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- 1. Get Homework/Assignment Done Homeworkping.com Homework Help https://www.homeworkping.com/ Research Paper help https://www.homeworkping.com/ Online Tutoring https://www.homeworkping.com/ click here for freelancing tutoring sites CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION CREATIVE WRITING DEFINITION Creative writing is writing that expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in an imaginative, often unique, and poetic way. It is guided more by the writers need to express feelings and ideas than by restrictive demands of factual and logical progression of expository writing. It is a form of artistic expression, draws on the imagination to convey meaning through the use of imagery, narrative and drama. This is in contrast to analytic or pragmatic forms of writing. Creative writing is what happens when “the imagination takes over” says poet and novelist, Gary Soto. It is the art that is much related to the heart, than to the mind. 1
- 2. GENRE The word “genre” is French for type applied to literature.”Genres” is a general term used to refer to the types of imaginative literature while there are many types of literature, the basic genres include short stories, poetry, drama and novels. GENRES OF CREATIVE WRITING The main categories of Creative writing are: • Poetry • Drama • Novel • Short story • Personal Essay • Biography • Autobiography THE POETRY “A poem should not mean but be”. “Poetry is an imaginative response to experience reflecting a keen awareness of language.” Poetry is a form of literary art, where an imaginative awareness of experience is expresses through meaning, sound and rhythmic language choices. It is crisp in language and sharp in emotions. For achieving this, poetic elements like metaphor, simile, alliteration and other such elements can be used. Under this genre, there are different formats. They are: • Lyric 2
- 3. • Ode • Sonnet • Elegy • Idyll • Epic • Ballad • Satire 3
- 4. THE LYRIC Lyric is a form of poetry expressing the poet’s personal thoughts and emotions. This is intended for collective singing with the accompaniment of instrumental music. It is principally an expression of a single emotion. This form is suitable for conveying the poet’s impression swiftly, memorable and musically. THE ODE Ode is a serious and dignified composition, exalted in subject matter. It is an often in the form of an address. Its expression is expected to be much more consciously elaborate, impressive diffuse. THE SONNET Sonnet is a highly disciplined form of poetry which exercises control over the theme of the poem. Since it has a ‘narrow range’ of fourteen lines, the theme as well as structure must be so wedded as to produce a whole. THE ELEGY The form Elegy covers a wide range of subjects, both grave and gay, written in the elegiac measure- A couplet composed of a dactylic hexameter followed by dactylic pentameter. THE IDYLL Idyll has no set form. The poet may give it any form he pleases. Idyll is associated wit relative brevity and pictorial effect, which is achieved by graphic description. 4
- 5. THE EPIC Epic deals with a noble and exalted language, benefiting the words and deeds of Gods and God-like heroes. It has a ‘grand style’. The action of the Epic is often controlled by supernatural agents-the classical Gods and Goddesses. It is divided into books, usually twelve in number. THE BALLAD The Ballad is a short story in verse. Its subjects are deeds rather than thoughts. It sprang out of folk literature. The same lines are repeated from stanza to stanza as a refrain. THE SATIRE A Satire may be defined as a literary composition whose principal aim to ridicule folly or vice. It has no set literary form. It may be inspired by either a personal grievance or a passion for reform. THE DRAMA Drama presents fiction or face in a form that could be acted before an audience. Its full qualities are only revealed presentation on the stage. The dramatist speaks through his characters. All drama sets forth a problem or a conflict. In tragedy it is light and gay. The structure is the same in both cases. A play requires the following: • Exposition • Complication • Climax • Denouement 5
- 6. • Solution TYPES OF DRAMA • Tragedy • Comedy • Tragic-Comedy • Farce • Melodrama • One-act play • Dramatic Monologue TRAGEDY AND COMEDY Tragedy mainly deals with the dark side of life but it will have happy ending. It aims at arousing fear and pity in the readers. Tragedy deals with the fate of characters of king and noble persons. Comedy on the other hand aims at evoking the audience’s laughter. It deals with the light side of life. Both tragedy and comedy aim at giving pleasure to its audience. TRAGIC-COMEDY Tragic-Comedy is half tragedy and half comedy, mingled harmoniously together. It is distinct from tragedy that contains comic relief and from comedy that has a potentially tragic background. The comic relief in a tragedy serves only to intensify the tragic effect. A Comedy with a tragic background similarly is a more effective comedy. 6
