C046015020

IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 6 (June 2014), PP. 15-20
15
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies raised
against the membrane ecdysone receptor from the anterior silk
gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Mohamed Elmogy1, 2
and Azza M. Elgendy1*
1
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology program, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT: Several evidences for nongenomic action of ecdysteroids through membrane receptor (mEcR)
in programmed cell death (PCD) of the Bombyx mori anterior silk glands (ASGs) have been reported. The
isolation, characterization and sequencing of mEcR still remain elusive. In the present work, monoclonal
antibodies against mEcR has been raised, for the first time, and expected to facilitate any further molecular
characterization of that novel receptor. The solubilized ASGs membrane fractions were used for immunizing
mice. Three out of 4 injected mice showed immune-reactive signal, as revealed by dot blot assay. Out of the 3
mice, only one mouse sera showed to react with [3
H]PonA binding protein, as revealed by double antibody
capture assay (DACA). Out of 117 primary hybridoma cell lines prepared only 43 were selected by using dot
blot assay, while 7 out of the 43 were selected by using DACA. From the 7 selected clones, clone (13-2) of the
highest bound dpm in DACA was used for limiting dilution assay. The pattern of immune-reactivity of 7 out of
8 of the diluted cultures were very similar and showed two signal bands of 65 and 42 kDa, as revealed by
western blot analysis. From which, a single clone designated (13-2-23) of the highest bound dpm in DACA was
reacted with a single protein band of 42 kDa, suggesting its probable specificity to the extracellular binding
domain of mEcR. This work will pave the way for more understanding of the molecular mechanism of
ecdysteroid rapid actions during PCD of ASGs in Bombyx mori.
KEYWORDS: Bombyx mori, ASGs, membrane ecdysone fraction, hybirdomas, monoclonal antibody
I. INTRODUCTION
Steroid hormones are essential modulators of a broad range of biological processes in a diversity of
organisms across phyla. The biological actions of steroids are mediated by both slow genomic responses and
rapid non-genomic responses [1]. Although, it is clear that genomic responses to steroid hormones are mediated
by the formation of a complex of the hormone and its hormone nuclear receptor that activate or repress target
genes in a steroid-dependent manner [2, 3], recent reports indicate that non-genomic response pathways mediate
many of the rapid actions of steroid hormones [4, 5]. These responses are mediated by a variety of receptor
types associated with the plasma membrane or its caveolae components, potentially including a membrane-
associated nuclear receptor, but the mechanisms underlying such responses remain controversial [1, 5]. Such
'non-genomic' effects might be induced by direct allosteric regulation of ion channels, including receptors such
as GABA and NMDA [6]. Other non-genomic steroid signalling could be mediated by classical nuclear
hormone receptors acting as effector molecules in the cytosol [7]. Many studies reported that the fish membrane
progesterone receptor was one of 14 members of a new family of steroid membrane receptors present in man,
mouse, pig, Xenopus, zebrafish and puffer fish [8]. Computer analyses indicate that this new family of
membrane receptors is unrelated to the nuclear superfamily of steroid receptors. It will be intriguing to learn the
identity of the natural ligands for these steroid membrane receptors, as well as their biological roles. Such
identification will require the determination of a significant portion of the amino-acid sequence for each of these
membrane receptors [8].
In insects, the genetic mechanism has been the major topic of study in relation to cell death. The
genetic aspects, however, do not sufficiently account for the molecular mechanisms underlying steroid-induced
cell death, which is accompanied at the later stages by caspase-3 activation [9, 10]. Therefore, nongenomic
action of steroids was suggested to be involved. Elucidation of its underlying molecular mechanisms will
contribute to the development not only of chemicals for insect population control but also of therapies and drugs
for syndromes that respond to steroid hormones. Until now, the molecular mechanisms underlying steroid action
[9, 10, 11, 12], have been mostly understood as separate genomic and nongenomic mechanisms.

