Lecture 9 natural gas processes
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This document outlines the key steps in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) production process. It begins with extracting natural gas from the ground, then treating the gas to remove impurities. The treated gas is then condensed into a liquid by cooling it to -260°F through a multi-stage liquefaction process. The LNG is stored and transported in specialized cryogenic tanks on ships or trucks, then regasified back into gas form before being distributed through pipelines. The document provides details on each stage of the LNG value chain from production to regasification and discusses related technologies like compressed natural gas.
Lecture 9 natural gas processes
- 1. Hassan Z. Harraz hharraz2006@yahoo.com Spring 2018 Natural Gas LNG @Hassan Harraz 2018
- 2. Outline Lecture What is LNG? LNG Production Process Production of LNG Basic Facts LNG industry and Technology(or LNG Value Chain) 1)Production 2)Liquefaction :Train Size; Compressor Drive Efficiency 3)Transportation 3.1)Pipe 3.2) Shipping 3.3) Tanker Major Natural Gas Trade Movements 4) Regasification 5) Storage How much does LNG cost? Conclusion @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 2 @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes
- 3. Overview of Natural Gas Partners (NGP)
- 4. A TYPİCAL LNG PROCESS
- 5. General LNG Production Process Heat Exchangers Gas Treatment Refrigerant Compression LNG Ships Pipeline Feed Gas -260oF LNG Storage Pentanes and heavier Condensates Impurities: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Mercury (Hg) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Water (H2O) Nitrogen (N2) Heat expelled to water or air Source: Cheniere LNG manufacture uses the real gas law. A mixed refrigerant system chills methane until it reaches changes its state from a gas to a liquid. @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 5
- 6. Typical Sour Gas Plant with NGL Recovery @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG 6
- 7. Natural Gas Condensate Separate @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 7
- 8. NATURAL GAS Benzene Methane Ethane Buthane Propane @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 8
- 9. Natural Gas Industry Sector
- 10. 1) GAS TREATMENT AND COMPRESSION
- 12. 1.2) Scrubbers and reboilers
- 13. 1.3) Compressors, anti-surge and performance
- 18. Figure 10. Typical gas plant @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes Natural Gas Processing (Gas Treatment) 18
- 19. @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes Figure 10. Typical gas plant Natural Gas Processing (Gas Treatment) 19
- 20. 3.1) Acid Gas Removal
- 21. Absorption
- 23. Selexol® flowscheme for sulfur removal (UOP, 2009) @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 23
- 24. Modified Stertford® process flow diagram to Direct conversion of H2S to sulfur (Joule Processing, 2012) @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 24
- 26. Gas Sweetening Processes • There is a great number of existing and economically viable gas sweetening processes, and some of them are listed below according to chemical and physical principles used (Arnold & Stewart, 1999): 1) Solid bed absorption: Iron Sponge SulfaTreat® (Licensor: The SulfaTreat Company) Zinc Oxide Molecular Sieves (Licensor: Union Carbide Corporation) 2) Chemical solvents: Monoethanol amine (MEA) Diethanol amine (DEA) Methyldiethanol amine (MDEA) Diglycol amine (DGA) Diisopropanol amine (DIPA) Hot potassium carbonate Proprietary potassium systems @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 26 3) Physical solvents: Fluor Flexsorb® (Licensor: Fluor Daniel Corporation) Shell Sulfinol® Selexol® (Licensor: Norton Co., Chemical Process Products) Rectisol® (Licensor: Lurg, Kohle & Mineraloltechnik GmbH & Linde A.G.) 4) Direct conversion of H2S to sulfur Claus LOCAT® (Licensor: ARI Technologies) Strertford® (Licensor: Ralph M. Parsons Co.) IFP (Licensor: Institute Francais du Petrole) Sulfa-check® (Licensor: Exxon Chemical Co.) 5) Hydrogen sulfide scavengers 6) Distillation Amine-aldehyde condensates 7) Gas permeation
- 27. 4) LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
- 28. 4) LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) …(cont.)
