Comparision of different imaging techniques used for

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 07 | Jul-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 68
COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT IMAGING TECHNIQUES USED FOR
CHRONIC WOUNDS
Nila B. Mankar1
, U.T.Nagdeve2
Assistant Professor, M.I.E.T.,Gondia, niladoye21@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Many people suffer from chronic wounds .It is a major problem in healthcare .worldwide. The treatments of chronic wounds include
monitoring colour and size (area or volume) of the wound at regular intervals. This evaluation is often based on qualitative
observation and manual measurements of the wound.
Now a days there several researchers are developing technologies to assess the clinical improvement of chronic wounds. This paper
aims to provide a study on imaging technologies applied to chronic wounds. A study on imaging technologies applied to chronic
wounds is presented. Their reliability, precision, and usage are compared. The methods are divided into three categories:
planimetric techniques, volumetric Technique and tissue classification.
Keywords: chronic wounds, 2D, 3D, imaging, techniques, tissue classification.
-----------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Chronic wounds are a annoying problem in the healthcare.
The most typical chronic wounds are pressure, venous and
diabetic ulcers, which mainly affect geriatric population, or
patients who have lost totally or partially their capability
of mobility causes decomposition and necrosis
ofsubcutaneous tissue, fat and muscle.. On the other hand,
diabetic ulcers occur mainly due to two chronic complications:
neuropathy and vasculopathy. It is a critical task to perform an
accurate diagnosis and to select a suitable treatment. Clinical
studies have shown that the reduction of a wound size is a
good indicator of healing in most chronic wounds. patient with
amputation of the limbs have suffered of a wound previously
In many cases of amputations require the removal of the lower
limb.. Finally, venous ulcers usually appear in the lower limbs
due to chronic venous insufficiency.Many people reported re-
occurrences even after a long period of treatment.
Chronic wounds may also appear as the clinical manifestation
of a disease. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is one example mostly
found in tropical and subtropical areas. .It is a critical task to
perform an accurate diagnosis and to select a suitable
treatment. Clinical studies have shown that the reduction of a
wound size is a good indicator of healing in most chronic
wounds. Additionally, colour may provide elevant information
about tissue type and inflammation. Therefore, monitoring the
size and aspect of the wound at regular intervals is part of the
standard clinical practice. Nevertheless, this evaluation is
mostly based on qualitative observation and manual
measurements.
In this paper, a study on imaging technologies applied to
chronic wounds is presented. Their reliability, precision, and
usage are compared. The most common methods used by the
clinicians are discussed here. They are mainly based on
manual approaches for estimation of the area of the wound
and, therefore, they suffer from high inaccuracy. These
methods may be divided into techniques that measure area and
perimeter, and techniques that measure volumetric
information. The first method uses a ruler (or a caliper) to
measure the major and minor axes of the lesion. Based on
these two measurements, the area of the wound is estimated as
a rectangle or as an ellipse. When the model is a rectangle,
the area may be overestimated by 10% to 45% with less
accuracy for smaller wounds .When the model is an ellipse,
it was reported an error between 16% and 40% of the real
area . In either model, the decision of the major axes is
subjective and has an impact on the variability of the method.
In second approach a transparent film is placed over the
wound and tracing the outline with a permanent marker.
Afterwards, the film is placed on a metric grid and the area is
calculated by counting the number of squared millimetres
contained within the outline. This process is prone to human
error. Several studies have shown that the most important
factor in error measurement is the correct and consistent
identification of the border of the wound due its poor
definition or the subjectivity of the process . Also, the
number of partial squares of the grid inside the outline and
the thickness of the marker may cause some inaccuracy.
All the described techniques require direct contact with the
wound to measure or estimate its area. Some other techniques
have been evaluated to estimate the volume of the wound by