Production and characterization of…
16
Taking into account the complex biology of membrane-associated steroid-hormone receptors and the
resulting implications for hormone or drug interaction with the important receptors, it is indeed the case that
there is a cornucopia of both challenges and opportunities to explore in the future [13, 14, 15, 16]. The
molecular mechanisms that stimulate the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the active form of ecdysone, nongenomic
pathway are largely unkown, but in Drosophila melanogaster, stimulation of this pathway is known to involve
the catecholamine receptor (Dopamine/ecdysone receptor; DmDopEcR) [6].In the silkworm, Bombyx mori at
the end of larval stage and shortly after pupation, its anterior silk gland (ASG) degenerates [17]. These glands
begin to undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to a high hemolymph ecdysteroid concentration,
which induces pupal metamorphosis. Previous studies provided several biochemical and topological evidence
for the presence of a putative membrane ecdysone receptor (mEcR) located in the plasma membranes of B. mori
anterior silk glands (ASGs), which may act in concert with the conventional nuclear EcR [18, 19, 20]. Then
after, we succeeded to identify, fully characterize and solubilize mEcR from ASGs [21]. Therefore, the present
work aimed to raise monoclonal antibodies against mEcR. The specificity of monoclonal antibodies was
examined by double antibody capture assay using the radiolabelled ecdysone analong Ponasteron A as ligand.
Dot blot and Western blot techniques were used for screening and characterization of the cross reactivity,
respectively. The success in raising such antibodies is expected to pave the way for the isolation, cloning and
molecular characterization of B. mori mEcR.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
(i) Animals
Larvae of the silkworm, B. mori (Kinshu X Showa F1 hybrid) were reared on an artificial diet (Silkmate, Nihon-
Nosan-Kogyo, Yokohama, Japan) at 25ºC under a photoperiod cycle of 12h-light/12h-dark, as described
previously [18]. ASGs were dissected on the day of gut purge or cultured separately in 0.3 mL Grace’s insect
culture medium (Gibco BRL) at 25ºC for 18 h with 20E followed by a culture in a hormone-free medium for a
further 12 h. Because preliminary experiments showed that the binding activity in the membrane fractions
prepared from the cultured ASGs was higher than that from the freshly dissected ASGs, we mainly used such
ASGs unless mentioned otherwise.
(ii) Chemicals
Ponasterone A (PonA, 25-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone) and 20E were obtained from Sigma (St.Louis, MO).
Ecdysteroids were dissolved in ethanol and stored at -20 ºC until use. [3
H]PonA (200 Ci/mmol) was from
PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA). The reagent 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-
propanesulfonate (CHAPS), was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan).
(iii) Preparation of membrane fractions
Freshly dissected or cultured ASGs were washed three times with insect Ringer’s solution (130 mM NaCl, 4.7
mM KCl, 1.9 mM CaCl2). All subsequent procedures were performed according to [18]. Briefly, ASGs were
homogenized in seven volumes binding assay buffer (20 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.0, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM
phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride, 3 µg/mL pepstatin A, 3 µg/mL leupeptin) using a motor-driven, loose-fitting
glass-plastic homogenizer at 1000 rpm for 1 min. After centrifugation at 1000 xg for 10 min, the pellet was
suspended in the buffer and centrifuged at 1500 xg for 10 min. The pellet was again suspended in the buffer and
centrifuged at 1800 xg for 10 min. The resulting pellet was re-suspended in the buffer, homogenized again using
HG30 homogenizer (Hitachi) on ice, and centrifuged at 1000 xg for 10 min. The supernatant was centrifuged at
8000 xg for 10 min, and the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 105, 000 xg for 5 h. The pellet was
suspended in the buffer, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 C until use. Protein amounts were
measured using a DC protein assay kit (Bio-Rad) with BSA as standard. The obtained membrane fractions were
then solubilized according the solubilization scheme described in [21] using CHAPS and NaCl. The solubilized
fractions retaining 75% of its native binding activity for PonA were used as antigen for immunization of mice.
(iv) Generation of mouse monoclonal antibodies
BALB/c mice were immunized by subcutaneously injection of 50 μg of emulsion protein in Freund’s complete
adjuvant (Difco). A second intera-peritoneal injection in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (Difco) was performed
after 45 days as a booster injection. Ten days later, mice were bled, and the sera were tested for reactivity for
fractions blotted on PVDF membranes (dot blots), and double antibody receptor capture assay (DARCA). Two
weeks after test bleeds, the mice were injected intravenously with 50 µg of antigen in PBS. Three days later, the
selected mouse was sacrificed and the spleen isolated and 2.2x 108
splenocytes were fused with a ratio of 2:1
with SP2/OAg mouse myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol. The fused cell population was re-suspended in
hypoxanthine aminotropterin thymidine selection medium and plated into twenty 96-well flat bottom culture
plates. Supernatants were screened one week after the hybridoma fusion. Positive hybridomas were repeatedly
subcloned to generate hybridomas secreting monoclonal mEcR antibodies.

