Chapter 3 power point shortened
- 1. Chapter 3
- 2. High point of Greek civilization “Golden Age” of Greece Greek city-states dominated by Athens
- 3. Wealth Military success Political leadership Advances in democracy demos = people + kratos = rule
- 4. After Persian Wars Athens launched program to rebuild city Music, literature, theate r, art Philosophy, science, ma thematics, history
- 5. Sparta not interested in leading the Greeks Long-term commitment Helot uprisings Naval action Attention shifts to Athens
- 7. Delian League Formed soon after Persian Wars ended Greeks met on Delos Sacred island Centrally located How was the alliance sealed?
- 8. A THEATER AT DELOS Athens + allies promise to provide ships, money Protect Greeks from Persian invasion Obtain reparations Raids + booty from war
- 9. A SACRED TEMPLE AT DELOS Experience Size Navy Wealth Political leadership
- 10. Leader of the Delian League
- 11. Son of Miltiades + Thracian princess Athenian general, led Greeks at Marathon Bold, ambitious aristocrat Elected strategus Strategus= military commander, part of archonship
- 13. Thasos •Rocky island off the coast of Thrace •Wealth from gold mines •Joined Delian League
- 14. THASOS TODAY Thasos wanted to leaveDelian League Athens besieged Thasos for over two years Thasos finally defeated Athenian aggression for its own purposes Delian League became Athenian Empire
- 15. Thasians ask Sparta to invade Athens Sparta said “yes” However: Spartan earthquake + Helot rebellion = NO Spartan invasion
- 16. Spartans asked Athens: “Help with Helot uprising” Cimon said “ok” (enemies outraged, plotted overthrow) Sparta sent Athenians home Feared Athenian “boldness & revolutionary spirit”
- 17. While Cimon in Sparta Ephialtes “attacked” Areopagus Stripped away most of its power Goal = reduce Cimon’s influence But, Ephialtes was assassinated
- 18. CIMON’S OSTRAKON Pericles = new leader of democratic faction Ostracized Cimon: 461 B.C. Alliance with Argos Sparta’s traditional enemy
- 19. Megara withdrew from Peloponnesian League Athenians accept Megara as an ally Angered Sparta Led to First Peloponnesian War
- 20. THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE Athens gained more land, power: Conquered Aegina, gained control of Boeotia Conquered border states Dominated the seas Then, the tide turned…
- 21. Athenians helped Egyptians rebel against Persians Terrible defeat Lost ships, men, prestige Led to rebellions in Athenian empire 449 B.C.: Athenians ended war with Persians
- 22. Pericles agreed to treaty Supposed to guaranteethirty years of peace Terms: Athens: Abandon possessions on mainland outside Attica Sparta: Recognize Athenian Empire
- 23. Persians no longer a threat Poleis wanted to: Reduce contributions to the League, or Withdraw from the League Athens said NO.
- 25. After Egyptian defeat: League’s treasury moved to Athens Athens kept 1/60 of annual revenues Justification for empire? No Persian threat, no pirates
- 26. 2 Goals: Rebuild temples Find way to maintain freedom of seas Sparta refused to participate Prevents congress from meeting
- 27. “Athens’ welfare matters most” Allies = “colonies” Athens = “mother city” (metropolis) Alliance based on “good feeling“ & religious observances
- 28. Athens treated allies as subjects Only three allies sent ships Allies unwilling to defend themselves Athenian rule = tyranny Athens became dependent on empire
- 29. Approved every decision of state Comprised of citizens, not representatives
- 30. Judicial decisions subject to appeal 51 - 1,501 citizens on this court (no more, no less) Chosen from annual panel of jurors
- 31. Most selected by lot, not class Usually nobles, almost always rich People could choose others, like: The “ten generals” (military AND political power) Imperial treasurers
- 32. Accountability Officials could be removed from office Compulsory examination, accounting at term’s end No way to coerce people No standing army, no police
- 34. Elected to generalship 15 years in a row Elected to generalship 30 times in all Persuasive speaker, skillful politician Respected military leader and patriot Incorruptible
- 35. WOMEN AT A FESTIVAL Male-dominated society Women excluded from public life No voting Not part of political assemblies, no public office No direct part in politics
- 37. Pericles divorced wife Lived with Aspasia Foreigner Lively intellect; Socrates talked to her Plato joked that she wrote funeral oration
- 38. Loved, treated her as wife, equal Included in conversations with men Discussed important matters with her, respected opinions Openly affectionate (unusual)
- 39. Scandalous relationship Openly mocked Aristophanes blamed her for Peloponnesian War Enemies said Pericles enslaved to foreign, manipulative woman
- 40. Began as bank clerk Earned freedom, became Athens’ richest banker Awarded Athenian citizenship Rare; yet, many Greek slaves gained freedom
- 42. THE SCHOOL OF HELLAS Athens collected “tribute” from allies Helped support artists, writers, actors, ph ilosophers Pericles wanted Athens to be “school of Hellas”
- 44. More fluid Not just gods Women Children Average men Foreigners
- 45. 5th century art celebrated man’s achievements Not just focused on religious themes
- 46. Athenians still honored Greek deities through sculpture Garments, movement more fluid, realistic
- 48. THE PARTHENON Buildings emphasize glory of man “Perfection,” using optical illusions New buildings that feature powerful images: Battle scenes, celebrations
- 49. Erectheum The portico features six draped female figures
- 50. Innovative column design Ionic Doric Corinthian
- 51. THE BEST WAY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ORDERS IS TO LOOK AT THE CAPITAL (TOP PART OF THE COLUMN).
