Mao Zedong led China's transition after 1949, aiming to unify the nation, gain independence, and reform society through abolishing feudal systems. He proclaimed the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. However, China faced immense challenges, such as reforming its agricultural system. Mao launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958 to industrialize China and lessen the gap between rural and urban areas, but it failed due to withdrawal of Soviet support and criticism of Mao's inefficient methods. He then began the Cultural Revolution to purge China of "old thoughts, culture, customs, and habits" and place the arts in service of the masses.