Computer Networks & mobile phone

Nimay Kumar Datta.
Chief Instructor (Computer)
Dinajpur Technical Training Centre.
Computer Network
Presented By -
Organized By -
National Academy For Computer Training & Research (NACTAR)
Ministry of Education
Bogra, Bangladesh.

Topics
• Computer Network
• Classification of Network
• Medium of Data Communication
• Bandwidth
• Network Topology
• Different Types of Networks Device
• Protocol
• IP Address
• Wireless Communication System
• Mobile phone
• Architecture of Cell Phone Network
• Generation of Mobile Phone System

Computer Networks
• hLb †Kvb GKwU †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
Kw¤úDUvi ci¯úi mshy³ n‡q Z‡_¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb ev wi‡mvm© †kqvi K‡i
ZLb _v‡K Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e‡j|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` t
gvwjKvbv Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© `yB cÖKvi
• K) cÖvB‡fU †bUIqvK© t †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡KB cÖvB‡fU
†bUIqvK© e‡j| B‡”Q Ki‡jB †h †KD GB †bUIqvK© eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
GB †bUIqv‡K©i wbivcËv AZ¨šÍ gReyZ Ges UªvwdK †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
• L) cvewjK †bUIqvK© t cvewjK †bUIqvK© †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’v
Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| †h †KD PvB‡jB GB †bUIqvK© eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i,
Z‡e Gi wewbg‡q g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| D`vniY ¯îæc wewfbœ †gevBj
†dvb ev †Uwj‡dvb †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g|

‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f` t
‡bUIqv‡K©i wbqš¿b AeKvVv‡gv Ges mvwf©m cÖ`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i
†bUIqvK© wZbcÖKvi|
K)wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK©
L) K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK©
M) nvBeªxW †bUIqvK©

wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK
wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖwZwU wcwm ev IqvK©‡÷kb
wi‡mvm© †kqvwis Gi †ÿ‡Î mgvb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wfbœ wfbœ wcwmi
WvUvi wbivcËv weavb Ki‡e †m wcwm wb‡R| GB ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †Kvb
†WwW‡K‡UW mvfv©i _v‡K bv| cÖwZwU wcwmi e¨enviKvix wb‡R wVK
Ki‡e Zvi †Kvb †Kvb wi‡mvm© †m †bUIqv‡K© †kqvi Ki‡Z w`‡e| wcqvi-
Uz-wcqvi †bUIqv‡K©i me wcwm mgvb ¸iæ‡Z¡i| G¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿b Kivi
†Kvb e¨e¯’v †bB|
‡bUIqv‡K©icÖKvi‡f` ...

K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK
†Kw›`ªqfv‡e †WUv †÷vi, wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv, wewfbœ
G¨vwcø‡Kkb Pvjv‡bv Ges †bUIqvK© Pvjv‡bvi GKwU Dchy³ †bUIqvK©
n‡jv K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK©| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡i
wi‡mvm© _v‡K, Avi †bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi †mme wi‡mvm©
e¨envi K‡i| †h Kw¤úDUvi wi‡mvm© †kqvi K‡i †mwU n‡”Q mvfv©i, Avi
†hme Kw¤úDUvi †mB wi‡mvm© e¨envi K‡i Zviv n‡”Q K¬v‡q›U|
†bUIqv‡K©i mg¯Í wi‡mvm© mvfv©‡i Rgv _vKvq †K›`ª †_‡K wi‡mvm©
g¨v‡bR Kiv hvq| me BDRvi GKB mvfv©‡i jM-Bb K‡i Ges mvfv©‡ii
wmwKDwiwU cwjwm †g‡b P‡j e‡j wbivcËv wbwðZ nq| K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i
†bUIqvK©‡K mvfv©i †eRW †bUIqvK©I ejvnq|

K¬v‡q›U-mvfv©i †bUIqvK

nvBeªxW †bUIqvK
wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi Ges K¬v‡q›U mvfv©i †bUIqv‡K©i mgš^‡q MwVZ
†bUIqvK©B njnvBweªW ev wgkÖ ‡bUIqvK©|

AvKvi I e„w¯ÍwZiIci wfwËK‡i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© 4 (Pvi) cÖKvi|
– Personal Area Network (PAN)
– Local Area Network (LAN)
– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)

Personal Area Network (PAN)
†Kb e¨w³i wbKUewZ© wewfbœ Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bvjwRi
wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g‡K cv‡mv©bvj
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev PAN e‡j| PAN Gi e¨wß ev cixmxgv mvaviYZ 10
wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve×| Laptop, PDA, Portable Printer, Mobile
BZ¨vw` c¨v‡b e¨eüZ wWfvB‡mi D`vniY| evox, Awdm, Mvox, wKsev
RbM‡bi Rb¨ Db¥y³ †h †Kvb RvqMvq c¨vb ˆZixKiv†h‡Z cv‡i|

Local Area Network (LAN)
GKvwaK e¨w³i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab I MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ GKB f‡e‡b
ev GKB iæ‡gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvi ¸wji g‡a¨ A_ev †Kvb wbw`ó GjvKvi
†ek wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ¸wji g‡a¨ †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K †jvKvj
Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb e‡j| j¨v‡bi g~j D‡Ï‡k¨ wWfvBm¸wji g‡a¨ Z_¨ Ges
wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kiv| †QvU-gvSvwi Awd‡m j¨vb ˆZix K‡i wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg,
¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ mvkÖq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| j¨v‡bi UªvÝwgwUs
wgwWqv wnmv‡e mvaviYZ BDwUwc K¨vej e¨envi Kiv nq Z‡e High
Speed Data Transmission-Gi Rb¨ dvBevi AcwUKm& K¨vej e¨envi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| j¨v‡b mvaviYZ 10 Mbpsch©šÍ MwZ cvIqv hvq|

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
‡Kvb wefvMxq kni ev †g‡UªvcwjUb GjvKvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z
GKvwaK †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev j¨v‡bi mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V
‡g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev g¨vb| Gai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †ek
D”PMwZi wewfbœ †bUIqvK© Zv‡`i Z_¨ †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| g¨vb mvaviYZ
50-70 gvBj ev 100 wK:wg: ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| g¨v‡bi UªvÝwgwUs
wgwWqv wnmv‡e K¨vej Gi cvkvcvwk gvB‡µvI‡qf wgwWqv e¨eüZ n‡Z
cv‡i|

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)
we¯Í…Z †fŠMwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z GKvwaK j¨vb ev g¨vb‡K wb‡q
M‡W D‡V IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev WAN. Iqv‡bi UªvÝwgwUs
wgwWqv wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i Microwave, Satellite ev
Optical Fiber Cable.