17
(v) Dot blot Screening assay
PVDF membrane was soaked in methanol for 1 min, and then washed with TBST buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl,
100mM NaCl, 0.1 % tween 20, and pH 7.4) for 3 min and fixed to the blotter. The antigen (10µg) was loaded in
each blotter well and blotted to the membrane. The membrane was washed with the buffer, and cut into strips.
The strips were soaked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 2h at 25 ºC with gentile shaking. After washing,
stripes were incubated with 50 µl of sera of immunized mice or 50 µl of hybridoma culture supernatant
overnight at 25 ºC. The stripes were washed 4 times, each for 15 min with TBST, and incubated with secondary
antibody (horseradish-peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibody) for 2 h at 25 ºC with gentile
shaking, followed by washing 3 times each for 20 min with TBST. Unimmunized mouse serum was used as a
negative control. Hydrogen peroxide and 3, 3ˋ,-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were used for colour development.
(vi) Double antibody capture assay (DARCA):
DARCA was performed as described in [4] with minor modification. Briefly, each well of 96-well filtration
plate (Milipore multi-screen assay system, Bedford, USA) was incubated with a secondary antibody (goat anti-
mouse IgG antibody) overnight at 4ºC. After washing, blocking solution was added to saturate the nonspecific
binding sites. The blocking solution was replaced with aliquots of antigen (100 µg/ 100 µl) and the hybridoma
culture supernatants of individual clones, and the mixture was incubated 5 h to form a stable complex of the
goat IgG-mouse IgG-membrane fraction proteins. Subsequently, excess membrane proteins were removed by
washing. Finally, 50 nM of [3
H]PonA was added either in assay buffer to determine total binding, or buffer
containing 1000-fold excess non-radiolabeled PonA to determine nonspecific binding. The mixture was
incubated under the standard binding assay condition as described in [18]. Control wells containing
unimmunized mouse serum were used to determine non-specific immunobinding. The aqueous mixtures were
removed at the end of the incubation, and the plates were washed before individual wells were removed from
the plate, and the radio-activities were counted in the scintillation counter.
(vii) Western blotting
Solubilized membrane fractions of ASGs membranes were loaded (20 µg/ lane) onto 12 % SDS-PAGE. Then
the gel was blotted onto PVDF membrane, and membrane was stained with 3-hydroxy-4(2-sulfo-4-
[sulfophenyzo]-phenylazo)-2,7-naphthalenedisufonic acid (ponceau S, Sigma) for 1 min, followed by washing
with deionized water. Strips of the blotted membrane were blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 2 h at
25ºC with gentle shaking. After washing, strips were incubated with hybirdomas culture supernatant (50µl)
overnight at 25ºC. The membrane was washed 4 times, each for 15 min with TBST, and then incubated with
secondary antibody (horseradish- peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibody) for 2 h at 25ºC with
gentle shaking, followed by washing 3 times, each for 20 min with TBST. Unimmunized mouse serum was used
as a negative control. Hydrogen peroxide and DAB were used for colour development.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Many data have been obtained supporting the existence and functional activity of Bombyx mEcR as a novel
membrane ecdysone receptor and demonstrating its biochemical and topological characterization. However,
mEcR isolation still remains elusive [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. A clear characterization and sequencing of the mEcR
mediating the rapid nongenomic effects of ecdysone during the programmed cell death of B, mori anterior silk
glands is still lacking. Accordingly, raising antibody against the novel mEcR will pave the way to further
molecular characterization through either purification or molecular cloning of that receptor.
The solubilized membrane fractions prepared from anterior silk gland were used for immunizing mice. These
fractions are free of any nuclear contaminants especially nuclear EcR as previously confirmed by Western
blotting analysis [10]. In addition, different Immuno-histochemical and biochemical localization techniques of
Bombyx nuclear receptor BmEcR-B1 show that this protein is clearly indicated and is restricted in the cell nuclei
and not translocated to cytosol or cell membrane during the prepupal period [19, 20]. Also, the solubilisation
scheme for the anterior silk gland membrane fractions preparations verified that the solubilized fraction using
this technique retained 75% of its native ecdysone binding activity [21]. Accordingly, we used these fractions
confidently for immunizing mice.
i. Screening for immunized mouse and production of primary hybridoma cell lines
The dot blot assay results for the sera obtained from the four immunogenized mice were shown in Fig.1A. The
sera of mouse number 1, 2, and 3 showed positive immunostaining bands, compared with the control while, no
band could be detected with the sera of mouse number 4. The susceptive three positive and negative sera were
subjected to the double antibody receptor capture assay. The results (Fig. 1B) showed that mouse number one
was immunized against mEcR protein, and the percentage of specific binding of [3
H]PonA in the

