data abstraction ,encapsulation,A.D.T

Presented By-
KAPIL SHARMA (15CE024)
JATIN GANDHI (15CE021)
MADHUR SUDAN (15CE028)

 Computer program provide result by
manipulating data. It determines that
how well the data types match the
real-world problem space.
 The beginning of data type concept is
generally seen in older languages like
FORTRON and COBOL.
 The data structure of COBOL took the
first step away from the FORTRON I
model by allowing programmers to
specify the accuracy of data values
and providing a structured data type
for records of information.

 Computer hardware cannot
differentiate between a bit string
representing an integer, character or
real number. Higher language provide a
set of basic data types , such as
integer , real and character string.
 Type Checking is provided to ensure
that the operations receives proper
number of arguments of proper data
types.
 A type definition defines the
structure of a data objects with its
possible value bindings
 User defined types provide improved
readability

 The importance of abstraction is
derived from its ability to hide
irrelevant details.
 This allows user to use an object
with minimum information.
 It is a weapon against complexity.

 As in OOP’s each object of a class will
have external interfaces through which
it can be made use . There is no need
to look into its inner details( private
members). The internal details of the
objects are hidden which makes them
abstract. The technique of hiding
internal details in an object is called
Data Abstraction.
 Also an integral and central part of
every data abstraction is its operation,
which are defined as Process
Abstractions.

 An abstract data type(ADT), is an
encapsulation that indicates only the
data representation of one specific
data types and subprograms that
provide the operations for that type.
 An abstract data type is defined as
a mathematical model of the data
objects that make up a data type as
well as the functions that operate on
these objects.

 Encapsulation
The user does not need any technical
knowledge of how the implementation works
to use the ADT. In this way, the
implementation may be complex but will be
encapsulated in a simple interface when it is
actually used.
 Localization of change
Code that uses an ADT object will not
need to be edited if the implementation of
the ADT is changed. Since any changes to
the implementation must still comply with the
interface, and since

code using an ADT object may only refer
to properties and abilities specified in
the interface, changes may be made to
the implementation without requiring any
changes in code .
 Flexibility
This gives a great deal of flexibility
when using ADT objects in different
situations. For example, different
implementations of the ADT may be
more efficient in different situations; it
is possible to use each in the situation
where they are preferable, thus
increasing overall efficiency.

 The technique of hiding the used data
structure and only provide a well-
defined interface is known as
Encapsulation.
 The wrapping up of data and functions
into a single unit is known as
Encapsulation.
 Through encapsulation the data is not
accidently corrupted by external world.
 The access specifiers defined the
accessing of data and member
functions.

15
“Don’t ask how I do it, but this is
what I can do”
- The encapsulated object
“I don’t care how, just do your job,
and I’ll do mine”
- One encapsulated object
to another

Benefits of Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a very important O-O
concept
Each object has 2 views. An internal view
and an external view
Encapsulation is a form of protection
Also called Information Hiding
The outside world does not have direct
access to the internal implementation or
representation of an object

As long as the external view does
not change, the internal view can
take on any form without affecting
the outside world
By hiding data and providing
methods to gain access to it, an
object can maintain high data
integrity
Methods have the responsibility of
maintaining data integrity
private visibility offers full
encapsulation

protected and default offer
limited encapsulation
public offers no encapsulation

 The hiding of design decisions in a
computer program that are most likely
to change , thus protecting other parts
of the program from change if the
decision is changed.
 In object oriented programming,
access to the private part of object is
restricted in the sense that the
functions of the object can only
access the data. Thus, private parts
of the objects are not available outside
the object and cannot be altered by
external changes . This property of
object is called as Information Hiding
or Data Hiding.

Class A
{
private:
int a ,b ;
public:
void get();
void put();
}
 Note : In this, the object of class
cannot initialize the private data
member the public member function
can only initialize and access the
data member.

data abstraction ,encapsulation,A.D.T

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