DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
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This document describes the design and construction of a vertical axis wind turbine. It aims to generate enough electricity for domestic use in remote areas with minimal costs. The turbine is designed to be 1m in diameter and 1m in height to generate 35W of power. It uses a J-type drag configuration with 3 blades made of galvanized iron sheet. Testing showed the turbine achieved efficiencies of up to 23.3% and was able to generate up to 26.39W of power, meeting expectations. Future work may aim to further improve efficiencies and develop designs using other materials.
![International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME
148
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS
WIND TURBINE
Piyush Gulve, Dr. S.B.Barve
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India-411038.
ABSTRACT
The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which
includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact enough to be
installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) over Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same electricity
generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind from all directions.
The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity
generated will be stored in the battery and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on
electrification of remote areas with minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet
with demand of urban areas.
Nomenclature
V- Air Velocity
A - Turbine Swept area
D - Rotor Diameter
h - Rotor Height
ρ - Air Density
KE - Kinetic Energy
ω - Angular Speed [rad/s],
R - Rotor Radius [m]
N - Number of Blades
c - Blade Chord
L - Blade length
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJMET.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJMET
© I A E M E](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/design-and-construction-of-vertical-axis-wind-turbine-160218113256/85/DESIGN-AND-CONSTRUCTION-OF-VERTICAL-AXIS-WIND-TURBINE-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME
149
1. INTRODUCTION
Wind power devices are used to produce electricity, and commonly termed wind turbines.
The orientation of the shaft and rotational axis determines the classification of the wind
turbines. A turbine with a shaft mounted horizontally parallel to the ground is known as a horizontal
axis wind turbine or (HAWT). A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has its shaft normal to the
ground.[1]
Fig 1: Configurations for shaft and rotor orientation
The two configurations have instantly distinguishable rotor designs, each with its own
favorable characteristics. Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) can be divided into two major groups:
those that use aerodynamic drag to extract power from the wind and those that use lift. The
advantages of the VAWTs are that they can accept the wind from any direction. This simplifies their
design and eliminates the problem imposed by gyroscopic forces on the rotor of a convectional
machine as the turbine tracks the wind. The vertical axis of rotation also permits mounting the
generator and drive train at ground level [2]. The disadvantages of this type of rotors is that it is quite
difficult to control power output by pitching the rotor blades, they are not self – starting and they
have low tip-speed ratio [3]. Horizontal – axis wind turbines (HAWT) are convectional wind turbines
and unlikely the VAWT are not omnidirectional. As the wind changes direction, HAWTs must
change direction with it. They must have some means for orienting the rotor with respect to the wind.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Theoretical Maximum Efficiency [1]
High rotor efficiency is desirable for increased wind energy extraction and should be
maximized within the limits of affordable production. Energy (P) carried by moving air is expressed
as a sum of its kinetic energy [Equation (1)]:
K E = ½ρAV3
(1)
Where,
V - Air Velocity
A – Turbine Swept area
ρ- Air Density
A physical limit exists to the quantity of energy that can be extracted, which is independent of
design. The energy extraction is maintained in a flow process through the reduction of kinetic energy](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/design-and-construction-of-vertical-axis-wind-turbine-160218113256/85/DESIGN-AND-CONSTRUCTION-OF-VERTICAL-AXIS-WIND-TURBINE-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME
151
Wind Turbine Design Parameters: [4]
The wind turbine parameters considered in the design process are:
i. Swept area
ii. Power and power coefficient
iii. Tip speed ratio
iv. Blade chord
v. Number of blades
vi. Solidity
3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
3.1 Power calculations
The wind turbine works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to
mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass times the square of
its velocity,
K.E=½mv2
.………………….. (1)
Where,
K.E = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity,
M is equal to its Volume multiplied by its density ρ of air
M = ρAV ………………….. (2)
Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (1)
We get,
K E = ½ρAV.V2
K E = ½ρAV3
watts.
Where,
A= swept area of turbine.
ρ= density of air (1.225 kg/m3
)
V=wind velocity.
For 35 Watt power, calculate design parameters of turbine, P=35 watts.
Considering turbine efficiency as 25% and generator efficiency 85%,
P = 35/ (0.25*0.85)
P= 166 watts.