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bigva¨g (Medium of Data
Communication) :
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev UªvÝwgkb A_ev Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©
GK Kw¤úDUvi ‡_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡WUv cwien‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb bv †Kvb
gva¨g `iKvi nq| †Kvb †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvimg~n †bUIqvK© gva¨g ev
wgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨ hy³ _v‡K| GB †bUIqvK© wgwWqvi ga¨ w`‡qB †WUv
cÖevwnZ nq|
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev †bUIqvK© wgwWqv‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡e
fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
a) Cable Media
b) Wireless Media

a) Cable Media :
K¨vej ev Zvi ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GKwU e¯‘‡Z eywS hv `yBwU
cÖvšÍ‡K mshy³ K‡i| GwU GKwU KwVb e¯‘ hvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †WUv wmMbvj
¸‡jv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ wb‡q hvq| †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b wZb ai‡bi K¨vej
e¨envi Kiv nq|
i) Twisted Pair Cable
ii) Co-axial Cable
ii) Optical Fiber Cable
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ...

i) Twisted Pair Cable
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡j GKmv‡_ K‡qK †Rvov K¨vej cvKv‡bv Ae¯’vq _v‡K
hvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †WUv wmMbvj cÖevwnZ nq| UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej
mvaviYZ `y ai‡binq| h_v -
a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

a) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
eZ©gvb †bUIqvK© we‡k^ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ K¨vej n‡jv
BDwUwc| BDwUwc g~jZ Pvi †Rvov Kcvi Zvi †gvov‡bv Ges Gi Dci
cøvmwUK Avei‡Y †gvov _v‡K| BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji wewfbœ ÷¨vÛv‡W©i
e¨envi i‡q‡Q| G mKj ÷¨vÛv‡W©i g‡a¨ CAT-5, CAT-6 Ges eZ©gv‡b
CAT-7 i‡q‡Q| BDwUwc K¨ve‡jie¨vÛDB_ mvaviYZ 10 Mbps.

b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
wk‡ìW UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji cÖwZwU c¨vuPv‡bv †Rvov Zvi _v‡K
GKwU K‡i k³ wkì ev Avei‡Yi †fZi| d‡j GB Zvi A‡bK myiwÿZ _v‡K| wkì
mvavibZ G¨vjywgwbqvg ev cwj‡q÷v‡ii n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZwU wk‡ìW
†Rvov Zvi Avevi cøvw÷K R¨v‡K‡Ui gv‡S _v‡K| BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji
e¨vÛDB_ mvaviYZ 16 Mbps.

ii) Co-axial Cable :
‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji †K›`ª w`‡q AwZµg K‡i GKwU mwjW Kcvi Zvi| G Zvi‡K
wN‡i Rov‡bv _v‡K cøvw÷‡Ki †dv‡gi Bbmy‡jkb| G Bbmy‡jk‡bi Dci Av‡iKwU
cwievnx Zvi c¨vuPv‡bv _v‡K ev Zv‡ii Rvwj weQv‡bv _v‡K| GB Zvi ev Rvwj
†fi‡ii Electrical Interference ‡_‡K †fZ‡ii mwjW Kcvi‡K iÿv K‡i, d‡j †WUv
ev wmMbvj my›`ifv‡e PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| evB‡ii cwievnK‡K cøvw÷K R¨v‡KU Øviv
†X‡K ivLv nq| †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk nq|
Z‡e †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU Zv‡ii ‰`‡N¨©i Ici wbf©i K‡i| mvavibZ †Kv-Gw·qvj
K¨vej e¨envi K‡i GK wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ `~i‡Z¡ wWwRUvj †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hvq,
G‡ÿ‡Î †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU 200 Mbps ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i Ges UªvÝwgkb jm
A‡cÿvK…ZKg|

ii) Optical Fiber Cable
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j B‡jKwUªK wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK
wmMbvj UªvÝwgU K‡i| GwU‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb
c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ev dvBevi
AcwUK K¨vej wmwjÛvi AvK„wZi| GwU wZbwU As‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ -
†Kvi, K¬¨vwWs I R¨v‡KU| eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji †WUv
UªvÝwgkb e¨vÛDW_ 100 Mbps ‡_‡K 2 Gbps ch©šÍ nq|

Wireless Media
GB ai‡bi gva¨g n‡jv evqy gÛj, cvwb Ges gnvk~‡b¨ evqygÛ‡ji Dc‡i Av‡iv
Ab¨vb¨ ¯Íi| GB gva¨g †fŠZ †Kvb gva¨g QvovB B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK ms‡KZ †cÖib
K‡i| G gva¨‡g †WUv B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK kw³‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ n‡q G¨v‡›Ubv †_‡K
wewKiY nq| `~iewZ© Ges `~M©g ¯’vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î
Iqvi‡jm wgwWqv eënvi Kiv nq| cÖhyw³i DrKl©Zvi d‡j GLb †ewkifvM KwgDwb‡Kkb
wWfvBm enb‡hvM¨, †hgb †gvevBj| wbw`©ó RvqMvq Aew¯’Z wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ K¨vej
wgwWqv Dchy³| Z‡e †gvevBj wWfvBm ev enb‡hvM¨ wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv eënvi Kiv †ekxDc‡hvMx|
wZb ai‡bi Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ev Kw¤úDUvi
†bUIqv‡K© eëüZnq| h_v-
K)†iwWI I‡qf L) gvB‡µvI‡qf M)Bd«v‡iW

K) †iwWI I‡qf
3 wK‡jvnvR© n‡Z 300 wK‡jvnvR© wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †eZvi Zi½‡K
†iwWI I‡qf ejv nq| †iwWI I‡qf GK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡kb|
†iwWI I‡q‡fi gva¨‡g eëüZ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv
nq B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg eënvi K‡i, hv‡K ejv nq Radio
Frequency (RF)| GB †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq ms‡KZ †cÖi‡bi MwZ‡eM
cÖvq 24 Kbps hv 1 wK‡jvwgUvi †_‡K 100 wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKvq we¯Ívi
jvf K‡i|
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g . . . ... Wireless Media

