Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by Weighted Parameters
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The document discusses an improved scheme for the LEACH protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSN) that enhances cluster head (CH) selection using weighted parameters based on residual energy and distance from the base station. The proposed scheme aims to increase the network's lifetime and data transmission efficiency by providing a better threshold value for CH election, resulting in a notable 15-20% improvement in performance compared to traditional LEACH protocols. Simulation results further demonstrate that this method reduces energy consumption and increases the number of data bytes successfully received at the base station.
![IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 734
Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by
Weighted Parameters
Rita K. Patel1
Prof. Kaushal J. Doshi2
1
M. E. Student 2
Associate Professor
1, 2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg.
1, 2
Marwadi Edu. Foundation Group of Institutions, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract— In recent era, the research for improving the
performance of the WSN is done in the ‘speed of light’.
LEACH is the protocol which has changed the scenario of
using WSN for any application like monitoring physical
parameters, measuring parameters surveillance etc. Also
LEACH-C can be used for the same with some
modifications in LEACH like deciding CH centrally in fixed
amount. But there is a con of LEACH; it decides the CH
based on random generation value. Therefore, in proposed
scheme, threshold is calculated using weighted parameter of
residual energy and distance from the base station.
Keywords: WSN-Wireless sensor network, LEACH, NS2,
residual energy
I. INTRODUCTION
For the applications like measuring and monitoring the
physical parameters and surveillance, WSN is used. The
research in this area is growing day by day. LEACH, very
well known for WSN, uses clustering method for WSN. By
clustering, the lifetime of energy can be increased compare
to MTE [1]. LEACH-C is the expansion of LEACH which
uses clustering done by BS centrally. But in both protocols
we find cons like LEACH decides CH based on threshold
value which has one value randomly generated. While
LEACH-C has advantage over LEACH that it uses fixed
amount of CH. But LEACH-C has same disadvantage like it
uses central information after each round and it has same
threshold value equation. So we proposed new scheme in
which the no. of CH remains constant and it finds better CH
using weighted threshold value calculated by residual
energy and distance from the base station. Hence, CH is far
more comparable with previous two protocols i.e. LEACH
and LEACH-C.
Fig. 1: Clustered architecture of WSN
In proposed scheme, the CH is decided by residual energy
consideration so as to make this decision better.
Residual energy is the energy which can be defined as the
ratio of current energy to the initial energy. Also CH is
having important weight of distance of node to distance
from the base station.
The paper includes in following section related
work on LEACH and LEACH-C. Section 3 has brief
description about proposed scheme and section 4 and 5
includes Simulation results and result analysis.
II. RELATED WORK
A. LEACH
LEACH is protocol in which the clustering is done among
all the sensor nodes as shown in figure 1. LEACH protocol
works in two phases 1. Set up phase and 2. Steady state
phase.
Fig. 2: working of LEACH in two phases
1) Set up phase
In set up phase, the clustering process among all the nodes is
being done. The sensor nodes first calculate the threshold
value and depending on this threshold value it advertises its
CH status. The threshold value can be calculated by
following equation.
(1)
Fig 3: Flow chart of Set up phase in LEACH](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijsrdv1i3084-140801082756-phpapp02/85/Improved-Performance-of-LEACH-using-Better-CH-Selection-by-Weighted-Parameters-1-320.jpg)
![Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by Weighted Parameters
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0084)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
736
5 different times simulation runs. In each simulation we can
see the amount of data received and lifetime of the network
is increased for proposed scheme. And we are gaining the
advantage of the LEACH-C in energy dissipation. The
energy dissipation in proposed scheme is less than LEACH
and LEACH-C.
V. CONCLUSION
Because of better selection of CH, the lifetime of the
network is increased, number of nodes alive over time is
increased and energy consumption is reduced. From
simulation, it can be observed that lifetime of the network is
increased by 20-25 percentage. Also with use of better CH
selection, we can receive more number of data bytes at BS.
The data received at BS for proposed is increased by 10
percent as compare to traditional protocol. Also, as time
increased, the no. of data received at BS will more compare
to LEACH and LEACH-C.
REFERENCES
[1] Brett A. Warneke, Kristofer S.J. Pister,” MEMS for
Distributed Wireless Sensor Networ University of
California at Berkeley.
[2] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E.
Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey”,
Computer Networks 38, Elsevier, pp. 393–422, 2002.
[3]C. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networks, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, 2000.
[4] W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan,”
Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in
Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proc. 5th ACM/IEEE
MobiCom Conference (MobiCom ’99), Seattle, WA,
August, 1999. pp. 174-85.
[5] J. Kulik, W. R. Heinzelman, and H. Balakrishnan,
”Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating
information in wireless sensor networks,” Wireless
Networks, Volume: 8, pp. 169-185, 2002.
[6] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin,
”Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust
communication paradigm for sensor networks,
“Proceedings of ACM MobiCom ’00, Boston, MA,
2000, pp. 56-67.
[7] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan,
”Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for
Wireless Mi- crosensor Networks,” Proceedings of the
33rd Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences (HICSS ’00), January 2000.