= ½ρAV3
For wind velocity 6.67 m/s (18mph)
Density of air (1.225 kg/m3)
166 = ½*1.125*A*(6.67)3
A= 1 Sq.m
A = D*H (Sq.m)
D= diameter of the blade
Taking diameter as 1 meter, height of turbine can be calculated as](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/design-and-construction-of-vertical-axis-wind-turbine-160218113256/85/DESIGN-AND-CONSTRUCTION-OF-VERTICAL-AXIS-WIND-TURBINE-4-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME
152
H=A/D =1/1
H =1m.
Diameter and height of wind turbine are 1m and 1m2
.
Design of Turbine Blades [6]
Wing width= diameter*0.14
= 1*0.14
= 0.140m = 140 mm
Wing chord = circumference*.09
= π*1*.09
= 0.282m = 282mm
Fig 3: Blade parameters
Block diagram
Fig. 4: Block Diagram](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/design-and-construction-of-vertical-axis-wind-turbine-160218113256/85/DESIGN-AND-CONSTRUCTION-OF-VERTICAL-AXIS-WIND-TURBINE-5-320.jpg)
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
- 1. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 148 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE Piyush Gulve, Dr. S.B.Barve Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India-411038. ABSTRACT The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact enough to be installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind from all directions. The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban areas. Nomenclature V- Air Velocity A - Turbine Swept area D - Rotor Diameter h - Rotor Height ρ - Air Density KE - Kinetic Energy ω - Angular Speed [rad/s], R - Rotor Radius [m] N - Number of Blades c - Blade Chord L - Blade length INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJMET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJMET © I A E M E
- 2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 149 1. INTRODUCTION Wind power devices are used to produce electricity, and commonly termed wind turbines. The orientation of the shaft and rotational axis determines the classification of the wind turbines. A turbine with a shaft mounted horizontally parallel to the ground is known as a horizontal axis wind turbine or (HAWT). A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has its shaft normal to the ground.[1] Fig 1: Configurations for shaft and rotor orientation The two configurations have instantly distinguishable rotor designs, each with its own favorable characteristics. Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) can be divided into two major groups: those that use aerodynamic drag to extract power from the wind and those that use lift. The advantages of the VAWTs are that they can accept the wind from any direction. This simplifies their design and eliminates the problem imposed by gyroscopic forces on the rotor of a convectional machine as the turbine tracks the wind. The vertical axis of rotation also permits mounting the generator and drive train at ground level [2]. The disadvantages of this type of rotors is that it is quite difficult to control power output by pitching the rotor blades, they are not self – starting and they have low tip-speed ratio [3]. Horizontal – axis wind turbines (HAWT) are convectional wind turbines and unlikely the VAWT are not omnidirectional. As the wind changes direction, HAWTs must change direction with it. They must have some means for orienting the rotor with respect to the wind. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Theoretical Maximum Efficiency [1] High rotor efficiency is desirable for increased wind energy extraction and should be maximized within the limits of affordable production. Energy (P) carried by moving air is expressed as a sum of its kinetic energy [Equation (1)]: K E = ½ρAV3 (1) Where, V - Air Velocity A – Turbine Swept area ρ- Air Density A physical limit exists to the quantity of energy that can be extracted, which is independent of design. The energy extraction is maintained in a flow process through the reduction of kinetic energy
- 3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 150 and subsequent velocity of the wind. The magnitude of energy harnessed is a function of the reduction in air speed over the turbine. 100% extraction would imply zero final velocity and therefore zero flow. The zero flow scenario cannot be achieved hence all the winds kinetic energy may not be utilised. This principle is widely accepted and indicates that wind turbine efficiency cannot exceed 59.3%. This parameter is commonly known as the power coefficient Cp, where max Cp = 0.593 referred to as the Betz limit . The Betz theory assumes constant linear velocity. Therefore, any rotational forces such as wake rotation, turbulence caused by drag or vortex shedding (tip losses) will further reduce the maximum efficiency. 2.2 Practical Efficiency In practice rotor designs suffer from the accumulation of minor losses resulting from: 1. Tip losses 2. Wake effects 3. Drive train efficiency losses 4. Blade shape simplification losses Comparison of Different Wind Turbines Table. 1: Comparison of wind turbines. J- Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine J type wind turbine is basically a drag type wind turbine. Our aim was to produce electricity at low cost. The procedure for other turbines especially lift type turbines was too expensive and hence this led us to choose the drag type wind turbines with less complexities involved in construction.