18
immunobinding protein to the crude membrane protein was 49.33%. Accordingly, the spleen cells prepared
from this mouse were used for fusion with SP2O/Ag cells and the production of primary hybridoma cell lines.
ii. Detection of anti-receptor antibodies in cell culture supernatants
Approximately 117 wells contained hybridoma cells were subjected to antibody capture on PVDF immobilon
membrane (Dot blot) assay. Out of the 117 wells tested, only 43 wells were found to contain mouse
immunoglobulins (Data not shown). The obtained positives were tested for the presence of anti-receptor
antibodies by the double antibody receptor capture assay. From those 43 wells, only 7 wells were found to
contain anti-receptor antibody as revealed by the dpm counted for the binding of [3
H] PonA, and positive
hybridoma (clones) were designated as (9-1, 13-2, 7-1, 18-2, 20-2, 10-4 and 13-4) (Fig.2). Limiting dilution
was then carried out on the positive clones 13-2 which shown the highest bound dpm. The supernatants obtained
from the limiting dilution for clone 13-2 were then further assayed, by double antibody capture assay and
Western blotting, and the results were shown in Figure 3. From the 10 tested diluted clones, only eight clones
were shown specific binding activities to [3
H]PonA in the double captured assay with different levels. The
highest binding activity was monitored to clone 7 (Fig. 3A). Two immune reactive signal bands of 42 and 65
kDa were detected for clone numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 as revealed by Western blotting analysis (Fig. 3B).
Only clone number 7 (referred as 13-2-23) of the highest specific binding activity in the double capture assay
(Fig. 3A) detected a single immunostained protein band at 42 kDa (Fig. 3B) suggesting that it may be specific
antibody for the extracellular domain of mEcR that binds the steroid hormone and its analogue [3
H]Pon A. The
molecular weights of the detected protein bands are different from that previously obtained for the classical
(genomic or nuclear) ecdysone receptor in the anterior silk gland nuclear preparations of B. mori of 56 kDa [19].
Report about raising of antibodies against progesterone and estrogens membrane receptors facilitated cloning
and characterization of both receptors in human spermatozoa [22]. Also, the membrane progestin receptor was
cloned from spotted seatrout ovaries (352 amino acids, 40.5 KDa) with the aid of mouse monoclonal anti-
receptor antibody [8]. Similarity, the raised antibodies, in the present study, would be useful for facilitating
purification [23], and/or cloning of mEcR from B.mori and understanding the molecular mechanism of such a
novel receptor during PCD progression.
Taking in consideration that B. mori is a model insect, the elucidation of nongenomic molecular mechanisms
might contribute to the development of therapies and drugs for syndromes that respond to steroid hormones.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express sincere thanks to Professor S. Sakurai, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School