[8] S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: Power-
Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems”,
IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002,Vol. 3,
9-16 pp. 1125-1130.
[9] A. Savvides, C-C Han, and M. Shrivastava, “Dynamic
fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of
sensors,” Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Annual
International Conference on Mobile Computing and
Networking (MobiCom), July 2001. pp. 166-179.
[10] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H.
Balakrishnan, ”Energy-efficient routing protocols for
wireless micro sensor networks, ” in Proc. 33rdHawaii
Int. Conf. System Sciences(HICSS), Maui, HI, Jan.
2000.
[11] Wendi B Heinzelman, A P Chandrakasan, Hari
Balakrishnan, ”application-specific protocol
architecture on wireless microsensor networks", IEEE
transaction on wireless communications, 2002, PP. 660-
670.
[12] V. Loscr, G. Morabito, S. Marano, “A Two-Levels
Hierarchy for Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy (TL-LEACH)", Vehicular Technology
Conference, 2005.
[13] Thiemo Voigt, Hartmut Ritter, Jochen Schiller, Adam
Dunkels, and Juan Alonso,” Solar-aware Clustering in
Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the
Ninth IEEE Symposium on Computers and
Communications, June 2004.
[14] Rajashree V Biradar, Dr. S. R. Sawant, Dr. R. R.
Mudholkar , Dr. V.C .Patil ”Multihop Routing In Self-
Organizing Wireless Sensor Networks” IJCSI
International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol.
8, Issue 1,January 2011.
[15] Hu Junping, Jin Yuhui, “A Time-based Cluster-Head
Selection Algorithm for LEACH” IEEE Symposium
Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2008.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijsrdv1i3084-140801082756-phpapp02/85/Improved-Performance-of-LEACH-using-Better-CH-Selection-by-Weighted-Parameters-3-320.jpg)
Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by Weighted Parameters
- 1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 734 Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by Weighted Parameters Rita K. Patel1 Prof. Kaushal J. Doshi2 1 M. E. Student 2 Associate Professor 1, 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engg. 1, 2 Marwadi Edu. Foundation Group of Institutions, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Abstract— In recent era, the research for improving the performance of the WSN is done in the ‘speed of light’. LEACH is the protocol which has changed the scenario of using WSN for any application like monitoring physical parameters, measuring parameters surveillance etc. Also LEACH-C can be used for the same with some modifications in LEACH like deciding CH centrally in fixed amount. But there is a con of LEACH; it decides the CH based on random generation value. Therefore, in proposed scheme, threshold is calculated using weighted parameter of residual energy and distance from the base station. Keywords: WSN-Wireless sensor network, LEACH, NS2, residual energy I. INTRODUCTION For the applications like measuring and monitoring the physical parameters and surveillance, WSN is used. The research in this area is growing day by day. LEACH, very well known for WSN, uses clustering method for WSN. By clustering, the lifetime of energy can be increased compare to MTE [1]. LEACH-C is the expansion of LEACH which uses clustering done by BS centrally. But in both protocols we find cons like LEACH decides CH based on threshold value which has one value randomly generated. While LEACH-C has advantage over LEACH that it uses fixed amount of CH. But LEACH-C has same disadvantage like it uses central information after each round and it has same threshold value equation. So we proposed new scheme in which the no. of CH remains constant and it finds better CH using weighted threshold value calculated by residual energy and distance from the base station. Hence, CH is far more comparable with previous two protocols i.e. LEACH and LEACH-C. Fig. 1: Clustered architecture of WSN In proposed scheme, the CH is decided by residual energy consideration so as to make this decision better. Residual energy is the energy which can be defined as the ratio of current energy to the initial energy. Also CH is having important weight of distance of node to distance from the base station. The paper includes in following section related work on LEACH and LEACH-C. Section 3 has brief description about proposed scheme and section 4 and 5 includes Simulation results and result analysis. II. RELATED WORK A. LEACH LEACH is protocol in which the clustering is done among all the sensor nodes as shown in figure 1. LEACH protocol works in two phases 1. Set up phase and 2. Steady state phase. Fig. 2: working of LEACH in two phases 1) Set up phase In set up phase, the clustering process among all the nodes is being done. The sensor nodes first calculate the threshold value and depending on this threshold value it advertises its CH status. The threshold value can be calculated by following equation. (1) Fig 3: Flow chart of Set up phase in LEACH
- 2. Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by Weighted Parameters (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0084) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 735 Where T(n) is threshold value for nth node for particular round. P is probability of node to be CH and r is random no. generated by the node. G is se tof possible CH which were not CH in previous round. The nodes with highest threshold value will advertise their CH status. Remaining node will receive this status and it will respond the tentative CH taking into consideration the distance of that node from own. In response to this CH advertisement it will send Join request to corresponding CH node. Hence the cluster will be formed. Now, duty of CH is to create TDMA schedule for all the cluster members and give them a particular time slot. 2) Steady State Phase In steady state phase all the cluster members will send their data to their CHs. CHs will receive the data and aggregate this data. After aggregation it will send these data bytes to BS. B. LEACH-C LEACH-C has same working like LEACH. In LEACH-C the clustering is done centrally. CHs are decided by BS based on