- 53. THIS IS NOT AN ANCIENT GREEK COLUMN. CAN YOU TELL WHERE IT IS FROM?
- 54. Colonies begin to resent the “Mother City”
- 55. Resentment; loss of independence Non-members denied Athenian citizenship Treated as inferiors, no political representation Athens prospered while they floundered: Funded Athenian projects; their needs ignored
- 56. As a result, many disgruntled Greeks turned to Sparta for help.
- 57. The Demise of the Athenian Empire
- 58. Greece during the Great Peloponnesian War Athens, Sparta, and their allies
- 59. Peloponnesian War sparked by minor dispute War lasted from 431-404 B.C. Sparta angered: Blamed Athens for threatening Greek independence “This day will be the beginning of great evil for the Greeks.”
- 60. Corcyra (Corfu): island west of Greece Inhabitants called Phaiakians Corinthians settled there, but considered itself neutral Independent, hostile attitude toward Corinth (metropolis) Corinth = Sparta’s ally
- 61. TODAY, CORCYRA IS CALLED CORFU Quarrel erupted between Corcyra and Corinth Corcyra = second biggest navy Corinth might capture neutral Corcyra Corcyra would then allied with Sparta Change balance of power? Threaten Athenian security?
- 62. Provided for arbitration “Arbitration” = In a dispute, both parties agree to let objective person/group hear grievances, settle argument Athens offered to arbitrate any question
- 63. Summer 432 B.C. = Sparta met with allies Corinthians argued that Athens: “continues to be aggressive” “wants to enslave all Greeks” Voted for war
- 64. Athens had intervened in a civil war Athens had created an alliance with Corcyra This could upset the balance of power: Athenian Empire vs. Peloponnesian League
- 65. Sparta said “No”, refused any Athenian arbitration Sparta’s army marched into Attica
- 66. Traditional approach Threaten crops; starve into submission Force enemy to defend land in hoplite battle Better army Outnumbered Athenians two to one
- 67. Wait it out Large, powerful navy Annual income from the empire Allow Sparta to devastate land Launch seaborne raids, hurt Sparta’s allies
- 68. Impregnable 4 meters thick, 20 meters tall Connected Athens to fortified port (Piraeus) Fleet could bring supplies to Athens
- 69. Believed Spartan alliance would crumble War would end in 1-2 years Athens could last 4-5 years behind Long Walls Then, raise tribute in the empire Risk: Athenian allies rebelling
- 70. Sparta couldn’t penetrate the walls Spartans ravaged Attic countryside Ineffective! Athenians not be drawn out to battle Remained safe behind walls
- 71. Terrible disease struck Athens Cause? Kind of disease? Ships? Population trapped behind the walls
- 72. Plague struck Sparta, much of eastern Mediterranean Plague returned twice more 429 B.C. Winter of 427-426 B.C.
- 73. History of the Peloponnesian War Survived the plague himself Described point of origin: Ethiopia to Egypt and Libya, then Greece Broke out in Athens, an overcrowded city
- 74. Athens lost one third of its population Sight of burning funeral pyres in Athens caused the Spartan army to withdraw for fear of the disease
- 75. Thousands of Athenians died Infantry, naval commanders, sailors died Pericles died during secondary outbreak 429 BC.
