is used for the StaticFileHandler below: application = web.Application([ (r"/static/(.*)", web.StaticFileHandler, {"path": "/var/www"}), ]) CLEAN, WELL DOCUMENTED CODE
- 6. WHAT TORNADO ISN’T •A full stack framework like Django • Based on Twisted • There is an unmaintained port, Tornado on Twisted • Influenced the Cyclone project •A replacement for a front-end web server • Run behind a reverse proxy http server (nginx, Cherokee)
- 7. TORNADO VS TWISTED • Tornado doesn’t have to be asynchronous • It doesn’t have as many asynchronous drivers • Can introduce blocking behaviors • The Tornado code is smaller and very easy to understand • Less mature than Twisted • You don’t need to buy into a development methodology • Write Python not Twisted
- 8. KEY MODULES Take only what you need
- 9. TORNADO.WEB • Most development is focused around this module • Multiple classes used in a web application • Includes decorators • Asynchronous function: @tornado.web.asynchronous • Authentication Required: @tornado.web.authenticated
- 10. TORNADO APPLICATION • tornado.web.Application: Main controller class • Canonical Tornado Hello World: import tornado.httpserver import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.write("Hello, world") if __name__ == "__main__": application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), ]) http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application) http_server.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
- 11. REQUEST HANDLERS • tornado.web.RequestHandler • Extend RequestHandler for larger web apps • Session Handling • Database, Cache Connections • Localization • Implement for your Application
- 12. REQUEST HANDLERS • Classes implementing define functions for processing • get, head, post, delete, put, options • Hooks on Initialization, Prepare, Close • Functions for setting HTTP Status, Headers, Cookies, Redirects and more
- 13. REQUEST HANDLER EXAMPLE import redis import tornado.web class MyRequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize(self): host = self.application.settings['Redis']['host'] port = self.application.settings['Redis']['port'] self.redis = redis.Redis(host, port) class Homepage(MyRequestHandler): @tornado.web.asynchronous def get(self): content = self.redis.get('homepage') self.write(content) self.finish()
- 14. TORNADO.TEMPLATE • Not required • Similar to other engines • Limited python exposure in template • Fast, extensible • Built-in support in the RequestHandler class • Adds cache busting static content delivery
- 15. REQUESTHANDLER.RENDER Code class Home(RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('home.html', username='Leeroy Jenkins'); Template <html> <body> Hi {{username}}, welcome to our site. </body> </html>
- 16. BASE TEMPLATE <html> <head> <title>My Site :: {% block title %}Unextended Template{% end %}</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ static_url('css/site.css') }}" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="{{ static_url('javascript/site.js') }}"></script> {% if not current_user %} <script type="text/javascript" src="http://api.recaptcha.net/js/recaptcha_ajax.js"> </script> {% end %} </head> <body{% if current_user %} class="authenticated"{% end %}> {% include "header.html" %} {% if request.uri not in ['/', ''] and current_user %} {{ modules.MemberBar() }} {% end %} <div id="content"> {% block content %} No Content Specified {% end %} </div> <ul id="footer"> <li><a href="/terms">{{_("Terms and Conditions")}}</a></li> <li class="center">{{_("Version")}}: {{ handler.application.settings['version'] }}</li> <li class="right">{{_("Copyright")}} © {{ datetime.date.today().year }}</li> </ul> </body> </html>
- 17. CONTENT TEMPLATE {% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}{{_("Error Title")}}{% end %} {% block content %} <h1>{{_("Error Title")}}</h1> <img src="/static/images/sad_robot.png" class="error_robot" /> <p class="error_message">{{_("Error Message")}}</p> <h2 class="error">{{status_code}} - {{exception}}</h2> {% end %}
- 18. TEMPLATE XSRF EXAMPLE <form action="/login" method="post"> {{ xsrf_form_html() }} <div>Username: <input type="text" name="username"/></div> <div>Password: <input type="password" name="password"/></div> <div><input type="submit" value="Sign in"/></div> </form> No additional work required.