the distance of the node from BS. BS can decide the distance of the node by GPS receiver. So here set up phase of LEACH-C will change remaining procedure is same as LEACH. III. PROPOSED SCHEME The proposed scheme work in two phases set up phase and steady state phase. The steady state phase of the proposed is same as LEACH and LEACH-C. There is some variation in set up phase for selection procedure of CH for each round. Before, network initialization it is assumed that each node knows its distance from the BS. For this either BS can broadcast one packet having vectors of distance from the BS from all nodes or each node may have GPS system built in. In proposed scheme, the CH is decided on the bases of threshold value which will be calculated on the weighted value of residual energy and distance of the node from the BS. So the equation becomes ( ) { (2) Where r’ will be calculated as below (3) Here w1 and w2 are the weight factors. For the proposed scheme, we have taken the values of w1 and w2 equal and half i.e. 0.5 Eressidual can be calculated by taking the ratio of current energy of the node to the initial energy of that node. So the calculated value of threshold will be improved value. Threshold value includes the probability of node to be cluster head for nth round and if it belongs to set G which denotes the set of nodes which were not CHs in last node. IV. SIMULATION RESULTS Fig. 4 shows the graph for Time V/s No. of nodes alive for particular simulation time. It helps to decide lifetime of the network. From this, we can observe that, life time of network is higher for LEACH compare to LEACH-C. Here, proposed scheme gives improved lifetime of 15- 20%compare to LEACH. So the network can work for more time. Fig. 4: Plot for Time V/s No. of nodes alive Fig. 5 shows the graph of Time V/s Data Bytes received at BS. LEACH-C has advantage over LEACH that amount of data transferred will be high in case of LEACH-C. As we can see the proposed scheme, it has almost same or more than LEACH-C amount of data bytes transferred to the BS. Fig. 6 : Plot of amount of data transfer v/s No. of nodes alive Fig. 6 shows the amount of data transferred to BS V/s No. of nodes alive. As we can see from the graph the proposed scheme has more average no. of data bytes received per node. Fig. 7: Comparative Analysis of LEACH and Proposed Method Fig. 7 shows the comparative analysis of LEACH, LEACH- C and proposed scheme. The results have been generated for
- 3. Improved Performance of LEACH using Better CH Selection by Weighted Parameters (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0084) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 736 5 different times simulation runs. In each simulation we can see the amount of data received and lifetime of the network is increased for proposed scheme. And we are gaining the advantage of the LEACH-C in energy dissipation. The energy dissipation in proposed scheme is less than LEACH and LEACH-C. V. CONCLUSION Because of better selection of CH, the lifetime of the network is increased, number of nodes alive over time is increased and energy consumption is reduced. From simulation, it can be observed that lifetime of the network is increased by 20-25 percentage. Also with use of better CH selection, we can receive more number of data bytes at BS. The data received at BS for proposed is increased by 10 percent as compare to traditional protocol. Also, as time increased, the no. of data received at BS will more compare to LEACH and LEACH-C. REFERENCES [1] Brett A. Warneke, Kristofer S.J. Pister,” MEMS for Distributed Wireless Sensor Networ University of California at Berkeley. [2] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey”, Computer Networks 38, Elsevier, pp. 393–422, 2002. [3]C. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networks, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2000. [4] W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan,” Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proc. 5th ACM/IEEE MobiCom Conference (MobiCom ’99), Seattle, WA, August, 1999. pp. 174-85. [5] J. Kulik, W. R. Heinzelman, and H. Balakrishnan, ”Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks,” Wireless Networks, Volume: 8, pp. 169-185, 2002. [6] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, ”Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, “Proceedings of ACM MobiCom ’00, Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 56-67. [7] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, ”Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Mi- crosensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS ’00), January 2000. [8] S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: Power- Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems”, IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002,Vol. 3, 9-16 pp. 1125-1130. [9] A. Savvides, C-C Han, and M. Shrivastava, “Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors,” Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), July 2001. pp. 166-179. [10] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, ”Energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless micro sensor networks, ” in Proc. 33rdHawaii Int. Conf. System Sciences(HICSS), Maui, HI, Jan. 2000. [11] Wendi B Heinzelman, A P Chandrakasan, Hari Balakrishnan, ”application-specific protocol architecture on wireless microsensor networks", IEEE transaction on wireless communications, 2002, PP. 660- 670. [12] V. Loscr, G. Morabito, S. Marano, “A Two-Levels Hierarchy for Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (TL-LEACH)", Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005. [13] Thiemo Voigt, Hartmut Ritter, Jochen Schiller, Adam Dunkels, and Juan Alonso,” Solar-aware Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks”, In Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, June 2004. [14] Rajashree V Biradar, Dr. S. R. Sawant, Dr. R. R. Mudholkar , Dr. V.C .Patil ”Multihop Routing In Self- Organizing Wireless Sensor Networks” IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 1,January 2011. [15] Hu Junping, Jin Yuhui, “A Time-based Cluster-Head Selection Algorithm for LEACH” IEEE Symposium Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2008.