- 76. No dominant leader emerged after Pericles Two factions: Nicias: “Continue Pericles’ defensive policy” Cleon: “More aggressive strategy” Cleon gained control of Athens
- 77. Cleon’s leadership Militant democratic + imperialistic leader Led Athenian armies outside of Attica Wanted to draw away crucial Spartan allies
- 78. Successful at first 400 Spartans surrendered Sparta offered peace to get them back Restored Athenian prestige Athens raised tribute to pay for war
- 79. Athens tried to conquer Megara, Boeotia Failed Defeat discredited Athens Led to a truce with Sparta in 423 B.C.
- 80. Brasidas sent to Thrace and Macedonia Encouraged revolt among Athens’ subject cities Captured Amphipolis (important Athenian colony)
- 81. In charge of Athenian fleet fighting Brasidas Held responsible for loss of Amphipolis Exiled, wrote history of Peloponnesian War
- 82. Cleon fought Brasidas at Amphipolis. BOTH Cleon and Brasidas died in battle.
- 83. Some Athenians + Spartans wanted to end war Fifty-year truce, named for chief negotiator Restored political conditions to pre-war state
- 84. Neither side honored all commitments Several of Sparta’s allies refused ratification 415 B.C. = Alcibiades convinced Athens to attack Sicily
- 85. Wealthy Handsome Educated by Pericles Friend of Socrates; potential “philosopherking” Brilliant military strategist
- 86. Expected political promotion Experience, intelligence, noble upbringing Leaders said he needed time to mature Arrogant, unscrupulous
- 87. Festival Alcibiades accused of vandalizing religious statues (Hermae) Ordered to stand before the court Fled to Sparta, divulged military secrets
- 88. Later, wanted to return to Athens Athens said, “Yes.” Described Sparta’s military plans, offered advice Convinced Athenians to attack, subdue Sicily
- 89. Sicily fought to maintain freedom Persia provided ships + money; allied with Sparta Devastating loss for Athens 200 ships, 4,500 Athenian soldiers, 45,000 allied troops Loss of prestige; sparked rebellions; empowered Sparta
- 90. Athens won battles, but finances + support dwindled Lysander = Spartan commander; obtained Persian support Cut off food supplies through Hellespont Athenians finally starved into submission
- 91. Long walls torn down Navy destroyed – except for 12 ships Democratic government dissolved Forced to be Sparta’s ally Empire dismantled
- 92. Hegemony
- 93. Hegemony = “leadership” Vacuum of power after Athenian Empire collapsed Rivalry among Greek cities for leadership Sparta emerged as leader
- 94. Returned Greek cities in Asia Minor to Persians Installed board of ten oligarchs in each: City along European coast Aegean island
- 95. Limited population, Helot uprisings, conservatism Corinth and Thebes resented Spartan abuses Installed oligarchic government in Athens “Thirty Tyrants” (named for outrageous behavior) Athenians hated them
- 96. 405 B.C. = Death of Persian ruler, Darius II Succeeded by Artaxerxes II (king who married Esther?) Younger brother, Cyrus, contested his rule Asked Sparta for help Spartans win, but Cyrus died in battle
- 97. Greeksin Asia Minor had supported Cyrus Feared Artaxerxes’ revenge, asked Sparta for help Sparta sent army to Asia Minor Army led by new Spartan king, Aegislaus Frightened Persians
- 98. Persians promised Greeks support if they fought Sparta Thebes said ok, organized alliance Alliance included Argos, Corinth, and resurgent Athens Resulted in Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.) Ended Spartan aggression in Asia
- 99. Persian fleet destroyed Sparta’s naval empire Athenians took advantage of this: Rebuilt walls, enlarged navy Recovered some of lost empire in Aegean War ended when Greeks accepted Persian treaty
- 100. A SPARTAN SHIELD Persians worried about Athens Told Sparta manage Greece All alliances dissolved, except Peloponnesian League Spartan army kept poleis in check Threatened to put Spartan allies in positions of leadership
- 101. Sparta seized Thebes During peacetime, without warning or cause Similar attempt on Athens Athens joined with Thebes Athens rebelled earlier; gained independence Athens/Thebes defeated Sparta
- 102. Thebans urged central Peloponnesus to make changes: Form league, free Helots, establish own city Accomplished at Sparta’s expense Lost farmland, workers, power, prestige Surrounded by hostile neighbors
- 103. Power based on: Democratic constitution Control over Boeotia Leadership of two popular generals
- 104. Most popular Theban general Thebes dominated Greece North of Athens + Corinthian Gulf Challenged new Athenian Empire for power in Aegean
- 105. Many poleis resisted Theban control. Battle of Mantinea Epaminondas led Boeotian army into Peloponnesus Army successful but Epaminondas died BOTH Theban generals died; ended Theban dominance
- 106. Organized in 378 B.C. Goal: Resist Spartan aggression in Aegean Hoped to avoid past mistakes and abuses Athens still repeated abuses; allies revolted By 355 B.C., Athens abandoned most of the empire
- 107. After 200 years of almost continuous warfare, the Greeks returned to the chaotic disorganization that characterized the time before the founding of the Peloponnesian League.