__________________________________________________________________________________________
filling it with liquid or measuring it by using a cast model.
These methods are highly invasive and are not commonly used
clinically.
2. PLANIMETRIC TOOLS
DERMA, which allowsto measure and assess the time
evolution of chronic wounds. A laser riangulation 3D scanner
is used to acquire the wound geometry with high precision and
to capture an RGB image aligned to the geometry. DERMA
provides a single and uniform interface to :manage patient
data, 3D scanning of the lesion region, and to perform
different kinds of measurements and comparisons:geometric
(on the 3D model) and colorimetric (on the image)
Assessment of pressure ulcer status and healing presents a
challenge to nurses, having the primary responsibility for
evaluation of pressure ulcers. This challenge is complicated
by the lack of a standardized method of measurement of
wound healing in pressure ulcers. Two tools for measurement
of pressure ulcer wound healing are the Bates-Jensen Wound
Assessment Tool (BWAT) and the Pressure Ulcer Score of
Healing (PUSH). The developmental history, psychometric
properties, scoring and score interpretation, subject burden,
and use of the tools were analyzed for usefulness in the
clinical and research settings. The BWAT and PUSH tools
provide valid and reliable means of assessment of pressure
ulcer characteristics and prediction of wound healing. The
tool BWAT (Bates –Jensen wound assessment tool) that
includes a touch pad compatible with video cameras. The
software calculates not only the area of the wound but also
the percentages of tissue types. The selection of the wound
border and the tissue types is manual. One downside of this
tool is the requirement for specialized hardware “NPUAP
recommends use of the PUSH Tool at ‘regular intervals.’ The
AHCPR Treatment Guideline commends assessments be
performed ‘at least weekly’ and ‘if the condition of the patient
or of the wound deteriorates.’ The PRESSURE ULCER
HEALING CHART (which is attached to the PUSH Tool) will
allow you to graph PUSH Tool scores over time for each
ulcer. You should be able to ‘tell at a glance’ whether the ulcer
is healing, remains unchanged, or is deteriorating… Any
increase in the PUSH Tool score (indicating wound
deterioration) requires a more complete assessment of the
ulcer and the patient's overall condition.” The PUSH Tool,
which monitors a wound’s length and width, exudate
amount,and tissue type, is best used as a method for predicting
wound healing.
3. VOLUMETRIC METHODS
In order to assess the dimensions of a wound more
accurately, some researchers have focused on obtaining
three dimensional models to measure not only area but
volume. Metrics obtained from these models and their rate of
change in time may provide clinicians with useful diagnostic
information. Current 3D methods have been developed to
obtain more accurate measurements without the constraint of
the view-angle of a device. In that context, researchers have
explored two methods for three dimensional reconstructions,
active or passive scanning.
3. TISSUE CLASSIFICATION
All four tissue types can be present on the ucer surface .The
appearance of the ulcer is important in diagnosing and
assessing its healing status. The ulcer contains four main
types of tissues: Necrotic, Slough, Granulation and Epithelial.
At any one time throughout the healing process, all four tissue
types can be present on the ulcer surface, doctors normally
describe the tissues in-side the ulcer in terms of percentages of
each tissue colour based on visual inspection. However,
human vision lacks precision and consistency and hence is not
sufficient to perform such analysis. Moreover, chronic wounds
evolve gradually over time as they heal, hence the detection of
slow changes with simple visual inspection might be difficult
Thus, imaging techniques are developed to identify different
types of tissues objectively and aid medical practitioners in
evaluating the healing status of ulcers. Most recently, an
unsupervised wound tissue segmentation method was
proposed. The method utilizes three selected unsupervised
segmentation methods to segment wound images into different
regions. It then extracts both colour and texture descriptors
from RGB colour images as inputs to a classifier for automatic
classification and labeling of these regions. Most of the work
developed in the field of wound assessment utilized colour
content representation in RGB colour images of wounds as the
main component for analysis. One of the most prominent
changes during wound heaing is the colour of the tissues..
Digital photography is a practical and low-cost imaging
technique, which provides valuable information about the
appearance of the tissue under study. However, changes in the
deeper layers of tissue, including those in the early stages of
pressure sore generation, cannot be investigated using this
technique. HFU on the other hand has been utilized for
studying deeper tissue damage which is not visually
recognizable. This technique seems to be a good candidate for
estigating the undermined tissue, considering its lower cost in
comparison with the other imaging techniques (e.g. CT and
MRI) and potential to be used in small ofﬁces or clinics.
Measurement of wound healing status is very important for
monitoring progress in individual patients. Tissue
classification is a vital step in the development of an automatic
measurement system for wound healing assessment.
CONCLUSIONS
We have discussed2D and 3D techniques. Although the 2D is
easier to implement and even to manipulate by healthcare
technicians, there are important points in favour of the 3D.
Measurements from 2D techniques are influenced by lighting
conditions, camera position andangle of acquisition. Also,
there is an intrinsic loss of information on the representation

