A PowerPoint Presentation On Superstructure
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The document discusses different types of stone and brick masonry, including rubble masonry, ashlar masonry, and classifications within each. It also covers topics like doors, louvers, glazing, windows, ventilation, staircases, scaffolding, and shoring. Stone masonry uses stone units bonded with mortar, while brick masonry uses individual bricks laid in a pattern. Staircases require specific widths, heights, materials and other design elements to be safe and functional. Scaffolding and shoring are used to support structures during construction.
![ A louver is a window blind or shutter with
horizontal slats that are angled to admit
light and air, but to keep out rain, direct
sunshine, and noise. The angle of the slats
may be adjustable, usually in blinds and
windows, or fixed.[1] Modern louvers are
often made of aluminium, metal, wood, or
glass. They may be opened and closed with a
metal lever, pulleys, or through motorized
operators.
Glazing can be mounted on the surface of
a window sash or door stile, usually made
of wood, aluminium or PVC. The glass is
fixed into a rabbet (rebate) in the frame in a
number of ways including triangular glazing
points, putty, etc..
Glazing is commonly used in low
temperature solar thermal collectors
because it helps retain the collected heat.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/superstructure-140913083250-phpapp01/85/A-PowerPoint-Presentation-On-Superstructure-19-320.jpg)
A PowerPoint Presentation On Superstructure
- 1. PROJECT - Construction of superstructure Group-c
- 2. Stone masonry is made of stone units bonded together with mortar. Classification of stone masonry Stone masonry Rubble masonry 1. Randam rubble masonry - Coursed - uncoursed 2. Square rubble masonry - Coursed - uncoursed 3. Polygonal rubble masonry 4. Flint rubble masonry 5. Dry rubble masonry Ashlar masonry 1. Ashlar fine masonry 2. Ashlar rough tooled 3. Rock (or) quarry faced 4. Ashlar chamfered 5. Ashlar block in course
- 3. Random rubble masonry Coursed In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry. In coursed random rubble masonry, the masonry work is carried out in courses such that the stones in a particular course are of equal height. Uncoursed In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry. In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the courses are not maintained regularly. The larger stones are laid first and the spaces between them are then filled up by means of spalls or sneaks.
- 4. Square rubble masonry Coursed In this type of masonry stones having straight bed and sides are used. The stones are usually squared and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish. In the coursed square rubble masonry, the work is carried out in courses of varying depth. Uncoursed In this type of masonry stones having straight bed and sides are used. The stones are usually squared and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish. In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, the different sizes of stones having straight edges and sides are arranged on face in several irregular patterns.
- 5. Polygonal rubble masonry In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are hammer dressed. The stones used for face work are dressed in an irregular polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are seen running in an irregular fashion in all directions. Flint rubble masonry In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or cobbles. These are irregularly shaped nodules of silica. The stones are extremely hard. But they are brittle and therefore they break easily. Dry rubble masonry In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the joints. This type of construction is the cheapest and requires more skill in construction. This may be used for non-load bearing walls such as compound walls, etc…
- 6. ASHLAR MASONRY 1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY In this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to uniform size and shape with all sides rectangular, so that the stone gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining stone. This type of ashlar masonry is very costly. Ashlar rough tooled masonry In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides are finely chisel-dressed. But the face is made rough by means of tools. A strip, about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone. Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of every stone as in case of rough-tooled ashlor masondry. But the remaining portion of the face is left in the same form as received from quarry.
- 7. Ashlar chamfered masonry In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided as below. But it is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of chisel for a depth of about 25mm. Ashlar back in course masonry This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. In this type of masondry, the face work is provided with rough tooled or hammer dresses stones and backing of the wall may be made in rubble masonry.
- 8. Brick Masonry Brick masonry is the process of constructing a building from individual bricks laid in a specific pattern and bound together, usually by mortar. Bonds in Brick Masonry
- 9. Brick Laying Striking And Raking Of Joints
- 10. Lead And Lift Most joint finishes, that are tooled with a jointer or trowel, are carried out at the end of laying every course or two. The exception is the raked joint that may be left for a couple of hours. At the end of each day all work should be cleaned down with a stiff brush. A piece of hessian bag or other material may be used to remove any marks from the wall first. Precautions In Brick Masonry
- 11. Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water penetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is sufficient. • A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork. Vertical joints shouldn't be continuous but staggered. • The joint thickness shouldn't exceed 1cm. It should be thoroughly filled with the cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume) • All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top(depression on top of the brick for providing bond with mortar). • Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment, verticality and horizontality of construction. • Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to provide good bond. • A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day. • Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days
- 12. Tools And Plants Used In Brick Masonry You've heard it said many times, having the right tools makes any job easier. Before you start, there are some basic tools and equipment you'll need. These tools may change depending on the type of job, but generally, the following tools are required when building a masonry wall.
- 13. Comparison Between Brick And Stone Masonry
- 14. Hollow concrete block Masonry Concrete masonry blocks have been in existence for centuries. Revolutionary changes in manufacturing technology and material sciences have made multi sized, shaped, colors and textured blocks a reality. They are used as both structural and non-structural components and have been the preferred building blocks in the w eastern world. They are fast replacing traditional bricks and other masonry products in India too.
- 15. Composite Composite masonry is the one which is constructed out of building units or of different types of building materials
- 16. What is ‘DOOR’? Door, which is a frame-work of timber, glass, steel combination of these material, a connecting link between various internal parts in a building unit.
- 17. PANELLED DOOR A door constructed with panels, usually shaped topattern, installed between the stiles and rails that form the outside frame of the door.