- 108. For Better…Or, For Worse
- 109. Poverty in the cities Stronger class divisions Professionalism in the army Changes in demographics Population in some cities Population in some cities
- 110. People responded in various ways: Look to the past for explanation and direction Despair, then look for new answers Avoid the topic altogether
- 111. Reflected “tension” Friction, conflict Victory Pride in man’s achievements Despair, frustration Cynicism
- 112. Major form of Greek poetry “Attic” = from Attica Aeschylus= most famous poet of this period Other famous playwrights include Sophoclesand Euripides
- 113. Part of religious festival, honored Dionysus Poets submitted plays to archon: Three tragedies and one satyr play Plays usually had common theme
- 114. Given to the three best competitors Prizes: three actors and a chorus Actors paid by state Chorus provided by wealthy citizen
- 115. Most tragedies performed in Athens’ Theater of Dionysus Natural amphitheater Superior acoustics Audience of 30,000
- 116. Focused on important issues Usually from mythology Sometimes from history or contemporary event Dealt with difficult questions: Religion, politics, ethics, morality
- 117. Introduced early in 5th century B.C. Main playwright = Aristophanes Scathing satire against political, public figures ▪ Pericles, Cleon, Socrates, Eurip ides
- 118. 4th century B.C. Few political subjects New kind of story line Humorous, realistic depiction of daily life Plots of intrigue Mild satire
- 119. Role of chorus diminished Menander Abandoned mythological subjects altogether Wrote about domestic tragi-comedy
- 120. No tragedies from 4th century B.C. survived Euripides’ tragedies resurfaced, became increasingly popular Few references to the gods Focused on psychology and individual behavior
- 121. Emphasis on stories about everyday life Plot moves toward simpler comedies Fewer stories about epic heroes, lofty topics
- 122. The Search for Answers
- 123. Originated in Ionia 6th century B.C. Movement away from religious myths Celebrated man’s reason, ability to find Truth Combined religion, morals, and metaphysics (the nature of
- 124. Do gods cause everything? Are the gods real? What is real? Can man affect change? How to live well = Right opinions about God, world, man, virtue
- 125. Seeking Answers about the Universe
- 126. Questioned nature of the cosmos (universe) “Single, eternal, imperishable substance = basis for reality” Wanted to understand the “One” Everything emerges from the “One”
- 127. Contemporary of Solon “Water= basic element for everything in nature” Omitted gods from origin of nature Believed earth floated on water First to predict eclipse of the sun
- 128. Rejected Thales belief about water “Indefinite substance (Boundless) = source of all” “Boundless” contains powers of heatand cold Heat and cold produced nucleus(seed of world) Influenced ideas about evolution
- 129. “Airis primary substance” Believed world was orderly “Rainbow made of sun’s rays falling on dense air”
- 130. What is the soul?