__________________________________________________________________________________________
of 3D real world information on an image. On the other hand,
3D techniques could produce more metrics from the wound
such as perimeter, depth, area and volume. It is true that
these techniques require more specialized equipment.These
new techniques reported very promising results on
increasing accuracy in size measurements while reducing
inter and intra-observer variability, they have not been adopted
in clinical standards.
Most of the newly developed devices, even low-cost and user-
friendly ones, seem to stay at the test stage. There is clearly a
lack of clinical results to support their use. Therefore, research
on their clinical relevance should be emphasized. vision-based
technologies can be combined with other technologies such
as multi-spectral, hyper-spectral and ultrasonic imaging for
more accurate and reliable tissue characterization combining
3D surface and color information could improve this task .
REFERENCES
[1].Solomon C, Munro AR, Van Rij AM & Christie R. The
use of video image analysis for the measurement of venous
ulcers. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133(4):565-570.
[2]. Kvedar JC et al. The substitution of digital images for
derma to logical examination. Arch Dermatol 1997;
133(2):161-167.
[3].H. Wannous, Y. Lucas, S. Treuillet "Supervised Tissue
Classification from Color Images for a Complete Wound
Assessment Tool", EMBS 2007: 29th annual international
conference of IEEE engineering in medicine and biology
society, Lyon, France, August 2007
[4]. B.F. Jones and P. Plassman, “An instrument to measure
the dimensions of skin wounds”, IEEE Trans. on
Biomed.Eng., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 464-470, May 1995.
[5].H. Oduncu, A. Hoppe, M. Clark, R.J. Williams and K.G.
Harding, “Analysis of skin wound images using digital color
image processing: a preliminary communication”, Lower
Extremity Wounds, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 151-156, 2004.
[6].J. R. Mekkes and W. Westerhof, “Image processing in the
study of wound healing,” Clin. Dermatology, vol. 13, no.4, pp.
401-407, 1995
[7].A. Perez, A. Gonzaga, J. Alves, “Segmentation and
analysis of leg ulcers color images”, Medical Imaging and
Augmented Reality, June 10-12, Hong Kong, pp. 262-266,
2001.
[8].H. Zheng, L. Bradley, D. Patterson, M. Galushka, “New
protocol for leg ulcer tissue classification from color images”,
IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, vol.2, pp. 1389-1392, 2004.
[9]. Mekkes J R, Westerhof W. Image Processing in the Study
of Wound Healing. Clinics in Dermatology, 13, 401-407,
1995.
[10]. Herbin M, Bon F X, Jeanlouis F, Dubertret L,
StrauchG.Assessment of Healing Kinetics Through True
Color Image Processing. IEEE Trans Medical Imaging, 12,
39-43, 1993.
[11]. Sangwine SJ. Colour in image processing. Electronics &
Communication Engineering
[12].Journal, pp 211-219, Oct.2000. Chang, A., Dearman, B.,
Greenwood, J., 2011. A Comparison of Wound Area
Measurement Techniques: VisitrakVersusPhotography.Open
Access Journal of Plastic Surgery,(April 2011)158-166
[13].Oduncu, H., Hoppe, A., Clark, M. et al.,2004. Analysis of
skin wound images using digital color image processing: A
preliminary communication. Int. J. Low Extremity
Wounds,Vol. 3, No. 3(Sep. 2004),151 156
[14]. Thawer, H., Houghton, P., Woodbury, G. 2002. A
comparison of computer-assisted and manual wound size
measurement.Ostomy Wound Management. Vol. 48, No. 10,
46-53.
[15]. Wannous, H., Treuillet, S., Lucas, Y., 2010. Robust
tissue classification for reproducible wound assessment in
o.2,(Apr-Jun 2010) 1-9
[16]. Wannous, H., Treuillet, S., Lucas, Y., 2011. Enhanced
Assessment of the Wound-Healing Process by Accurate
Multiview Tissue Classification. IEEE Transacttions on
Medical Imaging, Vol. 30, No. 2, (Feb. 2011), 315-326.
[17]. Wendelken, M., Berg, W., Lichtenstein, P. 2011.Wounds
Measured From Digital hotographs
UsingPhotodigitalPlanimetry Software: Validation and
RaterReliability.Wounds Vol.23, No. 9 (September 2011)
267-275
[18]. Kecelj-Leskovec,N. , Jezersek, M., Mozina, J., et al.
2007.Measurement of venous leg ulcers with a laser-based
three dimensional method: Comparison to computer
planimetry with photography. Wound Repair and
Regeneration 15,(May 2007) 767-771.
[19]. Kolesnik, M., Fexa,A.,2005. Multi-dimensional color
histograms for segmentation of wounds in images. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3656, 1014 1022.
[20]. Krouskop, T.,Baker, R., Wilson, M. 2002. A non contact
wound measurement system. Journal of Rehabilitation
Research and Development Vol. 39, No. 3(June 2002)
[21].Leslie casas,BenjaminCastaneda,SylvieTreuillet;Imaging
technologies applied to chronic wounds: a survey.
[22].Comaniciu D. & Meer P. “Robust analysis of feature
space: Color image segmentation”. In Proceedings IEEE Conf.
on CVPR, Puerto Rico (1997) 750–755

Comparision of different imaging techniques used for

More Related Content

What's hot (18)

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Comparision of different imaging techniques used for (20)

More from eSAT Publishing House (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Comparision of different imaging techniques used for