- 7. FARCE AND MELODRAMA Farce is an exaggerated form of comedy and Melodrama is an exaggerated form of tragedy. Farce aims at provoking hearty laughter. Though Farce may not be a high form of dramatic art, it demands inventiveness, and craftsmanship. Melodrama was originally assigned to a song but later the term starts signifying a crudely sensational type of play. ONE-ACT PLAY The One-Act play is not the shortened version of full-length play. It is a form by itself. Brevity is the soul of One-Act play. STRUCTURE Act I contain all introductory information and thus serve as exposition: The main characters are introduced and by presenting a conflict. In act II the main conflict starts to develop and characters are presented in greater detail. In act III, the plot reaches its climax. A crisis occur where the deed is committed that will lead to the catastrophe, and this brings about a turn in the plot. The act IV creates new tension in that it delays the final catastrophe by further events. The fifth act finally offers a solution to the conflict presented in the play. While Tragedies end in a catastrophe, usually the death of the protagonist, comedies are simply ‘resolved’. THE NOVEL “Novel is a lengthy fictional story with a plot that is revealed by the speech, action, and thoughts of the characters.” A Novel is a long narrative in literary prose. A novel is defined by a combination of its substance, its scope, its style and that it can be located along a certain arc of the history of literature. It is mostly fictional and narrative in form. It 7
- 8. has all accessories of drama, without requiring to be staged. There are different types of novels, such as, • Social novels • Political novels • Historical novels • Detective novels • Gothic novels • Picaresque novels • Allegorical novels • Science fictions • Psychological novels SHORT STORY The short story is a literary genre. Short Story is a fictional prose tale of no specified length, but too short to be published as a volume on its own, as novel as sometimes and novels usually are. A Short Story will normally concentrate on a single event with only one or two characters, more economically than a novel’s sustained exploration of social background. There seems no doubt that the Short Story will long continue to meet the needs of authors and readers and to find new material for its special purposes in a constantly changing world. HISTORY Short stories date back to oral story telling traditions which originally produced epics such as Homer’s “Iliad” and Odyssey”. 8
- 9. Short story peaks as a form in the mid twentieth century. The first years of 21st century saw the emergence of a new generation of young writers including Jumpha Lahiri, Karen Russell, etc… who joined traditional paper based literary journals in casing show the work of emerging authors. THE MODERN SHORT STORY A work of art The tales of adventure and moral tales of the past have no resemblance with the modern short story. Short story in the hands of the modern masters is a perfect work of art. The modern short story writer is an artist, who is a close observer of life, a keen student of character and a master of style. Every subject, between heaven and earth, is now regarded fit for the short story and it can be told in any manner which may please the artist. The modern short story is a work of art originated in the second quarter of the 19th century in America. Modern short story writers cannot be over estimated. From America, the short story passed on to Europe and England. If we really want to appreciate the short story as a form of art, we must not limit over selves to anyone country but must try to study the great masters of this art in many countries. The authors of the modern English short story “no longer attempt to make daily life more entertaining by inventing exotic plots” THE NOVEL AND THE SHORT STORY The novel and the short story are two entirely different forms of literary aart, each having its own rules of composition, its own usefulness and importance. Sometimes extravagant claims are put forward for the short story. It is claimed that 9
- 10. short story is the future form of fiction, and it would gradually replace the novel. However popular the short story may be, it is not likely to displace the novel for the very good reason that is cannot do what the novel does. So long as people are interested in the representative type of modern literary art. Hence the short story must not be regarded as a rival to, or as a substitute for the novel, but as a separate literary form which has grown side by side with the novel and has come to occupy an important place in literatures of the world. THE DRAMA AND THE SHORT STORY The short story is closely related to the drama in brevity. Both the dramatist and the short story writer are handicapped by little space and little time. Drama, like the short story, is a most rigorous form of literary art. Bothe, require a long preliminary discipline in technique. Extreme condensation, extreme economy of words, is essential for both the drama and the short story. But while the dramatist is bound by the conditions of the stage and is everywhere hampered by those conditions the short story writer has no such limitations. His complete immunity from the conditions of the stage gives to the short story a freedom of movement, a breadth and a flexibility, which the drama can never attain. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHORT STORY ♦ A focused purpose ♦ Setting details woven into text of the story, allowing the reader enter into the story. ♦ Development of at least one character through his own words, thoughts and actions and/or through those of another character. ♦ A tightly woven plot limited to one main idea or purpose. 10