- 131. Soul more important than body Immortality Transmigration of the soul (reincarnation) Ate no meat Influenced Plato
- 132. Taught transmigration of souls (reincarnation) “Order in universe based on numbers” Mathematical, geometrical, astronomicalscience Knew that earth is a sphere Developed Pythagorean theorum
- 133. “You can never step into same stream twice” “Material world is in state of flux” Matter itself is constantly changing “Fire(constantly changing) = source of all things”
- 134. Disagreed with Heraclitus “Change is an illusion of the senses” “Reality is fixed, unchanging” Founder of formal logic Believed in True Being: “one,” transcendent, permanent, perfect
- 135. Identified four basic elements:Fire,Water, Earth ,Air “Reality is permanent but mobile” Four elements move by two opposing forces Love and Strife Like magnet’s attraction or repulsion
- 136. Called the “laughing philosopher” “World made of innumerable tiny, solid, indivisible, un changeable particles: atoms” Atoms move, create shapes/colors that senses perceive
- 137. Friend of Pericles “World made of tiny fundamental particles: seeds” “Seeds unite on rational basis by nous, or mind” Made distinction between matter and mind
- 138. Searching for Answers through Observation
- 139. Started a school Observed ill patients, classified symptoms Predicted future course of an illness Rejected supernatural explanations and cures
- 140. Traveling teachers
- 141. Paid, traveling teachers of rhetoric, dialectic, argumentation Taught students how to win arguments Some claimed to teach wisdom Socrates believed sophistry was wrong “Distracts people from pursuit of Truth”
- 142. Sophist “Law is contrary to nature” “Law man-made, so weak controls strong” Extremist “Gods invented, keep people from doing what they wish”
- 143. Never wrote anything Plato wrote “dialogues,” Socrates was a character Xenophon also wrote about Socrates Did not consider himself wise Denied he was a teacher or sophist
- 144. Socrates walked around Athens, barefooted Odd looking: Bulging eyes, large nose Successfully argued that he was superior looking Taught by asking questions (Socratic Method)
- 145. Leading questions get people to think (“Aha!”) Believed people do wrong because of ignorance Don’t know what is virtuous Educate in virtue, right living will follow BOTH student AND teacher learns
- 146. Angry Athenians accused him of: Corrupting the youth Bringing new gods into the city Stood trial Choice: exile or execution Chose death: drank poison from hemlock plant
- 148. Extremists Based philosophy on Socratic teaching Disdained worldly pleasure and wealth Withdrew from political life
- 149. Founded the Cynics Follower of Socrates
- 150. Wore rags, lived in a tub Performed shameful acts in public Made living by begging “Happiness found in satisfying natural needs in simplest, most direct, public way”
- 151. Ridiculed all religious observances Plato said Diogenes was Socrates gone mad.
- 152. “Virtue = wisdom and happiness” “Virtue comes from proper style of life” Can’t be taught, does not come from philosophy (Socrates said the opposite)
- 153. Abandoned concept of polis altogether Diogenes said he was kosmopolites, “citizen of the world”
- 155. Socrates’ most important student Became greater than Socrates First systematic philosopher Applied philosophy to political events, ideas
- 156. Wrote 26philosophical discussions Almost all were dialogues “Conversations” between Socrates and various people
- 157. Noble Athenian family Wanted to participate in politics but didn’t Socrates’ execution Reign of Thirty Tyrants
- 158. Influential school Purpose: train statesmen, citizens Closed by Justinian in 6th century A.D.
- 159. “Truth can be discovered by REASON” Disliked democracy because power given to “amateurs” Philosopher = “lover of wisdom” should lead polis “We should question, challenge authority”
- 160. “Polis is based on virtues: order, harmony, justice” Goal of the polis: Produce good people “Man was meant to live in community” “Community helps man become good”
- 161. “Knowledge” (episteme) True, unchanging wisdom Only for a few philosophers Philosophers need training (helps philosopher see “reality”)
- 162. Only philosophers qualified to rule Prefer “life of contemplation” Will accept responsibility from sense of duty
- 163. Tried to define justice and holiness These are inherent in the Good Discovery possible only through philosophy
- 164. “Preserve polis through moral + political reform” Alleviate causes of strife: Private property, family Anything that comes between citizen and polis
- 165. Man must have knowledge of the Good Understand philosophical principles first Right action follows
- 167. Plato’s student Son of court doctor in Macedon Studied at the Academy Joined Platonic colony in Asia Minor TaughtAlexander the Great
- 168. Founded Athenian school: the Lyceum Goal: Gather, order, analyz e all human knowledge
- 169. Wrote dialogueson Platonic philosophy; none survive 158 collections of information Served as basis for scientific works Only the Constitution of the Athenians remains
- 170. Philosophy led to scientific studies: Logic, rhetoric Physics, astronomy, biolog y (including marine biology Ethics, politics Literary Criticism (categorized genres)
- 171. Observe evidence Physical evidence OR opinion Applyreason; discover patterns/inconsistencies Compare + contrast Explainwith metaphysical principles
- 172. Emphasized balanced life Moderation in all things Goal: “The Good Life” Contemplative but enough wealth to live comfortably
- 173. Sophists: “Polis is a manmade convention” Aristotle said no: Polis is natural, necessary Polis will change over time Polis will improve
- 174. Everything evolves to final, perfected form Institutions serve human needs, helps continue species Marriage + household necessaryto polis Purpose of polis: moral (not military, economic)
- 175. Best polis combines justice and stability Good constitution stresses moderation
- 176. “Power should rest with middle class” Most numerous and stable Not arrogant from wealth or malicious from poverty Mixed Constitution best Democracy AND oligarchy
- 177. Alexander died; Athenians rebelled from Macedonian rule Aristotle fled Died in Calcis (in Euboea) the next year
- 178. Contemporary of Plato and Aristotle Headed important rhetorical/ philosophical school in Athens
- 179. Supported Philip of Macedon Sought unity and leadership Urged imperial conquest Plato said, “No – problem is moral” Aristotle said, “Apply virtue, moderation; empower middle class”
- 180. The Fourth Century B.C.