L) gvB‡µvI‡qf
1GHz ‡_‡K 40 GHz wd«Kz‡qwÝi B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK Zi½‡K
gvB‡µvI‡qf ejv nq| gvB‡µvI‡qe GKg~Lx Ges †QvU AvKv‡ii †K›`ª Awfgy‡L
wmMbvj cvVv‡bv hvq| GRb¨ †cÖiK I MÖnK Gv‡›Ubv‡K ci¯úigyLx K‡i
mvRv‡Z nq| GB wd«Kz‡qwÝ‡Z Zi½ ˆ`N¨© Lye †QvU nIqvq G‡K
gvB‡µvI‡qf bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Gi wd«Kz‡qwÝ †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ †_‡K
A‡bK †ewk nIqvq cvidi‡gÝ I MwZ †ewk cvIqv hvq| gvB‡µvI‡qf
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb Amyweav n‡”Q UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb
evav _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgkb `yÕai‡bi| h_v- (1)
†Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf (2) m¨‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf

(1) †Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf
†U‡iw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgk‡b jvBb Ad mvBU UªvÝwgkb N‡U| G
ai‡bi cÖhyw³‡Z f‚-c„‡óB UªvÝwgUvi I wiwmfvi emv‡bv nq| UªvÝwgUvi I
wiwmfvi `„wó †iLvq †hvMv‡hvM K‡i| gvSLv‡b †Kvb evav bv _vK‡j
†Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf wmMbvj 1 †_‡K 50 gvBj ch©šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i|

†Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf

(2) m¨‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf
m¨v‡UjvBU ev DcMÖn gnvKv‡k †_‡K c„w_ex‡K wN‡i Nyi‡Z _v‡K|
c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y GUv Ny‡i, ZvB GUv‡K gnvKv‡k ivLvi Rb¨ †Kvb
R¦vjvbx ev kw³ LiP Ki‡Z nq bv| c„w_exi f‚-c„ô n‡Z cÖvq 36000 wK‡jvwgUvi
Dc‡i GKwU wbw`ó Kÿc‡_ m¨v‡UjvBU ¯’vcb Kiv nq, d‡j GwU c„w_exi MwZi
mv‡_ Nyi‡Z _v‡K Gesb G Rb¨ c„w_exi mv‡c‡ÿ m¨v‡UjvBU‡K w¯’i g‡bnq| f‚-c„ô
n‡Z m¨v‡UjvB‡U †WUv †cÖib-MÖnb Kivi Rb¨ VSAT (Very Small
Aperture Terminal) G¨v‡›Ubv e¨envi Kiv nq| m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g WvUv
UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ mvavibZ 11GHz-14GHz wd«Kz‡qwÝi
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK Zi½ e¨envi Kiv nq| f‚-c„ô n‡Z m¨v‡UjvB‡U †Kvb
wmMbvj †cÖiY Kiv‡K ejv nq Up-Link Ges m¨v‡UjvBU n‡Z f‚-c„‡ó wmMbvj
MÖnb Kiv‡K ejv nq Down-Link. GKwU m¨v‡UjvBU c„w_exi 1/3 As‡ki
wmMbvjAv`vb-cÖ`vbKi‡Z cv‡i|

M) Bd«v‡iW
300 GHz n‡Z 400 THz ch©šÍ wd«Kz‡qwÝ‡K ejv nq Bbd«v‡iW|
Bbd«v‡iW LyeB wbKUeZx© wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨
Dc‡hvwM| GB cÖhyw³‡Z wmMbvj UªvÝwgU Kivi Rb¨ Bbd«v‡iW gv‡bi
Av‡jv (LED-Light Emitting Diode ev, ILD-Interjection
Laser Diode) e¨envi Kiv nq| gv‡S †Kvb evav bv _vK‡j G ai‡bi
UªvÝwgkb wmMbvj m‡ev©”P 30 wgUvi ch©šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i| Bbdv‡iW
wmMbv‡ji Amyweav n‡”Q GwU N‡ii †`qvj ev k³ †Kvb evav †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| wewfbœ wi‡gvU© K‡›Uªvj wm‡÷‡g G gva¨g e¨eüZ nq|

Bandwidth
GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i
†WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K Bandwidth e‡j| GB Bandwidth-‡KB †WUv
UªvÝwgkb ¯úxW e‡j| GB evDÛIqvBW mvaviYZ Bit per Second
(bps) G wnmve Kiv nq| A_©vr cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvb weU UªvÝwgU
Kiv nq Zv‡K bps ev Bandwidth e‡j| GB †WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci
wfwË K‡iKwgDwb‡Kkb MwZ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
1| b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Band)
2| f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band)
3| eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band)

Narrow Band
b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 45 †_‡K 300 bps (Bit per Second)
ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| GB e¨vÛ axi MwZ WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î eënvi Kiv nq|
†UwjMÖvwdi †ÿ‡Î GB e¨vÛ eënvi Kivnq|
Voice Band :
GB e¨v‡Ûi WvUv MwZ 9600 bps ev 9.6 Kbps ch©šÍ n‡q
_v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ †Uwj‡dv‡b †ewk eënvi Kiv nq| Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi
WvUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î
wKsev KvW© wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î GB e¨vÛ
eënvi Kiv nq|
Bandwidth . . . ..

Broad Band
eªW e¨vÛ D”PMwZ m¤úbœ WvUv ¯’vbvšÍi e¨vÛ hvi MwZ Kgc‡¶ 1
Mbps n‡Z AZ¨šÍ D”P MwZ ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ †Kv-Aw·qvj K¨vej
I AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i WvUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i eªW e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov
WiMax, m¨v‡UjvBU, KwgDwb‡Kkb Ges gvB‡µvI‡qf KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi
†ÿ‡ÎI GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|
Bandwidth . . . ..

Network Topology
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvimg~n GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ mshy³
_vKvi c×wZ‡K U‡cvjwR e‡j| †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Kxfv‡e mshy³ Av‡Q,
K¨vejwKfv‡e GKwUAv‡iKwUimv‡_ hy³Av‡Q,GwUB U‡cvjwRig~jwelq|
cÖavbcÖavbU‡cvjwRmg~n-
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology

evm U‡cvjwR
evm U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU ms‡hvM jvB‡bi mv_ me¸wj †bvW hy³ _v‡K|
GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi †bv‡W ms‡hvM jvB‡bi gva¨‡g
ms‡KZ cvVvq| †cÖwiZ WvUv cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Kw¤úDUvi WvUv cix¶v K‡i| †KejgvÎ †h Kw¤úDUvi WvUv cÖvcK †mB
Kw¤úDUviB D³ WvUv MÖnb K‡i| G‡Z †Kvb †K›`ªxq mvf©vi _v‡K bv|
‡Kvb Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z †Kvb
Amyweav nq bv| mn‡RB †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kiv
m¤¢e|
Network Topology . . . ..
PC-2 PC-4 PC-n+1
PC-1 PC-3 PC- -n
(Ground)