of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University.
REFERENCES
[1]. Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Norman DP: Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble
model. Nat Rev Drug Discov , 3, 2004, 27–41.
[2]. Cai M J, Dong D J, Wang Y, Liu P C, Liu W, Wang J X, Zhao X F, (2014) G-protein-coupled receptor participates in 20-
hydroxyecdysone signaling on the plasma membrane. Cell Commun Signal 12, 2014, 1-16.
[3]. Riddiford LM, Cherbas P, Truman JW: Ecdysone receptors and their biological actions. Vitam Horm, 60, 2000, 1–73.
[4]. Tomaschko KH: Nongenomic effects of ecdysteroids. Arch. Insect Biochem Physiol, 41, 1999, 89-98.
[5]. Thummel CS, Chory J: Steroid signalling in plants and insects common themes, different pathways. Genes Dev, 16, 2002, 3113–
3129.
[6]. Srivastava DP, Yu EJ, Kennedy K, Chatwin H, Reale V, Hamon M, Smith T, and Evans PD: Rapid nongenomic responses to
ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptor. J Neurosci, 25, 2005, 6145-6155.
[7]. Prossnitz ER and Barton M, The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 7, 2011,
715-726. PubMed ID: 21844907Prossnitz, 2011
[8]. Zhu Y, Bond J, Thomas P, Identification, classification, and partial characterization of genes in humans and other vertebrates
homologous to a fish membrane progestin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 2003, 2237–2242.
[9]. Manaboon M, , Iga M, Sakurai S, Nongenomic and genomic actions of an insect steroid coordinately regulate programmed cell
death of anterior silk glands of Bombyx mori , Insect Science Journal. 5, 2008, 1-11.
[10]. Elmogy M, Iwami M, Sakurai S, Presence of membrane ecdysone receptor in the anterior silk gland of the silkworm Bombyx mori.
Eur J Biochem, 271, 2004, 3171-3179.
[11]. Riddiford LM, Cellular and molecular actions of juvenile hormone I. General considerations and premetamorphic actions. Adv
Insect Physiol, 24, 1994, 213-274.
[12]. Henrich VC, Rybczynski R, Gilbert LI, Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and puffs: Mechanisms and models in insect
development. Vitam Horm, 55, 1999, 73-125.
[13]. Watson CS and Gametchu B, Membrane-initiated steroid actions and the proteins that mediate them. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 220,
1999, 9–19.
[14]. Kerkhoff C, Gehring L, Habben K, Resch K and Laever V, Identification of two different lysophosphatidyl choline: acyl-CoA
acyltransferase (LAT) in pig spleen with putative disctinct topological localization. Biochem Biophys Acta, 1302, 1996, 249–256.
[15]. Kerkhoff C, Trumbach B, Gehring L, Habben K, Schmitz G and Kaever V, Solubilization, partial purification and photolabelling of
the integral membrane protein lysophospholipic: acyl-CoA acyltransferase (LAT). Eur J Biochem, 267, 2000, 6339–6345.
[16]. Manaboon M, Iga M, Iwami M, Sakurai S, Intracellular mobilization of Ca2+ by the insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone
during programmed cell death in silkworm anterior silk glands. J Insect Physiol, 55, 2009, 122-128.