- 18. TYPES OF DOORS GLAZED DOOR-Glazed door , which gives very good elevational effects, uses in posh residential building. BATTENED DOOR- Battened door, which is a simplest type of door shutter, is economical than other doors as workmanship involved in it is very small. Battens are 100 - 150mm wide & 20 - 30mm thick. COLLAPSIBLE DOOR-Collapsible door, which may be fabricated in form single/two shutters, consists of vertical mild steel channels 16 - 20mm wide, a vertical gape 12 – 20mm. ROLLING STEEL SHUTTER-Rolling steel shutter , which is capable of being rolled up & causes no obstruction when open, is usually provided for garages, shops, godowns etc. P.V.C. DOOR- P.V.C door uses bathroom, shops etc. REVOLVING DOOR-Revolving door, which is incoming & out going door, is provided in big hostels, banks etc.
- 19. A louver is a window blind or shutter with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain, direct sunshine, and noise. The angle of the slats may be adjustable, usually in blinds and windows, or fixed.[1] Modern louvers are often made of aluminium, metal, wood, or glass. They may be opened and closed with a metal lever, pulleys, or through motorized operators. Glazing can be mounted on the surface of a window sash or door stile, usually made of wood, aluminium or PVC. The glass is fixed into a rabbet (rebate) in the frame in a number of ways including triangular glazing points, putty, etc.. Glazing is commonly used in low temperature solar thermal collectors because it helps retain the collected heat.
- 20. Sliding windows are becoming increasingly popular because they are easy to operate and do not occupy space either on the interior or on the exterior. There are several series ranging from two-track to four-track. They are capable to being fabricated in heights ranging from a standard 4' to as high as 10'.The windows have very sophisticated facilities such as interlocking sections, grooves for weather strip, provisions for fixing. The process of removing used air by fresh air from buildings and spaces is called ventilation. This is done by Natural or Artificial methods.
- 21. Vertical communication is also called as two-way communication because in this communication, the management can give directives and send information downward and in addition receive periodic information from subordinates about the effectiveness of their directives and the progress of the organization. Stair case Elevator Ramp
- 22. Requirement Of Good Staircase
- 23. 1.LOCATION:--It should be so located that sufficient light and ventilation is ensured in the stairway. If possible should be located centrally so as to be easily accessible from the different corner of the building. 2. WIDTH OF A STAIR:--Width of the stair varies with the situation and the purpose for which it is provided. In public building where there is a regular traffic of people using the stair way ,it's width should be sufficient while in a residential building it may be just the minimum. The usually adopted average value of the stair width for public and residential building is 1.8m and 80 cm respectively. 3.LENGTH OF FLIGHT:-- For the comfortable ascent of stair way the number of step in the flight should be restricted to a maximum of 12 and minimum of 3. 4.PITCH OF STAIR :--The pitch of long stair should be made flatter by introducing landings to make the ascent less tiresome and less dangerous. In general, the slope of stair never exceed 40degree and should not be flatter than 25degree. 5.HEAD ROOM:--The head room or the clear distance between the tread and the soffit of the flight immediately above it should not be less than 2.14m 6.MATERIAL:--The stair should preferably be constructed of materials which possess fire resisting qualities. 7.BALUSTRADE:--The open well stairs should be provided with balustrade so as to minimize the danger of accidents. 8.LANDING:--The width of the landing should not be less than the width of stair. 9.WINDERS:--The introduction of winders in stair should be avoided as far as possible. They are liable to be dangerous and involve extra expense in the construction. They are difficult to carpet and are especially unsuitable for public buildings, However where the winders cannot be dispensed with, they should preferably be provided near the lower end of the flight. 10.STEP PROPORTIONS:-- The rise and tread of every step in a stair should be uniform dimensions throughout. The ratio of the going and the rise ,of the step should be so proportioned as to ensure a comfortable access to the stair way.
- 25. Fabricated Stair
- 26. SCAFOLTING AND SHOARING TYPE - A number of patented shoring systems have been developed with adjustable legs which eliminate cutting, close fitting, and wedging. Figure 3 shows schematic diagram of one such device. Figure 1 - Shoring system with adjustable legs Figure 1 shows a picture where this device is being utilized. Figure 2 - Application of shoring system with adjustable legs Scaffold-Type Shoring Tubular steel form scaffolding was first designed to support loads imposed by the workers getting to the work area. Since the system of jacks in the tubular steel scaffolding makes it easy to adjust and level elevations, it is often used as a support for formwork. Since it is a modular assembly, it makes it an attractive option for rapid utilization for formwork support.
- 27. Shoring and underpinning 1.The stability of a structure is endangered due to removal of a defective portion of the structure. 2.The stability of a structure is endangered due to unequal settlement during construction itself or in long run. 3.Certain alterations are to be done in present structure itself. Eg: remodeling of walls, changing position of windows,etc. • Alterations are carried out in adjacent building for remodeling, strengthening of foundation, etc Frame Shoring Safety Rule • POST THESE SHORING SAFETY RULES - in a conspicuous place and be sure that all persons who erect, dismantle or use shoring frame are aware of them. •FOLLOW ALL STATE, LOCAL AND FEDERAL CODES, ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS - pertaining to shoring •A SHORING LAYOUT - shall be available on the jobsite at all time. •INSPECT ERECTED SHORING AND FORMING – a) immediately prior to pour, b) During pour, c) After pour until concrete is set. •CONSULT YOUR SHORING EQUIPMENT SUPPLIER WHEN IN DOUBT - shoring is his business .