- 29. Basic Facts about LNG
- 30. Melkøya LNG Plant with LNG Carrier Arctic Princess Photo: Statoil The LNG feedstock comes from a gas plant as outlined above. It must satisfy sales gas specifications. Ethane, propane and butane all have freezing points of less than -180°C and can be part of the LNG, but the concentration of methane is generally above 90%. Some NGLs are also needed as refrigerant for the cryogenic process. @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 30
- 35. 4.2) Storage, Transport and Regasification
- 36. • At the receiving terminal, LNG is stored in local cryogenic tanks. It is regasified to ambient temperature on demand, commonly in a sea water heat exchanger, and then injected into the gas pipeline system. Cove point LNG terminal @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 36
- 37. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 37
- 38. COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
- 39. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Advantages Simplicity Inexpensive onshore facilities Can start with very modest transporting needs Energy efficient Can exploit isolated supply sources Suitable for small demand markets. @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 39
- 40. CNG Technology
- 41. Transportation of the gas 90% of the investment involved is in shipping of the gas. Loading and unloading is possible and easy with small facilities. @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 41 Opportunities for CNG Marine Transport VOTRANS™ Shifts CNG Paradigm RATE,mmscfd 1,000 500 1,500 RATE,mmscfd 1,000 500 1,500 Pipelines LNG Hydrates 3,0002,0001,0000 Transport Distance, nm 3,0002,0001,0000 Transport Distance, nm CNG 3,0002,0001,0000 Transport Distance, nm 43,0002,0001,0000 Transport Distance, nm 43,0002,0001,0000 Transport Distance, nm 4 VOTRANSTM
- 42. CNG Cargo Containment System For distances up to 2500 miles, CNG appears more attractive than LNG Major advantage in terms of market entry Much less capital deployed in country Up to 2 Bcf on a ship Ideal for limited supply, limited consuming markets CNG Application @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 42
- 43. Comparison of CNG and LNG
- 44. Comparison of CNG and LNG
- 45. Gas –to- Liquids (GTL) GTL @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 45
- 47. Reasons for GTL attraction
- 48. Gas to Liquids
- 49. Processes for converting methane @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 49
- 50. Existing and Emerging Technologies Company Syngas Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst Plant Size (bpd) Sasol (SPD) ATR(O2) Slurry phase 180-250oC, 10-45 atm Fe, Co 50,000 Shell (SMDS) POX(O2) Fixed bed (Non-catalytic) 180-250oC, 10-45 atm Co 50,000 ExxonMobil AGC-21 ATR(O2) Slurry phase (Fluidized bed) 180-250oC, 10- 45 atm (“RIM”) Co >50,000 BP SMR Fixed bed Co Syntroleum ATR(air) Fixed bed 180-250oC, 10-45 atm Co <10,000 Rentech SR Fixed bed, slurry Fe <5,000 @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 50
- 51. GTL Technology Assessment Source: GTL Study@Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes 51
- 53. GTL Cost
- 54. What is CNG, LNG, NGLs, LPG, and GTL? LNG Composition Others 5% Methane 95% NGL Composition Ethane, propane, butane 95% Others 5% LPG Composition Propane and Butane 95% Others 5% Methane 81% Ethane Nitrogen Propane Carbon Dioxide Butane Pentane Other 19% Typical Natural Gas Composition @Hassan Harraz 2018 NG Processes
- 55. Outline of Lectures: Topic 1: Natural Gas (Overview). Topic 2: Unconventional Gas Reservoir Topic 3: Shale Gas Topic 4:Coalbed Methane (CBM) Topic 5: Tight Reservoir Topic 6: Gas Hydrates Topic 7: Hydraulic Fracturing. Topic 8 : Separating and Treating Well Fluids Topic 9 : Natural Gas Processes Topic 10 : Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle Overview. Topic 11 : Egyptian Natural Gas Resource (Overview). @Hassan Harraz 2018 Nature Gas 55