The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 8 of 202
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The document describes updates and new features in Ring 1.8, including a stopwatch application, additional 3D samples, compiling on Manjaro Linux, using 'This' in class regions, default NULL values for object attributes, improved for loops scoping, merging binary characters, a FoxRing library, better form designer, updated cards game, improved RingQt, code generator support for static methods, and optimizations to the Ring compiler and virtual machine.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.8
? x # Print 6
func test2
list = 1:5
for x in list
next
? x # Print NULL (The "For In" loop will kill the reference after the loop)
Output:
10
6
10
NULL
10
4.11 Merge binary characters
From Ring 1.0 we can create binary strings and do operations on these strings.
Now in Ring 1.8, we can get individual characters from these strings and merge them together using the ‘+’ operator.
Example:
cStr = "Welcome"
? cstr[1] + cstr[2] + cStr[5]
v = cstr[1] + cstr[2] + cStr[5]
? v
? len(v)
c1 = cStr[1]
? c1
aList = [1,2,3]
cStr = ""
for item in aList
cStr += int2bytes(item)
next
? "All String"
? len(cStr)
? "First Part"
n1 = cStr[1] + cStr[2] + cStr[3] + cStr[4]
? len(n1)
? "Second Part"
n2 = cStr[5] + cStr[6] + cStr[7] + cStr[8]
? len(n2)
? "Third Part"
n3 = cStr[9] + cStr[10] + cStr[11] + cStr[12]
? len(n3)
? "All String"
cString = cStr[1] + cStr[2] + cStr[3] + cStr[4] +
cStr[5] + cStr[6] + cStr[7] + cStr[8] +
cStr[9] + cStr[10] + cStr[11] + cStr[12]
? len(cString)
? ascii(cStr[1])
? len(cStr[2])
Output:
4.11. Merge binary characters 47](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/71ring-180826100226/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-8-book-Part-8-of-202-7-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.8 book - Part 8 of 202
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 4.5 StopWatch Application Ring 1.8 comes with StopWatch application 4.5. StopWatch Application 41
- 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 4.6 More 3D Samples Ring 1.8 comes with more 3D Samples The next screen shot for the Top-Down view - Many levels of cubes sample 4.6. More 3D Samples 42
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 The next screen shot for the Camera Sample The next screen shot for the Camera and background sample Developer : Azzeddine Remmal 4.6. More 3D Samples 43
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 4.7 Compiling on Manjaro Linux Ring 1.8 is tested on Manjaro Linux too Tests by : Iip Rifai 4.7. Compiling on Manjaro Linux 44
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 4.8 Using This in the class region as Self The class region is the region that comes after the class name and before any method. Now we can use This in the class region as Self. Example: func main o1 = new program { test() } ? o1 class program this.name = "My Application" this.version = "1.0" ? name ? version func test ? "Name = " + name ? "Version = " + version Output My Application 1.0 Name = My Application Version = 1.0 name: My Application version: 1.0 Note: When we use braces to change the current active object, Using This we can still point to the class. Tip: The difference between This and Self is that Self point to the current active object that we can change using braces. Remember that in most cases we don’t need to use This or Self in the class region We can write class program name version Or class program name="My Application" version="1.0" Note: We use This or Self in the class region just to avoid conflict with global variables that are defined with the same name. 4.8. Using This in the class region as Self 45
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 4.9 Default value for object attributes is NULL Starting from Ring 1.8 the default value for object attributes is NULL In Ring, the NULL value is just an empty string or a string that contains “NULL” We can check for NULL values using the isNULL() function Example: oProgram = new Program ? oProgram.name ? oProgram.version ? isNULL(oProgram.name) ? isNULL(oProgram.version) oProgram { name="My Application" version="1.0" } ? isNULL(oProgram.name) ? isNULL(oProgram.version) ? oProgram class program name version Output: NULL NULL 1 1 0 0 name: My Application version: 1.0 In previous versions of Ring, trying to access the object attribute before assigning a value to it Will lead to runtime error and you can’t check it using isnull() The only way was assigning a value or using try/catch/end We changed this behavior so we can have full control in seamless way. 4.10 The For Loops uses the local scope In Ring 1.8, when the For Loop defines new identifier (variable) it will define it in the local scope. Example: x = 10 ? x # Print 10 test1() ? x # Print 10 test2() ? x # Print 10 func test1 for x = 1 to 5 next 4.9. Default value for object attributes is NULL 46