Star Topology
÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©f‚³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †Kej †ei n‡q G‡m
GKwU †Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b hy³ nq| GB ‡Kw›`ªq ¯’v‡b Gme K¨vej GKwU
wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hy³ nq| †Kw›`ªq wffvBm wnmv‡e nve/myBP n‡Z cv‡i|
÷vi U‡cvjwRi myweav nj †bUIqvK©fz³ †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi bó/mgm¨v n‡j
ïaygvÎ H wbw`ó Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© myweav n‡Z ewÂP nq Ab¨vb¨
mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i †bUIqvK© mPj _v‡K| Z‡e †Kw›`ªq wWfvBm bó n‡j mgšÍ
†bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡i|

Computer Networks & mobile phone

Ring Topology
G‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv †bvW (Kw¤úDUvi †h we›`y‡Z hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K
†bvW e‡j) Gi gva¨‡g e„ËvKvi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q †bUIqvK© M‡o
Zw‡j| ‡bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi ms‡KZ cvVv‡j Zv cieZx© †bv‡Wi
w`‡K cªevwnZ K‡i| Gfv‡e Z‡_¨i GKgyLx cÖevn cy‡iv e„ËvKvi c‡_ Ny‡i
Av‡m | G ai‡bi msMV‡b Kw¤úDUviMy‡jv mivmwi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K
bv weavq †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ †h †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i
mivmwi ms‡KZ cvVv‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi
ms‡KZ cybt‡cÖi‡Yi ¶gZv nviv‡j wKsev Lvivc n‡q †M‡j cy‡iv
†bUIqvK©wU A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o| G‡¶‡Î Lvivc Kw¤úDUviwU AcmviY K‡i
cybivq ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq

Tree Topology
g~jZ ÷vi U‡cvjwRi m¤úªmvwiZ iƒcB n‡jv wUª U‡cvjwR| G
U‡cvjwR‡Z GKvwaK nve e¨envi K‡i mg¯Í Kw¤úDUvi¸wj‡K GKwU we‡kl
¯’v‡b mshy³ Kiv nq hv‡K e‡j iæU| wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z GK ev GKvwaK ¯Í‡ii
Kw¤úDUvi †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mv‡_ Avevi Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi hy³ _v‡K| ØxZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv
Z…Zxq¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii †nv÷ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

Mesh Topology
G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡M mivmwi hy³
_v‡K| GB msMV‡b †h †Kvb `yBwU †bv‡Wi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ `ªyZMwZ‡Z
ms‡KZ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|

Different Types of Networks Device
Kw¤úDUvi†bUIqvK©M‡o†ZvjviRb¨†bUIqvK©wgwWqvGesKv‡b±iB
h‡_óbq|wgwWqvGesKv‡b±‡iimvnv‡h¨M‡o†Zvjv†bUIqvK©‡KKvh©Ki
K‡i†ZvjviRb¨AviIwKQz †bUIqvK©wWfvBmcÖ‡qvRb|†hgb:
• Modem
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Bridge, etc

Modem
g‡Wg GKwU †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm hv †WUv‡K GK
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †cŠu‡Q †`q|
Modem kãwU Modulator I DeModulator Gi mswÿß iæc| gWz‡jUi
wWwRUvj wmMbvj‡K GbvjM wmMbv‡j Ges wWgWz‡jUi GbvjM
wmMbvj‡K wWwRUvj wmMbv‡j iæcvšÍi K‡i| mvavibZ Kw¤úDUv‡i
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ g‡Wg e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î
g‡Wg‡K BDGmwe †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i mshy³ Kiv nq|
Networks Device . . . ..

Network Interface Card (NIC)
†Kvb Kw¤úDUvi‡K ‡Kvb †bUIqvK© wgwWqvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`Iqvi
Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl B›Uvi‡d‡mi `iKvi c‡o| †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©© GB
B›Uvi‡d‡mi KvR K‡i| GwU ‡bUIqvK© GWvcUi ev j¨vb KvW© bv‡gI
cwiwPZ|

Hub
nve n‡”Q †bUIqvK©f‚³ Kw¤úDUvi mg~n‡K ci¯úi Kv‡bK‡UW ev
mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY Kv‡bw±s c‡q›U ev wiwcUvi wnmv‡e KvR
K‡i| nv‡e A‡bK¸wj †cvU© _v‡K| GKwU †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g GKwU
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ mshy³ nq| nv‡ei AšÍf~©³ †h †Kvb
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †Kvb WvUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv me †cv‡U©i Kv‡QB
†cŠuQvq| d‡j †bUIqvK© f‚³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi D³ WvUv MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
nv‡ei `vg Kg Ges myB‡Pi Zzjbvq WvUv UªvÝdvi †iU Kg|

Switch
GwUI nv‡ei g‡ZvB †bUIqvK© Kv‡bw±s wWfvBm| Z‡e nv‡ei mv‡_
myB‡Pi cv_©K¨ n‡jv, myBP †cÖiK cÖvšÍ †_‡K cÖvß WvUv cÖvcK
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mywbw`©ó †cvU©wU‡Z cvwV‡q †`q| wKš‘ nve
mywbw`©ó Kw¤úDUv‡i bv cvwV‡q mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i cvVvq| myB‡Pi `vg
nv‡ei `v‡gi KvQvKvwQ weavq eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM e¨enviKvix nv‡ei
cwie‡Z© myBP‡K †bUIqvK© Kv‡bw±s wWfvBm wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i|

Router:
†bUIqvK© †_‡K Av‡iK †bUIqv‡K© †WUv cvVv‡bvi c×wZ‡K e‡j
ivDwUs| †h wWfvBm ivDwUs Gi Kv‡R eëüZ nq Zv‡K e‡j ivDUvi| wfbœ
wfbœ †bUIqvK©‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ G wWfvBm eënvi Kiv nq| GwU LAN,
MAN Ges MAN wZb ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©B KvR K‡i| ivDUv‡ii g‡a¨
B‡›Uwj‡RÝ ev eyw×gËv †Ìqv _v‡K hv GK †bUIqvK© †_‡K Ab¨
†bUIqv‡K© †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î mswÿßZg c_ Lyu‡R †ei K‡i|
wfbœ ai‡bi U‡cvjwRi †bUIqvK©‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ ivDUvi eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
wmm‡Kv wm‡÷gm-Gi ivDUvi wekê¨vwc eûj eëüZ|