- 181. “300 years when Greek culture spread from Greece to Egypt, into Asia” Hellenistic culture: Mixture of Greek + Near Eastern cultures Hellenistic world larger than classical Greek world
- 183. 4th century B.C. North of Thessaly “Protect Greece” from invading tribes to the north
- 184. Ruled loosely by a king Family line, army support, quarrels over throne ▪ People pretended to be rightful heir; murder common Council of nobles checked king’s power Could reject weak or incompetent king
- 185. Spoke Greek dialect; nobles considered themselves Greek Kings claimed descent from Heracles Royal house claimed descent from Argos Tried to bring Greek culture into their court Eventually won acceptance at Olympic games
- 186. Gradually drove Athenians from Thermaic Gulf (near Thessaloniki) Built fleet to confront Athenian navy Used ships to harass Athenian trade
- 187. Reigned as regent for infant nephew Overthrow nephew; made himself king Admired Greek culture Had been hostage in Thebes Exposed to Greek politics and warfare
- 188. Talent for war Diplomatic Ambitious Pacified tribes on his frontiers
- 189. Gold + silver mines enabled him to: Found new cities Bribe politicians in foreign towns Reorganize + strengthen his army Bribe soldiers to fight as mercenaries
- 191. Versatile, powerful army; national, professional Infantry drawn from: Macedonian farmers Macedonian hill people Often rebellious; this created loyalty
- 192. 13-foot pikes, not 9-foot pikes Stressed accuracy with pikes, swords Heavier fighting clothes Open phalanx to, held enemy until cavalry charged flank
- 193. Made up of Macedonian nobles, clan leaders Called the Companions Lived closely with the king, loyal to him
- 194. Unitedbarbarians, unhap py Macedonians Job of mercenaries: Military secrets Get info: new weapons, tactics, siege machinery Philip expandedarmywith 40,000 more men
- 195. Philip on the March
- 196. Asked Philip to lead war against Phocis Philip agreed, then took over Thessaly Turned against Thrace, Greek cities along Aegean Forced three kings to accept his overlordship
- 197. Athenian statesman and orator Philip’s chief opponent Issued series of speeches, called The Philippics Said Philip wanted to control Greece Urged resistance
- 198. Most Athenians agreed with Demosthenes BUT, most were unwilling to move against Philip Preferred the “path of peace” Inaction led to defeat
- 199. Athenian philosopher Thought Philip would bring unity + leadership
- 200. Governing Greece
- 201. Not as harsh as feared Demosthenes could still engage in politics Athens spared from attack IF: It gives up rest of empire Follow Macedon’s lead
- 202. Supposed to: Provide autonomy, freedom from tribute & garrisons Suppress piracy & civil war Members to make independent, foreign policy NOT TRUE; Philip ruled, period.
- 203. Corinthbecame seat of Philip’s confederacy Philip announced plans to invade Persia.
- 204. Named pre-existing city “Philippi” after himself Probably city where Paul was imprisoned Philippian jailer Philippian letter probably written to Christians here
- 205. Philip had several wives Yet, only one queen, Olympias Mother of his heir, Alexander
- 206. Assassinated– just before he attacked Persians Who was responsible? Persians? Olympias? Egyptian consort, Cleopatra? (not the famous one)
- 207. Philip’s Tomb A golden chest with the star of Macedon imprinted on it
- 208. CROWN ARMOR
- 209. Philip’s empire The Macedonian Conquest
- 210. Conquering King
- 212. A Thessalian, named Philoneicus, brought a wild horse to Philip II. Philip was angry because the horse seemed unstable, but Alexander had watched Bucephalus and gave his father a challenge.
