The document defines and provides examples of calculating mean, median, mode, and range from a dataset of class shoe sizes. It explains that the mean is calculated by adding all the numbers and dividing by the total, the median is the middle number when values are ordered, the mode is the most frequent number, and the range is the difference between the highest and lowest values. The mean shoe size was 4, the median was 4.5, the mode was 5, and the range was 5.