Bridge
GKvwaK †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i GKwU e„nZ †bUIqvK© MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î
e¨eüZ we‡kl ai‡bi wWfvBm‡K weªR ejv nq| Gi Kvh©c×wZ A‡bKUv nve ev
myB‡Pi g‡Zv| Z‡e nve ev myBP GKB †bUIqv‡K©i wefbœ †bvW‡K mshy³ K‡i|
Aciw`‡K weªR GKvwaK †QvU †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ K‡i GKwU e„nr †bUIqvK©
ˆZix K‡i| weªR OSI (Open System Interconnection ) g‡W‡ji †WUv
wjsK †jqv‡i gvwëcj †bUIqvK© †mM‡g›U‡K mshy³ K‡i| †cvU© G‡Wª‡mi
gva¨‡g weªR †WUv UªvÝwgkb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †Kvb †cvU© w`‡q ïaygvÎ mswkøó
G¨v‡Wª‡mi †WUvB UªvÝwgU nq| Kvib weª‡Ri g‡a¨ MAC (Media
Access Control) G¨v‡Wª‡mi KbwdMv‡ikb †`Iqv Av‡Q| d‡j †m hv‡b †Kvb
MAC G¨v‡Wªm ‡Kvb†cvU©ØvivMgb†hvM¨|
MAC G¨v‡Wªm n‡”Q †Kvb wWfvB‡mi wdwRK¨vj G¨v‡Wªm, hv
wWfvB‡mi g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis cÖwZôv‡b wWfvB‡m hy³ K‡i _v‡K|

†cÖvUKj (Protocol)
‡bUIqvK©f~³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi c×wZ †h
cÖwµqvq wbqš¿Y Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq †cÖvUKj| mKj †bUIqv‡K©i
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wKsev wewfbœ nvW©Iqvi mvgMÖx GKB ai‡bi nq bv|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wKsev nvW©Iqv‡ii wfbœZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †h †Kvb `ywU
Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb m¤¢e nq †cÖv‡UvK‡ji gva¨‡g|
mnR K_vq †cÖv‡UvKj n‡”Q WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi mywbw`©ó ixwZbxwZ|

K‡qKwU†cÖv‡UvK‡ji bvg
wewfbœ e¨emvwqK ms¯’v wewfbœ †cÖv‡UvKj ˆZixK‡i‡Qb| bx‡P eûj
e¨eüZ K‡qKwU †cÖv‡UvK‡ji bvg D‡jL Kiv n‡jvt
(1) wUwmwc/AvBwc (TCP/IP) (6) A¨v‡cj UK (Apple Talk)
(2) AvBwcGm (IPS) (7) B_vi †bU (Ether NET)
(3) GdwUwc (FTP) (8) G· .25 (X .25)
(4) †bU ev‡qvm (Net Bios) (9) GBP wWGjwm (HDLC)
(5) ‡bU weD (Net BEUI) (10) AvBBB 802 (IEEE 802)
Protocol . . . ..

IP Address
Dc‡iv³ ‡cÖv‡UvKj ¸wji g‡a¨ TCP/IP me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Av‡gwiKvi wWcvU©‡g›U Ae wW‡dÝ GWfvÝW cÖ‡R± wimvP© G‡RwÝ
cÖ_g 1967 mv‡j wUwmwc/AvBwc †cÖv‡UvKj wb‡q KvR ïiæ K‡i|
TCP/IP mviv we‡k^ me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ ‡cÖv‡UvKj| Gi me‡P‡q eo
myweav n‡jv GB †cÖv‡UvKj B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
Protocol . . . ..
B›Uvi‡bU ev †h †Kvb †bUIqv‡K©i Af¨všÍixb cÖwZwU †bvW ev
wWfvBm‡K mZš¿ K‡i †Pbvi Rb¨ †h wVKvYv eënvi Kiv nq ZvnvB AvBwc
G¨v‡Wªm| TCP/IP ‡Z AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm eëüZ nq 32 we‡Ui| mn‡R g‡b ivLvi
Rb¨ AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm 8weU K‡i 4wU As‡k wef³ _v‡K| †hgb : 192.168.1.1|
4wU As‡ki †Kvb b¤^vi 0-255 Gi Dc‡i n‡Z cvi‡e bv (0 ev 255 eënv‡i gvbv
Av‡Q ZvB GB bv¤^vi `y‡Uv Gwo‡q Pjyb)| †QvULv‡Uv †bUIqv‡K© †h †Kvb
AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm eënvi Kiv hvq wKš‘ ISP (Internet Service Provider)
n‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wb‡j ISP GKwU wbw`ó AvBwc G¨v‡Wªm GmvBbK‡i
†`q|

Wireless Communication System
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wdwRK¨vj Kv‡bKkb ev
K¨vej ms‡hvM Qvov †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi c×wZ n‡”Q Iq¨vi‡jm
KwgDwb‡Kkb| myZivs Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Iq¨vi‡jm wWfvBm
mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h c×wZ‡Z †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb nq Zv‡K Iq¨vi‡jm
KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e‡j|

Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wewfbœfv‡eKivhvq| Z‡e`yiZ¡ evGwiqvi Dci wfwËK‡i
Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb‡K cÖavbZ 4wU fv‡MfvMKivnq|h_v
1| Iq¨vi‡jm c¨vb (Wireless PAN : WPAN) t mvaviYZ Aí `yi‡Z¡i
g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi ev †gvevBj †dv‡b eøyUz_ ev Bbdv‡i‡Wi gva¨‡g Z_¨
Av`vb cÖ`v‡b Iq¨vi‡jm c¨vb eënvi Kiv nq|
2| Iq¨vi‡jm j¨vb (Wireless LAN : WLAN) t †iwWI g‡Wg Ges
Gw›Ubvi mvnv‡h¨ †QvU eëmv cÖwZôvb ev evmv evwo‡Z wewfbœ
Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨Z_Äv`vb cÖ`v‡b Iq¨vi‡jl j¨vb eënvi Kiv nq|
Wireless Communication . . . ..

3| Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb (Wireless MAN : WMAN) t mvaviYZ
WiMAX cÖhyw³ e¨envi GKB K¨v¤úv‡mi wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii
g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq| Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb Gi
mvnv‡h¨ K‡qKwU Iq¨vi‡jm j¨vb‡K mshy³ Kiv hvq|
4| Iq¨vi‡jm Iqvb (Wireless WAN : WWAN) t Iq¨vi‡jm Iqvb
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i| wewfbœ `yi‡Z¡
Aew¯’Z GKvwaK WLAN I WMAN †K wb‡q Iq¨vi‡jm Iqvb ˆZwi
nq|

Iq¨vi‡jbKwgDwb‡Kkb‡bUIqvwK©sGimvaviY eënvit
¯§vU© †dvb, wcwWG, U¨ve BZ¨vw` eënviKvixMY hvuuiv GK
RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq ågb K‡ib Zviv Iq¨vi‡jm B›Uvi‡bU GK‡mm
c‡q›U eënvi K‡ib|
mvavibZ `yB ai‡bi B›Uv‡bU GK‡mm c‡q›U eZ©gv‡b eëüZ nq|
h_v -
 †gvevBj †bUIqvK© (Mobile Network)
 nU¯úU (Hotspot)

nU¯úU (Hotspot)
nU¯úU n‡”Q GKwU wbw`ó Iq¨vi‡jm Kfv‡iR Gwiqv| A_v©r hw` †Kvb
GKwU wbw`ó GjvKv A_ev RvqMv‡K Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨
wbav©wiZ Kiv nq Z‡e †m GjvKvwU‡K nU¯úU e‡j| GB nU¯úU K‡qK
wgUvi Ry‡o n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wekvj GjvKvmn K‡qK wK.wg. GjvKv wb‡q
n‡Z cv‡i| nU¯úU ˆZixi †ÿ‡Î eZ©gv‡b wZbwU cÖhyw³ LyeB RbwcÖq Ges
eûj e¨eüZ| cÖhyw³ wZbwUn‡”Q -
K)eøyUz_ (Bluetooth)
L) IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi)
M) IqvBg¨v· (WiMax)

K)eøUz_ (Bluetooth)
eøy-Uy_ n‡PQ ¶y`ªcvjøvi Rb¨ cªYxZ GKwU Iq¨vi‡jm ‡cÖv‡UvKj|
GwU 1-100 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Iq¨vi‡jm ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU c×wZ|
eøy-Uy_-Gi Kvh©Kix cvjøv n‡”Q 10 wgUvi| Z‡e we`¨yr ‡Kv‡li kw³ e…w×
K‡i Gi cvjøv 100 wgUvi ch©šÍ e…w× Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| eøy-Uy_ 2.45
wMMvnvU©R-G KvR K‡i| 900 L«x÷v‡ãi cieZ©x mg‡qi ‡Wbgv‡K©i ivRv
Harald Bluetooth-Gi bvgvbymv‡i GB c«hyw³i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eøy-Uy_ 1.0-Gi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb-Gi m‡e©v”P MwZ wQj ‡m‡K‡Û 1
‡gMvweU| eZ©gv‡b eøy-Uy_ 2.0-Gi m‡e©v”P MwZ nj ‡m‡K‡Û 3
‡gMvweU|

eøUz_ (Bluetooth). . . . . .
eøy-Uy_ ‡cÖv‡UvKj ev¯ÍevqbKvix hš¿vsk ev wWfvBm¸wj wØgyLx
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i KvR K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi, ‡gvevBj ‡dvb, ‡Mwgs
Kb‡mvj, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, wc«›Uvi, j¨vcUc, wRwcGm wiwmfvi cÖf…wZ
hš¿vw`‡Z eøy-Uz_ c«hyw³ e¨envi n‡”Q| GB cªhyw³‡Z Lye Kg we`¨yr LiP
nq| GwU ¶y`ª cvjøvi ‡eZvi Zi‡½igva¨‡g cª‡qvM Kiv nq|

L) IqvB-dvB(Wi-Fi)
Wireless Fidelity k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc Wi-Fi n‡”Q LAN Gi
Iq¨vi‡jm e¨e¯’v| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †cv‡U©ej ev enb‡hvM¨ wWfvBm‡K (j¨vcUc,
†gvevBj, U¨ve, wcwWG) mn‡R Bb›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ Kiv hvq| wewfbœ
†cv‡U©ej wWfvBm I wd·W wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI GwU
e¨eüZ nq| Gi Kfv‡iR Gwiqv K‡qK wgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i| IqvB-dvB
†bUIqvK©f‚³ GjvKv ev AÂjWi-Fi Hotspot bv‡g cwiwPZ|

M)IqvBg¨v· (WiMax)
WiMax Gi c~Y© A_© n‡”Q Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access| GwU IEEE (Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 ÷¨vÛv‡W©i Iq¨vi‡jm
†g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WMAN) ‡cÖv‡UvKj hv wd·W Ges
†gvevBj B›Uvi‡b‡U e¨eüZ nq| WiMax wm‡÷‡gi `ywU cÖavb Ask _v‡K|
GKwU IqvBg¨v· †em †÷kb hv Bb‡Wvi I AvDU‡Wvi UvIqvi wb‡q MwVZ|
Ab¨wU G¨v‡›Ubvmn IqvBg¨v· wiwmfvi, hv †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨vcU‡c
mshy³ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b `ywU cÖwZôvb evsjv‡`‡k IqvBg¨v· B›Uvi‡bU
mvwf©m cÖ`vb K‡i|K. Bangla Lion L. Qubee

Mobile phone
‡gvevBj ‡dvb, ‡mjyjvi ‡dvb ev n¨vÛ ‡dvb Zviwenxb ‡Uwj‡dvb
we‡kl| ‡gvevBj A_© åvg¨gvb ev "¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨"| GB ‡dvb mn‡R ‡h
‡KvbI ¯’v‡b enb Kiv Ges e¨envi Kiv hvq e‡j ‡gvevBj ‡dvb bvgKiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GwU lof~R AvK…wZi ‡¶Î ev GK-GKwU ‡mj wb‡q KvR K‡i e‡j
G‡K "‡mj‡dvb" bv‡gI cwiwPZ| ‡gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb n‡”Q GK ai‡bi
B‡jKUªwb· wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i dzj
Wz‡cø· ev wØ-g~Lx ‡iwWI †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| ‡gvevBj ‡dvb ‡eZvi
Zi‡½i gva¨‡g ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i e‡j A‡bK eo ‡fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvq GwU
wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e ms‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i|

ïay K_v ejvB bq, AvaywbK ‡gvevBj ‡dvb w`‡q Av‡iv A‡bK ‡mev
MÖnb Kiv hvq| Gi D`vniY n‡”Q Ly‡` evZ©v -GmGgGm ev ‡U·U ‡g‡mR ‡mev,
GgGgGm ev gvwëwgwWqv ‡g‡mR ‡mev, B-‡gBj ‡mev, B›Uvi‡bU ‡mev,
Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv ev Bbd«v-‡iW, eøy- Uy_ ‡mev, K¨v‡giv, ‡Mwgs, eëmvwqK ev
A_©‰bwZKeënvwiKmdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw`|‡hme‡gvevBj ‡dvbGBme ‡mev Ges
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvavib wKQy myweav cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡ì‡K ¯§vU© ‡dvb bv‡g
WvKv nq| †gevBj †dv‡b GK ai‡bi gvB‡µvwPc ev KvW© (SIM =
Subscriber Identity Module ev R-UIM = Removable User
Identity Module) _v‡K †hLv‡b †Uwj‡dvb mvwf©m ms‡hvM cÖ`vb I
Ab¨vb¨ †gvevB‡ji mv‡_ Kj Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Aby‡gv`b, eënviKvix kbv³KiY, eëüZ
†dvbb¤îcÖf…wZ_v‡K|
Mobile phone . . . ..