- 213. Although Alexander was only 12 years old, he had noticed that Bucephalus was shying away from his own shadow. Alexander gently led Bucephalus into the sun so that his shadow was behind him. Eventually Bucephalus allowed Alexander to ride him.
- 214. Philip said, "Look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee.”
- 215. Alexander named the horse Bucephalus because the horse's head seemed "as broad as a bull’s.”
- 216. Bucephalus died of battle wounds in 326B.C. in Alexander's last battle. Alexander founded the city of Bucephala in memory of his beloved horse.
- 218. Tutored by Aristotle Gave Alexander copy of Homer’s Iliad Learned military science in father’s school Fought first battle: 16 Commanded cavalry: 18
- 219. Inherited throne at age 20 Created greatest empire the world had ever seen Earned title “Alexander the Great” Extraordinary courage, inspired loyalty among soldiers
- 220. Highly efficient army Royal Army mostly from Macedonia Some soldiers from League of Corinth Professional soldiers from other parts of Greece
- 222. Persia was stronger: more troops, ships, wealth BUT Persia lacked efficient leadership, military science
- 223. Led 35,000 soldiers into Asia Minor Defeated Darius III Darius fled Darius’s mother, wife, children were captured Alexander treated them humanely
- 225. Marched into Egypt; captured with little trouble Called: “Liberator” “Pharaoh” “Son of Re”
- 226. In Egypt, ordered new capital city built Died before he could see it Alexandria’s population: at least half a million One of ancient world’s leading cities
- 227. Famous for achievements in science + scholarship Ptolemy II founded the first “Museum” A temple to the Muses Huge library next to temple ▪ Housed Greek, Egyptian writings
- 228. Housed half a million works Helped preserve knowledge of Classical Greece
- 229. Marble lighthouse for ships One of the “Seven Wonders of the World” Destroyed by earthquakes in 14th century A.D. 1480 A.D. = stones, marble used for Arab fort
- 231. Marched into Gordium Wagon tied to pole with complicated knot Prophecy about “cutting the Gordian knot” Now: ability to solve a difficult problem
- 232. Destroyed Persian army Again, Darius escaped Greeks pursued him Darius murdered by his own troops Alexander crowned Great King of Persia
- 234. Married Roxana, daughter of Sogdian chief Received Persian noblemen into his confidence Adopted dress, customs of Persian court Worried Macedonians 327 B.C. = Friend taunted Alexander; killed with a spear
- 236. Carried copy of Iliad on campaigns Housed in casket taken from Darius’ spoils Drunken rages; killed friend Executed nobles who plotted against his life Burned Persepolis, Persian capital
- 237. Never planned to build an empire Mainly wanted to get rid of Persian threat
- 240. Crossed Hindu Kush mountains Engaged fierce tribes of the hills Defeated Porus Porus commanded large army + used war elephants
- 241. By the time he reached India, many of his soldiers refused to march any further. Turned and started for home Winter of 325-324 B.C. = terrible hardships
- 242. His army reached Babylon There, Alexander caught fever — and died 32 or 33 years old
- 243. Alexander’s army marched over 5,000 miles Empire stretched as far as northern India Consolidated Persia in 3 years Founded 70 cities: 15 named Alexandria, most famous in Egypt
- 244. Under Alexander’s leadership, nature of polis changed More like a city in a nationalized state Creative + political freedom ceased to thrive
- 245. The Hellenistic Age came into being – mostly because Alexander helped to spread Greek culture throughout the eastern part of the known world.
- 246. Dividing the Empire
- 247. Alexander’s succession was weak Son and mother = executed or murdered Weak-minded half-brother = either executed or murdered Generals became governors, managed parts of empire Surviving governors claimed kingship over their provinces
- 248. Kingdom divided between Alexander’s generals Three successors helped preserve, spread Hellenistic culture: Ptolemy I Seleucus I Antigonus I
- 249. One of Alexander’s most trusted generals One of seven bodyguards Only a few years older than Alexander; childhood friend Ruled Egypt and founded Ptolemaic Dynasty Cleopatra was last rulers
- 251. Ruthlessly expanded his territory Founded Seleucid Dynasty in Mesopotamia Ruled Babylonia Ruled eastern part of empire, including Arabia
- 253. 26 years older than Alexander Alexander appointed him satrap of Phrygia Held territory with greater power than other "successors."