- 7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 ? x # Print 6 func test2 list = 1:5 for x in list next ? x # Print NULL (The "For In" loop will kill the reference after the loop) Output: 10 6 10 NULL 10 4.11 Merge binary characters From Ring 1.0 we can create binary strings and do operations on these strings. Now in Ring 1.8, we can get individual characters from these strings and merge them together using the ‘+’ operator. Example: cStr = "Welcome" ? cstr[1] + cstr[2] + cStr[5] v = cstr[1] + cstr[2] + cStr[5] ? v ? len(v) c1 = cStr[1] ? c1 aList = [1,2,3] cStr = "" for item in aList cStr += int2bytes(item) next ? "All String" ? len(cStr) ? "First Part" n1 = cStr[1] + cStr[2] + cStr[3] + cStr[4] ? len(n1) ? "Second Part" n2 = cStr[5] + cStr[6] + cStr[7] + cStr[8] ? len(n2) ? "Third Part" n3 = cStr[9] + cStr[10] + cStr[11] + cStr[12] ? len(n3) ? "All String" cString = cStr[1] + cStr[2] + cStr[3] + cStr[4] + cStr[5] + cStr[6] + cStr[7] + cStr[8] + cStr[9] + cStr[10] + cStr[11] + cStr[12] ? len(cString) ? ascii(cStr[1]) ? len(cStr[2]) Output: 4.11. Merge binary characters 47
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 Weo Weo 3 W All String 12 First Part 4 Second Part 4 } Third Part 4 All String 12 1 1 4.12 FoxRing Library Developer: Jose Rosado A class with some of the functions I used in FoxPro Example: Load "foxring.ring" mf = new frFunctions ? mf.frAbs(-45) ? mf.frAbs(10-30) ? mf.frAbs(30-10) ? mf.frTransform(" Ring is a good language ", "@! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!") ? mf.frAllTrim(" Ring is a good language ", Null) Output: 45 20 20 RING IS A GOOD LANGUAGE Ring is a good language 4.13 Better Form Designer 1. Layout Control - Display the control name when loading forms. 2. Button Control - Display the button images written using relative path. 3. Table Control - Display the control name when loading forms. 4. Better behavior in “Bring to front” and “Send to back” operations. 5. New buttons are added to the toolbar (Duplicate, Bring to front, Send to back, Delete). 6. Using layouts in (Menubar designer, Window Flags window, Selecting Objects window). 4.12. FoxRing Library 48
- 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 7. Better behavior for displaying the properties window when changing the selected objects. 8. New buttons are added to move and resize multiple selection of objects. 9. Window Properties - Add button to select the layout. 10. Opening forms and switching between files is faster. 11. Objects Order window. 12. Select Objects window. 13. When we change the control name, the name will be updated in layout objects. 4.14 Better Cards Game The Cards game is updated and we can play with the Computer 4.15 Better RingQt • The next classes are added to RingQt 1. QTabBar 2. QFile 3. QFileDevice 4. QStandardPaths 5. QDir 6. QQuickWidget 7. QQmlError 4.14. Better Cards Game 49
- 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.8 8. QScrollBar • RingQt for Android is updated to support modern versions of Qt Tested using 1. Qt 5.5.1 2. Qt 5.9.5 3. Qt 5.11.0 • In RingQt for Android, The Ring Object File (ringo) will be executed directly from resources. 4.16 Better Code Generator For Extensions New Option: StaticMethods Starting from Ring 1.8 the code generator support the staticmethods option. So the code generator can know that the class doesn’t need an object to call the methods. Example: <class> name: QStandardPaths para: void nonew staticmethods </class> QString displayName(QStandardPaths::StandardLocation type) QString findExecutable(QString executableName, QStringList paths)) 4.17 Better Ring Compiler and VM 1. Better loading for files in relative paths 2. Code Optimization for eval() function 3. Better Memory Pool 4. When embedding Ring in Ring, the error in the hosted environment will not close the host Example: ? "Start the test!" pState = ring_state_init() ring_state_runcode(pState," ? 'Let us try having an error' ? x") ring_state_delete(pState) ? "" ? "End of test!" Output: 4.16. Better Code Generator For Extensions 50