Carbohydrates: Classes and Functions
Download as PPTX, PDF6 likes2,301 views
Carbohydrates have the general chemical formula (CH2O)n. They are the most abundant organic compounds found in living organisms and serve as the major source of metabolic energy. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and ribose; disaccharides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose; and polysaccharides made of long chains of monosaccharides like starch and glycogen. Carbohydrates provide energy through glucose, regulate blood glucose levels, spare the use of proteins, prevent ketosis, and have roles in flavor, fiber, and metabolism.
Carbohydrates: Classes and Functions
- 1. Carbohydrat
- 2. Hydrates of Carbon Chemical Composition : (CH2O)n Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones - most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms - major source of metabolic energy
- 3. Classes • Monosaccharides mono – ‘one’ saccharide – ‘sugar’ simplest units of carbohydrates simplest form of sugar composed of C, H, O in ratios of 1:2:1 respectively are formed by only one polyhydroxy aldehydeidic or ketonic unit
- 4. • Monosaccharides Glucose: the main sugar metabolized by the body for energy an important energy source sources: starch, the major storage form of carbohydrate in plants Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose it has the same chemical formula but a completely different 3-dimensional structure sources: fructose include fruit, honey and high-fructose corn syrup Ribose is a water-soluble pentose sugar (5 C atoms) primarily seen as D-ribose that is an important component of nucleic acid, nucleotides , the vitamin riboflavin, and various co- enzymes Ribose
- 5. • Disaccharides "two sugars“ commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose and maltose formed by a condensation reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides glycosidic bond - bond that is formed between the two sugars
- 7. • Polysaccharides glycan complex carbohydrates consists of more than 2 monosaccharides linked together covalently by glycosidic linkages in a condensation reaction monomers which consist of thousands of repeating glucose units
- 9. Providing energy and regulating blood glucose Function s glucose is the only sugar used by the body to provide energy for its tissues all digestible polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides must eventually be converted into glucose or a metabolite of glucose by various liver enzymes Because of its significant importance to proper cellular function, blood glucose levels must be kept relatively constant hormones of importance in glucose regulation: -epinephrine mimics the effects of glucagon while; -cortisol mobilizes glucose during periods of emotional stress or exercise
- 10. Sparing the use of proteins for energy provides energy for working muscles provides fuel for the central nervous system, enabling fat metabolism, and preventing protein from being used as energy source of energy or fuel for muscle contraction and biologic work body uses carbohydrates for energy instead of proteins carbohydrates break down into glucose(cell’s energy source) in your body protein breakdown may result in an increased stress on the kidneys, where protein byproducts are excreted into the urine
- 11. Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis Glucagons vs. Insulin Gluconeogenesis vs. Glycolysis What is ketosis? and how does it happen Detection and Prevention Urine analysis Prevention Keeping track of sugar Eating regularly
- 12. Flavor and Sweeteners provides sweetness to foods nutritive sweeteners not only impart flavor to the food, but can also be metabolized for energy (sucrose, glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, and lactose) alternative sweeteners provide no food energy (saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acesulfame)
- 13. Dietary fiber vital for intestinal health eases waste elimination prevents intestinal diseases (eg. colon cancer) absorption of glucose is slowed Serum cholesterol levels are controlled
- 15. 1. What is the general chemical equation for the production of carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide? 2. What is the most abundant class of organic compounds found in living organisms? 3. What is the simplest form of sugar? Assessment
- 16. Assessment 4. Draw the chemical structure of glucose. 5. What is the only sugar used by the body to provide energy for its tissues? 6. What is broken down to make glucose if you burn through your stored carbohydrates?
- 17. 7&8. What are the two kinds of sweeteners? 9&10. what are the two hormones of importance in glucose regulation? Assessment