- 254. Tall warrior Fought Persians and lost an eye Gave him a ferocious appearance Nicknamed “The One-Eyed”
- 255. Founded Antigonid Dynastyin Asia Minor, Macedon Governed his kingdom well Appreciated Greek culture Appreciated freedom of Greek cities in Asia Minor
- 256. First 75 years prosperous: money from Persian battles Greeks moved into new areas; increased goods, markets Hellenistic kings familiar with Greek ways Preserved Greek culture, values, political structure
- 257. Changes in the Fourth Century B.C.
- 259. Schools continued in Athens but changed: Academy adopted Skeptics’ philosophies Lyceum became center for literary, historical studies
- 261. Founder: Pyrrho Pointed out philosophical fallacies in rival schools “Nothing can be known; accept conventional morality”
- 263. Denounced morality and status quo Advocated crude, “natural” life Shocked and outraged public
- 264. Diogenes reportedly walked around the streets of Athens, in broad daylight, carrying a lantern. When asked why he was doing this, Diogenes said that he was searching for an honest man.
- 265. Alexander once had an opportunity to meet Diogenes, who was reclining in the sunshine. Thrilled to meet the famous philosopher, Alexander asked if there was any favor he might do for him. "Yes,” Diogenes replied. “Stand out of my sunlight."
- 266. Numerous reports: held his breath till he died became ill from eating raw octopus suffered an infected dog bite
- 267. Someone once asked Diogenes how he wished to be buried. He said he wanted to be thrown outside the city wall so wild animals could feast on his body. “Wouldn’t you mind that?” the man asked. "Not at all,” Diogenes said, “as long as you provide me with a stick to chase the creatures away!" “But how could you use the stick? Wouldn’t you lack awareness?” the man asked. “If I lack awareness,” the philosopher replied, “then why should I care what happens to me when I am dead?"
- 269. Founded by Epicurus “Happiness achieved through reason” “Nothing after death, so no need to fear death” “Gods exist but uninterested in human affairs”
- 270. Wanted to liberatepeople from: Reliance on the gods Belief in supernatural Fear of death
- 271. Emphasis on pleasure, good life (hedonism) Pleasure = “absence of pain, trouble or responsibility” Withdrew from society Avoided business and public life Advocated “restrained selfishness”
- 273. Founder: Zeno Established a school Combined philosophies of Socrates, Cynics, Easte rn thought
- 274. “Live in harmony with yourself and with nature.” “God and nature are the same.” Logos = guiding principle in life, divine reason “Everyone has spark of divinity” “After death, spark returns to eternal, divine spirit”
- 275. “Pursue virtue; differentiate between good, evil, indifferent” Good: prudence, justice, courage, temperance Evil: folly, injustice, cowardice Indifferent: life, beauty, health, strength, pleasure, wealth “Misery results from passion; passion = soul’s disease”
- 276. Stoics fit into post-Alexandrian world because of: Apathy Willingness to maintain status quo Docile submission
- 278. Hellenized Greeks preserved manuscripts, made copies Museum at Alexandria; supported scientists, scholars Literary criticismemerged; judge, preserve best works Biographiesof authors written during this time
- 280. Hellenistic monarchies had money for building projects Needed new cities; introduced grids Improved existing cities Hellenistic temples and agoras followed Classical models
- 282. Wealthy people wanted art More uniform style Exceptions in Alexandria, Rhodes Moved away from balanced tension, idealism More sentimental, emotional, real istic
- 284. Inspired by Plato’s, Aristotle’s works Alexander interested in science Took scientists with him on expeditions Collected, recorded data Scientists gathered at Museum in Alexandria; discussed ideas
- 285. Wrote Elements Textbook on plane and solid geometry
- 286. Invented theory of lever in mechanics Invented hydrostatics “Eureka!” (bathtub discovery)
- 287. Astronomy based on Babylonian astronomical tables “Mercury, Venus circulate around sun, not earth”
- 288. “Sun, other fixed stars, do not move” “Earth revolves around sun in circular orbit” “Earth rotates on axis”
- 289. Constructed model of universe based on geocentric theory Explained movements of sun, moon, planets
- 290. Wrote treatise on geography Calculated circumference of Earth to within about 200 miles
- 291. Life science: biology, zoology, medicine During 3rd century B.C., almost a retreat from science through astrology, magic