- 19. UI MODULES • Extend templates with reusable widgets across the site • One import assigned when Application is created • Similar to RequestHandler in behavior
- 20. UIMODULE EXAMPLE
- 21. Embed UIMODULE EXAMPLE <div>{{ modules.HTTPSCheck() }}</div> class HTTPSCheck(tornado.web.UIModule): def render(self): UIModule Class if 'X-Forwarded-Ssl' not in self.request.headers or self.request.headers['X-Forwarded-Ssl'] != 'on': return self.render_string("modules/ssl.html") return '' <div class="information"> Template <a href="https://{{request.host}}{{request.uri}}"> {{_("Click here to use a secure connection")}} </a> </div>
- 22. TORNADO.LOCALE • Locale files in one directory • In a csv format • Named as locale.csv, e.g. en_US.csv • tornado.locale.load_translations (path) • Pass path where files are located • Invoked as _ method in templates
- 23. ADDING LOCALIZATION import tornado.locale as locale import tornado.web class RequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get_user_locale(self): # Fake user object has a get_locale() function user_locale = self.user.get_locale() # If our locale is supported return it if user_locale in locale.get_supported_locales(None): return user_locale # Defaults to Accept-Language header if supported return None
- 24. USING LOCALIZATION <html> <body> {{_("Welcome to our site.")}} </body> </html>
- 25. LOCALE FILE EXAMPLE: DE_DE "New","Neu" "Donate","Spenden" "New Paste","Neuer Paste" "Secure, Private Pasting","Sicheres Pasten" "Unclaimed Hostname","Sie benutzen einen offenen Hostnamen. Klicken Sie heir für weitere Informationen." "Paste Options","Paste Optionen" "Formatting","Formatierung" "No Formatting","Keine Formatierung" "Line Numbers","Zeilennummern" "On","An" "Off","Aus" "Minutes","Minuten" "Hour","Stunde" "Day","Tag" "Week","Woche" "Year","Jahr" "Expire Paste","Wann soll der Paste gelöscht werden?" "Encryption","Verschlüsselung" "Encryption Key","Passwort-Verschlüsselung" "Encryption Algorithm","Algorithm-Verschlüsselung" "Save Paste","Paste speichern" "All Rights Reserved","Alle Rechte vorbehalten"
- 26. TEMPLATE EXAMPLE AGAIN <html> <head> <title>My Site :: {% block title %}Unextended Template{% end %}</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ static_url('css/site.css') }}" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="{{ static_url('javascript/site.js') }}"></script> {% if not current_user %} <script type="text/javascript" src="http://api.recaptcha.net/js/recaptcha_ajax.js"> </script> {% end %} </head> <body{% if current_user %} class="authenticated"{% end %}> {% include "header.html" %} {% if request.uri not in ['/', ''] and current_user %} {{ modules.MemberBar() }} {% end %} <div id="content"> {% block content %} No Content Specified {% end %} </div> <ul id="footer"> <li><a href="/terms">{{_("Terms and Conditions")}}</a></li> <li class="center">{{_("Version")}}: {{ handler.application.settings['version'] }}</li> <li class="right">{{_("Copyright")}} © {{ datetime.date.today().year }}</li> </ul> </body> </html>
- 27. TORNADO.AUTH • Built in Mixins for OpenID, OAuth, OAuth2 • Google, Twitter, Facebook, Facebook Graph, Friendfeed • Use RequestHandler to extend your own login functions with the mixins if wanted • Is asynchronous • Not supported in WSGI and Google App Engine
- 28. USING TORNADO.AUTH - [/login/form, site.auth_reg.LoginForm] - [/login/friendfeed, site.auth_reg.LoginFriendFeed] class LoginFriendFeed(RequestHandler, tornado.auth.FriendFeedMixin): @tornado.web.asynchronous def get(self): if self.get_argument("oauth_token", None): self.get_authenticated_user(self.async_callback(self._on_auth)) return self.authorize_redirect() def _on_auth(self, ffuser): if not ffuser: raise tornado.web.HTTPError(500, "FriendFeed auth failed") return username = ffuser['username']
- 29. TORNADO.IOLOOP • Protocol independent • tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer uses ioloop.IOLoop • RabbitMQ driver Pika uses ioloop.IOLoop • Built in timer functionality • tornado.ioloop.add_timeout • tornado.ioloop.PeriodicCallback
- 30. TORNADO.IOLOOP EXAMPLE class MyClient(object): def connect(self, host, port): # Create our socket self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) self.sock.connect((host, port)) self.sock.setblocking(0) self.io_loop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance() # Append our handler to tornado's ioloop for our socket events = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.READ | tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.ERROR self.io_loop.add_handler(self.sock.fileno(), self._handle_events, events) https://github.com/pika/pika/blob/master/pika/adapters/tornado_connection.py
- 31. OTHER MODULES OF NOTE • tornado.database • tornado.options • MySQL wrapper • Similar to optparse • tornado.escape • tornado.testing • Misc escape functions • Test support classes • tornado.httpclient • tornado.websocket • Async HTTP client • Websocket Support • tornado.iostream • Non-blocking TCP helper class
- 32. ASYNC DRIVERS • Memcache • MongoDB • PostgreSQL • RabbitMQ • Redis
- 33. FIN • Follow me on Twitter @crad • Blog: http://gavinroy.com • Pika: http://github.com/pika • Async RabbitMQ/AMQP Support for Tornado • We’re hiring at myYearbook.com • Drop me an email: gmr@myyearbook.com
- 34. IMAGE CREDITS • Lego by Craig A. Rodway http://www.flickr.com/photos/m0php/530526644/ • Delta Clipper X courtesy of NASA • United Nations San Francisco Conference by Yould http://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/3450033473/