- 4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 151 Wind Turbine Design Parameters: [4] The wind turbine parameters considered in the design process are: i. Swept area ii. Power and power coefficient iii. Tip speed ratio iv. Blade chord v. Number of blades vi. Solidity 3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS 3.1 Power calculations The wind turbine works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass times the square of its velocity, K.E=½mv2 .………………….. (1) Where, K.E = kinetic energy m = mass v = velocity, M is equal to its Volume multiplied by its density ρ of air M = ρAV ………………….. (2) Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (1) We get, K E = ½ρAV.V2 K E = ½ρAV3 watts. Where, A= swept area of turbine. ρ= density of air (1.225 kg/m3 ) V=wind velocity. For 35 Watt power, calculate design parameters of turbine, P=35 watts. Considering turbine efficiency as 25% and generator efficiency 85%, P = 35/ (0.25*0.85) P= 166 watts. = ½ρAV3 For wind velocity 6.67 m/s (18mph) Density of air (1.225 kg/m3) 166 = ½*1.125*A*(6.67)3 A= 1 Sq.m A = D*H (Sq.m) D= diameter of the blade Taking diameter as 1 meter, height of turbine can be calculated as
- 5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 152 H=A/D =1/1 H =1m. Diameter and height of wind turbine are 1m and 1m2 . Design of Turbine Blades [6] Wing width= diameter*0.14 = 1*0.14 = 0.140m = 140 mm Wing chord = circumference*.09 = π*1*.09 = 0.282m = 282mm Fig 3: Blade parameters Block diagram Fig. 4: Block Diagram
- 6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 153 4. CAD DESIGN Wooden frame Blades Exploded view
- 7. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 154 Assembly 5. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Table.2: Turbine specifications Wind rotor Rated power 35W Cut in speed 3 m/s Rated speed 6.67 m/s Rotor diameter 1 m Swept area 1 m^2(1 m*1 m) Gear box type None gear box, direct given to generator Brake Not required Generator Generator type DC generator Electric Transmission Brushless Turbine blade Blade type J-type(drag) Blade number 3 Blade material GI sheet with Wooden frame Hub material MS Blade dimension Length 1m Cup radius 0.126 m Controller PC16877A Observation Table Table 3: Observation table Sr.No. Speed (rpm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Ampere) Power (Watts) 1 30 4.39 1.86 8.16 2 39 4.64 2.28 10.61 3 48 5.73 2.28 13.06 4 70 6.14 2.98 17.78 5 97 7.16 3.64 26.39
- 8. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp. 148-155 © IAEME 155 6. RESULT DISCUSSION The results obtain were up to expectations. While in theoretical design we considered the efficiency of turbine to be 25%, but we got efficiency as 23.3%. The efficiency was decreased due various manufacturing errors and friction losses 7. CONCLUSION Our work and the results obtained so far are very encouraging and reinforce the conviction that vertical axis wind energy conversion systems are practical and potentially very contributive to the production of clean renewable electricity from the wind even under less than ideal siting conditions this project will be helpful in rural areas where the electricity supply is scarce. Also in most cities, bridges are a faster route for everyday commute and in need of constant lighting makes this an efficient way to produce energy 8. FUTURE SCOPE The efficiency can be increased by precise fabrication of prototype and also by designing the blades of the turbine more aerodynamically and use simulation software like CFD. The development of effective alternators and dynamos can be used to harness wind energy from relatively small winds. The use of materials like Acrylic Plastic Sheets can be used to develop low cost VWAT. REFERENCES 1. Peter J. Schubel and Richard J. Crossley, Wind Turbine Blade Design, Energies, 2012, 5, 3425-3449. 2. W. Denson, The history of reliability prediction, failure causes for electronic systems, IEEE Trans Reliab, 1998, Vol. 47, p. 325. 3. P. Gipe, Wind Power, James & James, London, 2004, p. 85-88. 4. Javier Castillo, Small-scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Design Bachelor’s Thesis, December 2011, Degree program in Aeronautical Engineering, Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu Tampere University of Applied Sciences. 5. www.windgenkits.com 6. www.windstuffnow.com 7. T. Vishnuvardhan and Dr. B. Durga Prasad, “Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Investigations on Small Size Wind Turbine Blades”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 493 - 503, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. 8. M.Z.I.Sajid, Dr. K.Hema Chandra Reddy and Dr. E.L.Nagesh, “Design of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Harnessing Optimum Power”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 172 - 177, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. 9. Navin Kumar Kohli and Eshan Ahuja, “Performance Prediction in HAWT Wind Power Turbine”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 2, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 14 - 24, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.