- 11. ♦ A problematic conflict which is developed as the story progresses. ♦ A resolution of that conflict ♦ Idea development through snapshots, thought shots, dialogue, description. ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY Short story is a relatively brief fictional narrative or story written without using any rhymes or rhythms. The short story has a beginning the middle and an end and it is composed of the following elements. CHARACTERS The action of the story is centered around the characters in the story. One central character usually dominates the story. These are two meanings for the character. The person in a work of fiction The characteristics of a person The person in a work of fiction Protagonist-the main character that is faced with conflict. Antagonist-the character of force that causes the conflict. The characteristics of a person Behavioural -information that discloses how a character behaves (happy sad, kind, etc…) Physical information- it discloses a character’s appearance. SETTING ♦ Time and place of the action in which a story takes place is called setting. 11
- 12. ♦ Atmosphere: The mood or feeling created by the setting PLOT The action or events of a story, usually shows how conflict, or struggle, develops, and is settled. There are two kids of plot. External occurs with in the main character’s mind. There are five parts of plot. They are Introduction or exposition, raising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. STRUCTURE The Short Story is not merely a greatly shortened novel. It shares the usual constituents of all fiction-plot, character and settings, but they cannot be treated with the same detail as in a novel. Each has to be reduced to the minimum in the interest of the impression they are together intended to convey. All take the shortest route towards, the “preconceive effect”. POINT OF VIEW The author choice’s of the teller of the story. The point of view is important to the total structure and meaning of the short story. 1) First person Narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of one character and speaks directly to reader. 2) Third person Narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of one character but readers are able to maintain some emotional distance from the character. 3) Third person omniscient 12
- 13. Narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters. Readers get insight into several characters. ESSENTIAL QUALITIES Unity of Impression Moment of crisis Symmetry of design UNITY OF IMPRESSION Reviewing some of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s fiction in 1824. Poe attested that the chief formal property of ‘The Short Prose Tale’ was ‘Unity of Impression’, which he regarded as a product of conscious artistry: The author first ‘conceived, with deliberate care, a certain unique or single effect to be wrought out’, and then devised an appropriate narrative vehicle for conveying that. V.S. Pritchett glosses what is incontestable in Poe’s dictum when he remarks: “The wrong word, a misplaced paragraph, an inadequate phrase or a convenient explanation, start fatal leaks in this kind of writing, which is formally very close to poetry. It must be totally sustained”. MOMENT OF CRISIS A Dictionary of Literary Terms, edited by Sylvan Barnet Et. Al notes that most frequently a short story writer of the nineteenth or twentieth century focuses on a single character in a single episode, and rather than tracing his development, reveals him at a particular moment; and as Theodore Stroud observes in his essay”. A critical Approach to the short story”, this moment is frequently one at which the 13
- 14. character undergoes some decisive change in attitude or understanding, as when Olga, in Chekhov’s ‘The Grasshopper’, suddenly recognizes her husband’s true worth and her acute need of him just as he dies. SYMMETRY OF DESIGN Brander Matthew declares that ‘Symmetry of Design’ was a sine guenon in the short story. Insistence on this quality accords with his view that a short story is almost null, if it has no plot. There are indeed two good reasons for discarding ‘symmetry of design’ as a definitive term in critical parlance about the short story. One is that regarding symmetry as requisite has not helped critics to talk discriminatingly an out the structure of stories in which it actually is present; the other is that it has impeded recognition of the fact that in many good stories symmetry is not present at all. PERSONAL ESSAY “Personal Essay is a piece of prose that expresses an individual’s point of view; usually, it is a series of closely related paragraphs that combine to make a complete piece of writing.” Personal essay represent what we think, what we fell, about a given topic. They represent our effort to communicate those thoughts and feelings to others. In the purely personal essays, there is no effort to objectivity those thoughts. It is usually in the first person point of view on informal essay on a personal subject, it can be light and humorous, familiar and intimate in tone, subjective and so on. 14
- 15. According to writer Phillip Lopate, writing about the personal essay is the process of exploring the “stomach growls,” the strong feeling you have some aspects of your life. 15