Architecture of Cell Phone Network
‡gvevBj †mev cÖ`vbKvix Zvi AvIZvaxb GjvKv‡K †QvU †QvU As‡k
fvM K‡i|cÖwZwU fvM‡KGKwU †mje‡j|G‡ZGKwU G¨v‡›UbvI †QvU wbqš¿b
†K›`ª _v‡K, hv‡K †em ‡÷kb (Base Station - BST) e‡j| cÖwZwU †em
†÷kb‡K wbqš¿b Kiv nq †gvevBj myBwPs †m›Uvi (Mobile Switching
Center - MSC) Øviv, †hLv‡b Kj ms‡hvM, Kj Bbdi‡gkb †iKwWs, wewjs
wm‡÷g BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUvivBR c×wZ‡Z wbqwš¿Z nq| †m‡ji AvKvi mvavibZ 1
gvBj n‡Z 12 gvBj ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K, hv wbf©i K‡i RbmsL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i Dci| †mj
†`L‡Z mvavibZ lof‚RvKvi nq| Z‡e eMv©Kvi, e„ËvKvi ev AwbqwgZ AvKv‡ii n‡Z
cv‡i| †mjyjvi †bUIqv‡K© †iwWI wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K †m‡ji Rb¨
wewfbœ wd«Kz‡qwÝ eivÏ _v‡K, hvi mgZzj¨ †iwWI †em †÷kb _v‡K| GKwU
†m‡ji wd«Kz‡qwÝ Ggbfv‡e wbav©wiZ nq, ‡hb cvkvcvwk †mj KL‡bv GKB
wd«Kz‡qwÝ bv _v‡K| †hvMv‡hvM Kvjxb Ae¯’vq MÖvnK ev cÖvcK †h †Kvb
e¨enviKvix A_ev DfqB Call handoff A_v©r Kj Awew”Qbœ †i‡L GK ev GKvwaK
†em †÷kbcwieZ©bKi‡Zcv‡i|

‡ivwgs (Roaming) :
†gvevBj mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWv‡ii Kfv‡iR Gwiqvi mxgve×Zv _v‡K|
G mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWvi‡`i g‡a¨ †`kxq I
AvšÍt‡`kxqfv‡e ci¯ú‡iimv‡_ AvšÍtms‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v‡K ejv nq †ivwgs|
‡mjyjvi†dvicÖhyw³i cÖKvi‡f`t
†gvevBj ev †mjyjvi †dvb cÖhyw³‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_v-
 wRGmGg (GSM) I
 wmwWGgG (CDMA).

wRGmGg (GSM)
wRGmGg ev Global System for Mobile Communications n‡jv
†gvevBj †Uwj‡dvwb wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq ÷¨vÛvW©| 1982
mv‡j European Conference of Postal and Telecommunication
Adminitration Gi GKwU †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb wm‡÷g n‡jv wRGmGg|
wRGmGg A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb G ‡`qv Z_¨ g‡Z we‡k¦i †gvevBj evRv‡ii 80 kZvsk GB
÷¨vÛvW©wU MÖnb K‡i‡Q| we‡k¦i 212 wU †`‡ki 1.5 wewjq‡biI †ewk †jvK GB
÷¨vÛvW©wU eënvi Ki‡Q| G‡K wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb wm‡÷g
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †gvevBj †bUIqvK© Acv‡iUi‡ì g‡a¨ †ivwgs Pzw³
_vKvi d‡j we‡k¦i †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ wRGmGg Gi AvIZvq _vKv
Ae¯’vq wb‡Ri †gvevBj †dvbwU eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ¯^í g~‡jï kU© †g‡mR
mvwf©m (GmGgGm) Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡ÎI wRGgGg cw_K…r| GB ÷¨vÛv‡W©i
bZzbZg fvm©b¸‡jv cÖK…Z wRGmGg wm‡÷‡gi cyi‡bv fvm©b¸‡jvi mv‡_
K¤úvwUej|

wmwWGgG (CDMA)
CDMA ev Code Division Multiple Access | CDMA wØZxq
cÖR‡b¥i GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †gvevBj ÷¨vÛvW©| CDMA n‡jv TDM
(Time Division Multiplexing) †_‡K wfbœ Ges D”Pgv‡bi wd«Kz‡qwÝ|
GB ai‡bi wm‡÷‡g MÖvn‡Ki †mev`v‡bi ¶gZv Ab¨vb¨ †mjyjvi wm‡÷‡gi Zzjbvq
A‡bK †ewk| †hgb GKwU AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) †m‡ji Zzjbvq CDMA †m‡ji ¶gZv 3 †_‡K 5 ¸Y Ges 6 †_‡K 7 ¸Y
†ewk| CDMA G f‡qm I WvUv A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b †ewk wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨vÛ e¨envi
Kiv nq| CDMA c×wZ‡Z †eZvi Zi½‡K K‡qKwU K¨vwiqvi ev P¨v‡b‡j fvM K‡i
†`qv nq| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K MÖvn‡Ki Rb¨ c„_K c„_K †KvW †`qv nq Ges †KvW
m¤ú~Y©K¨vwiqv‡iig‡a¨we¯Í…Z Kivnq|