19
[17]. Terashima J, Yasuhara N, Iwami M, Sakurai S, Programmed cell death triggered by insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone,
in the anterior silk gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Dev Genes Evol, 11, 2000, 545-558.
[18]. Elmogy M, Terashima J, Iga M, Iwami M, Sakurai S, A rapid increase in cAMP in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the anterior
silk glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zool Sci, 23, 2006, 715-719.
[19]. Elmogy, M., Iwami, M., Sakurai, S. (2007a). Recognition of ecdysone binding sites in the fat body cell membranes of the silkworm,
Bombyx mori. EFFLATOUNIA, 7, 2007a, 1-8 .
[20]. Elmogy M. (2008). Localization and expression profiles of Bombyx mori ecdysone receptor-B1 in the fat body cells undergoing
programmed cell death. EFFLATOUNIA, 8: 29-37.
[21]. Elmogy M, Iwami M, Sakurai S, Solubilization of the ecdysone binding protein from anterior silk gland cell membranes of the
silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zool Sci, 24, 2007b, 971-977.
[22]. Luconi M, Francavilla F, Porazzi I, Macerola B, Forti G, Baldi E: Human spermatozoa as a model for studying membrane receptors
mediating rapid nongenomic effects of progesterone and estrogens, Steroids, 69, 2004, 553-559.
1. Findly, JPC, Purification of membrane proteins. In Protein Purification Methods; A Practical Approach
(Harris, E.L.V. & Angal, S, eds), 1989, pp. 59–82. IRL Press, Oxford.
Figure caption
Figure1. Immune responses of the mice injected with membrane soluble fractions.
(A) Antibody capture assay on stripes of blotted ASG membrane proteins (10µg) onto PVDF immobilon
membrane (dot blots). Fixed amount of mice sera (50µl) were used as a primary antibody and goat anti-mouse
antibody as secondary antibody, H2O2 and 3, 3ˋ-diaminobenzidine (DAB) were used for colour development.
Lane C, unimmunized mouse serum, lane 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent the four immunized mice.
(B) Double antibody receptor capture assay: the sera from the four immunized mice were assayed against
fixed amount of antigen (100µg of ASG membrane proteins) and goat anti-mouse antibody as secondary
antibody in the presence of 50nM of [3
H]PonA (total binding) or 1000- fold excess PonA (nonspecific binding).
The immune responses were measured as a function of % specific binding of that of crude membrane proteins.
Figure2.
Screening of hybridomas supernatants by antibody capture on stripes of the blotted ASG membrane proteins
(10µg) onto PVDF membrane. Number of each hybirdoma clone is above each blot square part. C, control
unimmunized serum.
Figure3.
(A) Double antibody capture assay of the limited dilution of clone 13-2. Ten hybridomas supernatants were
assayed against fixed amount of antigen (100µg of ASG membrane proteins) and goat anti-mouse antibody as
secondary antibody in the presence of 50nM of [3
H]PonA (total binding) or 1000-fold excess PonA (nonspecific
binding). The immune responses were measured as a function of % specific binding of that of crude membrane
proteins. Number eleven is the control unimmunized serum.
(B) Western blot analysis: solubilized membrane proteins of ASG (20µg / lane) were loaded onto 12%
SDS-PAGE, blotted onto PVDF membrane and cut into strips. Strips were incubated with individual clone
culture supernatant (50µl), washed and incubated with a secondary antibody (horseradish-peroxidase conjugated
goat anti-mouse IgG antibody) followed by washing. Hydrogen peroxide and DAB were used for colour
development. Unimmunized mouse serum was used as a negative control. Lane 7 represents clone number 13-2-
23.
Figure 1

20
Figure 2
Figure 3
.

C046015020

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (8)

Similar to C046015020 (20)

More from iosrphr_editor (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

C046015020