- 16. BIOGRAPHY A “biography is a description of someone’s life, usually published in the form of a book or essay, or in some other form, such as a film. A biography is more than a list of impersonal facts (education, work, relationships and death),it also portrays the subject’s experience of those events. Unlike profile or curriculum vitae (resume), a biography presents the subject’s story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experiences, and may include an analysis of the subject’s personality. A work is biographical if it covers all of a person’s life. As such, biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person’s life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. BIOGRAPHY TYPES • Popular biography • Historical biography • Literary biography • Actionable biography AUTOBIOGRAPHY In an autobiography the author writes the story of his own life and achievements. It obviously must suffer from, a congenital defect. I t can never be complete for it must always come to an end before the death of the writer. From the psychological point of view, no one can know so well as the autobiographer himself, what motives prompted moments, secret hopes and ambitions and his real aspirations. Great care has to be taken in making any comments on people who may 16
- 17. be alive when the book appears. An artistic difficulty is that a biographer or autobiographer was to omit the details of daily life that are common to everyone, and must concentrate on what was striking or exceptional. AUTO BIOGRAPHY TYPES • Memoir • Portrait • Coming of age memoir • Memoirs of place • Ecological memoir • Vocational and occupational memoirs • Philosophical memoirs • Religious autobiography • New spiritual autobiography • Historical memoir • The travelogue • Conceptual autobiography. The following section presents the various stages that a creative writer Should be going through the complete work of his/her 17
- 18. PREWRITING Choosing the topics Although the writer doesn’t know how the imagination works, he/she does know that exploring different ideas can trigger the imagination .To spark his/her imagination and help to come up with a topic ,he/she can listen to popular songs, get inspiration from nature. Considering the Audience Before starting to write the writer must keep in mind, about his/her audience. Is he/she writing for himself/herself, his/her classmates, his/her teacher or someone else? He/she must decide on his/her audience and think about how it will affect the writing. For example, in a creative writing for a first grader ,he/she should use very simple language and include details that a young child might enjoy. He/she must keep the audience in mind, while developing and drafting the paper. Considering the purpose The writer’s purpose will also affect the writing. He/she must think of what his/her writing to accomplish. Whether he/she wants to make his/her audience laughs or make them cry? Obviously, the answer to that question will have a major impact on the way of writing. The type of language he/she uses and the choice of words depend to a great extent upon the purpose of the writer. 18
- 19. GATHERING DETAILS Before beginning he/she must gather the details that he/she will use. If he/she is writing a short story, he/she must gather details about the setting ,plot, and characters. The setting is the time and place where the action occurs. The characters are the persons or animals that take part in the action. DRAFTING Good writers show; they don’t merely tell. When he/she writes a short story, he/she must make sure his/her characters use language that clearly expresses their individual personality’s .He/she must think about the personalities of each of his/her characters and their habits, likes and dislikes. The writer wants to convey their personalities through what they say and way they speak. REVISING AND EDITING Revising his/her work After finishing drafting, it is time to reread his/her writing. It helps to improve the writing. It can be done on the basis of how it can be done more effectively. Having a peer Review of his/her work After the writer has revised his/her own work, he/she can give it to one of his/her classmates to review it. His/her classmate’s suggestions can guide in making final revisions. 19
- 20. PROOF READING After the writer has revised his/her work, he/she has to check it carefully for the errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Such errors can detract from the image are on scene and make the work difficult to read. While writing the dialogue, he/she presents the words that each person says. Quotation marks show where a speaker’s words begin and end. Begin a quotation with a capital letter and enclose the entire quotation in quotation marks. Remember to use a comma to separate a quotation from words that identify the speaker. Capitalize the first word of a quotation and begin a new paragraph each time a different person speaks. The importance of revising and editing is stressed by Gary Sato as When you revise a poem, what You have to look for is Insincere writing or loose Language-words that can Be cut out… I have to shave Language so that it’s concise and Succinct and…a pleasure to The ear and to the eye. (MC Collum.1996:259) 20