Generation of Mobile Phone System
‡gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³i µgea©gvb DbœwZ I e¨envi Dci wfwË K‡i ‡gvevBj
‡dv‡bi Avwe¯‹v‡ii ïiæ †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ PviwU cÖR‡b¥ fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| h_v -
1| cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation - 1G)
2| wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation - 2G)
3| Z…ZxqcÖRb¥ (Third Generation - 3G)
4| PZz_© cÖRb¥ (Forth Generation - 4G)

cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation - 1G)
1979 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi NTTC ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Corporation) cÖ_g A‡Uv‡g‡UW †mjyjvi †bUIqvK© Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡g 1G Gi
m~Pbv K‡i| 1983 mv‡j DËi Av‡gwiKvq evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj
†dvbPvjyKivnq|hvibvgwQjA¨vWfvÝW†gvevBj †dvbwm‡÷g|
‰ewkót
K)‡bUIqv‡K©†iwWI wmMb¨vjwn‡m‡eA¨vbvjMwm‡÷‡gieënvi|
L)†mwgKÛv±iI gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖhyw³ieënvi|
M)‡mj wmMbvjGb‡KvwWsc×wZwQjFDMA|
N)K‡_vcK_bPjvAe¯’vqeënviKvixiAe¯’v‡bicwieZ©bn‡jUªvÝwgkb
wew”Qbœn‡qhvq|
O)AvšÍRv©wZK†ivwgsmyweavbv_vKv|
P)Handset Interoperability bv_vKv| A_v©r n¨vÛ‡m‡U†h†Kvb
†gvevBj Acv‡iUi†Kv¤úvwbi†bUIqvK©eënv‡iimyweavbv_vKv|

wØZxqcÖRb¥ (Second Generation - 2G)
1991 mv‡j GSM cÖhyw³i myweav wb‡q me© cÖ_g BD‡iv‡c wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i
†gvevBj †dv‡bi m~Pbv nq| f‡qm‡K Noise gy³ Kivi Rb¨ wWwRUvj c×wZi gva¨‡g
wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi Avwe©fve N‡U hv Digital AMPS ev D-
AMPS bv‡g cwiwPZ| G mgq CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access)bv‡gbZzbwWwRUvjc×wZiD™¢vebN‡U|
‰ewkót
K)wØZxqcÖR‡b¥wWwRUvj†bUIqvK©wm‡÷gPvjynq|
L)‡bUIqv‡K©GSMGes CDMA c×wZie¨envi|
M)wØZxqcÖR‡b¥†gvevBj ‡dv‡bme©cÖ_g wcÖ-‡cBWwm‡÷gPvjy|
N) GmGgGm mvwf©m I †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m Pvjy
nq|
O)mxwgZgvÎvq AvšÍRv©wZK†ivwgsmyweavPvjynq|
P) K‡_vcK_b Pjv Ae¯’vq e¨enviKvixi Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b n‡j UªvÝwgkb
Awew”Qbœ_v‡K|

Z…ZxqcÖRb¥ (Third Generation - 3G)
2001 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj A-evwYwR¨Kfv‡e
me©cÖ_g NTT DoCoMo Rvcv‡bi †UvwKI‡Z eëüZ nq| 2001 mv‡ji
A‡±vei gv‡m evwYwR¨Kfv‡e W-CDMA cÖhyw³i eënvi ïiæ nq|
AvšÍR©vwZK †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb ms¯’v (ITU) Gi msÁvbymv‡i 3G ev
n‡”Q 3rd Generation Ggb GK †gvevBj cÖhyw³ hv‡Z GSM,
EDGE, UMTS Ges CDMA 2000 cÖhyw³ AšÍfy©³| GB ai‡bi
cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i †gvevBj †dv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ WiMAX f‡qm Kj, wfwWI
Kjmvwf©m cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e|

Z…ZxqcÖR‡b¥i†gvevBj wm‡÷‡giD‡jøL‡hvM¨‰ewkó¨n‡jv-
K)GSM, EDGE, UMTSGes CDMA 2000 cÖhyw³eënvi|
L)D”PMwZm¤úbœWvUvAv`vb-cÖ`vb(cÖvq2Mbps)|
M)†gvevB‡j B›Uvi‡bUeënviGes†gvevB‡j BDGmwe †gv‡Wg ms‡hvM
eë¯’vPvjy|
N)wfwWI K‡jicÖPjbïiæGes†gvevBj e¨vwKs,B-Kgvm©, B-‡gBj I Ab¨vb¨
B›Uvi‡bUwfwËKmvwf©mcÖ`vb|
O)c¨v‡KUmy¨BwPsGesmvwK©Umy¨BwPsDfqc×wZWvUvUªvÝwgk‡b
eënviKivhvq|
P)†iwWIwd«Kz‡qwÝW-CDMAev UMTS÷¨vÛvW©|
Q)e¨vcKAvšÍRv©wZK †ivwgsmyweav|

PZz_© cÖRb¥ ( Forth Generation - 4G)
2009 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi eënvi ïiæ nq| PZz_©
cÖR‡b¥i †gvevB‡ji cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv c¨v‡KU my¨BwPs ev mvwK©U my¨BwPs
WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj (IP) wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i eënvi| d‡j
†gvevBj †dvbwm‡÷‡g Avëªv-eªW-e¨vÛMwZi B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kivhv‡e|
‰ewkó¨ t-
K) c¨v‡KU my¨BwPs ev mvwK©U my¨BwPs WvUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z©
B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj(IP) wfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i eënvi|
L) WvUv UªvÝdv‡ii ‡iU n‡e Avëªv-eªW-e¨vÛ MwZi A_v©r AZx‡Zi †h‡Kv‡bv
mg‡qi PvB‡ZA‡bK ‡ewk| cÖK…Z†WUv UªvÝdvi‡iU 20 Mbps |
M)wÎ-gvwÎK QwecÖ`k©‡bi eë¯’v_vK‡e|
N) Iq¨vi‡jm B›Uvi‡bU myweavmn iPAD bvgK†Ue‡jUwWfvB‡mi eënvi|
O)DbœZGw›Ubvwm‡÷g I Iq¨vi‡jm wm‡÷g cÖeZ©bBZ¨vw`|

CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access.
EDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution.
GPRS = General Packet Radio Service.
GSM = Global System for Mobile Communications.
IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity.
PDA = Personal Digital Assistant.
PIN = Personal Identity Number
SIM = Subscriber Identity Module.
VOIP = Voice Over Internet Protocol.
WAP = Wireless Application Protocol.
WiMAX = Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

Mobile Phone Maintenance
Mobile phone is a delicate device and needs care for its
proper functioning. Here are the common measures to keep the
mobile phone in good condition.
• Do not keep Mobile phone in wet area or use it with wet
hands. Moisture can cause non-repairable internal corrosion of
parts.
• Do not drop the phone or damage the connection points.
• Do not over stress the phone. It may damage the display.
• Do not keep the phone near heat generating devices. High
temperature in a car can damage its electronics.
• Do not over charge the battery. Charge the battery only its
charge status goes below 50 percent.
• Prevent Cloning.

Computer Networks & mobile phone

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