- 21. PUBLISHING AND PRESENTING Presenting the creative writing to the audience can be by reading it aloud or by choosing some art work to accompany a printed version of it. A poetry festival can provide opportunity for many people to enjoy it. Perfect organization, wide advertisement, pre-planned action can make the presentation beautiful. For presentation of a performance, pick a cast for the play and choose a director. Costumes, stage settings, props must be aptly selected. By these techniques one can exhibit the talents of him, to the entire world. The next chapter present my collection of poems entitled A COLLECTION OF POEMS 21
- 22. CHAPTER – II 1.TRUE BEAUTY True beauty is not in face But, True beauty is in the way she laughs True beauty is in her eyes True beauty is in how she acts True beauty is inside True beauty is unseen True beauty is only felt True beauty is herself True beauty is within you True beauty is always there True beauty can’t be covered with makeup True beauty means true love True beauty is all that matters. 22
- 23. 2. MY CHILDHOOD My childhood was filled With family and friends My childhood was filled With love that tied up loose ends This was my childhood. My childhood came With a grandmother that cared When she left me I remembered all the times we shared This was my childhood. My childhood was filled With classwork and homework .My childhood was filled With parents who loved work This was my childhood. My childhood was filled With lots of happy holidays Holidays that aren’t Just the same nowadays This was my childhood 23
- 24. Now my childhood Has become nothing but memories But all the good times Will live on within me This was my childhood. 24
- 25. 3. SOME PEOPLE Some people want to die Some people want to live Some people want to take Some people want to give Some people have family Some people have friends Some people need the help Some people want to share Some people are weak Some people are strong Some people are pretty Some people are smart Some people are wise Some people fools Some people have no mind Some people have no heart These are the qualities of people. 25
- 26. 4. ANGER Anger is anger Anger makes you scream Anger makes you hate Anger takes control Anger wants you to hurt Anger wants you to suffer Anger makes you mad Anger makes you cry Anger turns people against you Anger is anger. 26
- 27. 5. THE OCEAN The ocean is beautiful The ocean is a mystery The ocean is a huge monster The ocean is never ending The ocean is silent The ocean is noisy The ocean is nature The ocean is a time traveler The ocean is enjoyable The ocean is love The ocean is eternal The ocean is give all. 27
- 28. 6. RED Red the colour of blood the symbol of love Red the colour of danger the symbol of death Red the colour of roses the symbol of beauty Red the colour of lovers the symbol of unity Red the colour of tomato the symbol of good health Red the colour of hot fire the symbol of burning desire Red the colour of power the symbol of energy Red the colour of wine the symbol of celebration Red the primary colour the symbol of production Red the colour of carpet the symbol of honour Red the colour of an alert the symbol of readiness. 28
- 29. 7. MONEY Money is precious money is power Money is a devil cunning and evil Source of war destruction of nations. Money causes hatred money unites Money is lovely it attracts like a magnet Cupboard love is given for money. Money is a master it instructs we surrender Money has rules we follow blindly Cheating and stealing are done for money. Money gives power money gives respect Money can earn you a stay in a coffin Root of evil , source of happiness. Money is wonderful, money is eden Money is a murderer it kills like a cobra Rejoice with money cry for money. Money is a stinging bee, money is delicious Money is sweet as sweet honey Once you lick it you’ll die for money. Money and power are closely related Money is power, power is money Too much money may mean power and misery. 29
- 30. 8. BROTHERS Brothers are family, And brothers are friends, Brothers stick together, Brothers have no end, Brothers part from time to time, But come together again, And be themselves, No need to pretend, Because…., Brothers are family, And brothers are friends, Brothers stick together, BROTHERS have no end….. 30
- 31. 9. COURAGE Courage I need I need the courage to control my instincts The courage I need to face my fears I need the courage to see the future The courage I need to compare facts and opinion I need the courage to think right The courage I need to see if my friends trust me I need the courage to ask questions The courage I need to survive I need the courage to convince myself to do something I have to prepare myself for anything that comes up! 31
- 32. 10. ROSES People say Roses are Red , Then, Red Roses for my passionate love to you People say Roses are Pink, Then, Pink Roses to show that I admire you People say Roses are Yellow, Then, Yellow Roses to brighten your day People say roses are lavender, Then, lavender roses to say that I love you at my first sight People say roses are orange, Then orange roses to say that I want to build a relationship with you And, People say roses are white, Then, the white rose for the purity and confession of my heart To confess in my heart that I am truly falling in love with you. 32
- 33. CHAPTER-III BIBLIOGRAPHY B.Prasath- “A background to the study of English Literature” www.poemhumter.com Bell Arthur, Thomas Klammer,1983 The Practising Writer.Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. Kirszner and mandell.1985 writing A college Rhetoric. Newyork Sebranek Patrick.1997.Write for college- A student Handbook, Massachusetts:Houghton Mifflin company. 33