Clay Minerals: Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications
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This document provides an outline for a course on clay mineralogy. It discusses the classification, identification, structure, and applications of clay minerals. Clay minerals are classified based on their layered structures as either 1:1 or 2:1 layers. Identification is primarily done using X-ray diffraction to analyze clay mineral structures. Finally, clay minerals have a wide range of applications in fields such as materials science, engineering, environmental science, and agriculture due to their unique layered properties and high specific surface area.
Clay Minerals: Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications
- 1. GEOL 650 – Clay Mineralogy Instructor: Prof. Ahmet Umran Dogan Clay Minerals: Classifications, Identifications, Structures, and Applications Omar A. Radwan g201306050 ESD 1
- 2. OUTLINE • Introduction • Structures – T – O – I • Classifications – TO – TOT • Identifications – XRD • Applications • Concluding remarks 2
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Group: Phyllosilicate • Composition: hydrous aluminosilicates • Formation occurs under: – surface (alterites, soils, sediments) conditions or – subsurface (diagenesis, hydrothermal alterations) conditions • Size: few micrometers maximum – Difficult to observe without using electron microscopy 3
- 4. STRUCTURES - T • The Tetrahedral Sheet (T) • SiO4 −4 or AlO4 −5 Tetrahedra • linked together by sharing three of four vertices (three basal oxygens) • Only one O-2 anion (apical oxygen) bonds cation pair Murray, 2007 4
- 5. STRUCTURES - O • The Octahedral Sheet (O) • linked together by sharing their six vertices • Each anion is bonded to three cations in the trioctahedral type • Each anion is bonded to two cations in the dioctahedral type Murray, 2007 5
- 6. STRUCTURES - TO Nesse, 2012 6
- 7. STRUCTURES - I • The Interlayer Sheet (I) • In 2:1 phyllosilicates • interlayer cations compensate the negative charges in excess and insure the electrical neutrality of the 2:1 layer – Cations not bonded to each other (X) – Cations forming an octahedral sheet without any shared vertex with tetrahedral sheets (O) Velde and Meunier, 2008 7
- 9. CLASSIFICATIONS - TO • 1:1 in which one tetrahedral sheet is bonded to one octahedral sheet • KAOLINITE 9 Murray, 2007
- 10. CLASSIFICATIONS - TOT • 2:1 in which one octahedral sheet is sandwiched and covalently coordinated between two tetrahedral sheets • SMECTITE • Water molecules and cations occupy the space between the 2:1 layers • Spices – Sodium montmorillonite – Calcium montmorillonite – Saponite (magnesium montmorillonite) – Nontronite (iron montmorillonite) – Hectorite (lithium montmorillonite) – Beidellite (aluminum montmorillonite) 10Murray, 2007
- 11. CLASSIFICATIONS - TOT • ILLITE • structure is a 2:1 layer in which the interlayer cation is potassium 11Murray, 2007
- 12. CLASSIFICATIONS - TOT • CHLORITE • 2:1 layer mineral with an interlayer octahedral sheet. 12Murray, 2007
- 13. CLASSIFICATIONS • Pure clay minerals • Mixed-layer clay minerals 13Brigatti et al., 2006
- 16. IDENTIFICATIONS • 4 STEPS: – XRD for regular random oriented powder sample – XRD for oriented clay size fraction – XRD after glycolation – XRD after heating 16 Clay Mineral group Air-Dried Heated Glycolated Kaolinite 7.16 7.16 7.16 Smectite 15 10 16.9 Illite 10.1 10.1 10.1 Vermiculite 14.4 10 14.4 Chlorite 14.2 14.2 14.2
- 17. IDENTIFICATIONS - Ex • CHLORITE: 17Poppe et al., 2001
- 18. IDENTIFICATIONS – Ex • SMECTITE 18 Poppe et al., 2001
- 19. APPLICATIONS Zhu and Njuguna, 2014 1 Earth and planetary sciences 2 Materials science 3 Engineering 4 Chemistry 5 Environmental science 6 Agricultural and biological science 7 Chemical engineering 8 Physics and astronomy 9 Energy 10 Biochemistry 19
- 20. APPLICATIONS Adams and Hooper, 2001 20
- 21. CONCLUDING REMARKS • Based on their layered structure, clay minerals can be categorized as types 1:1 or 2:1 • X-ray diffraction is the basic tool for clay mineral identification • Clays alone form an entire world in which geologists, mineralogists, agriculturist, petroleum engineers, chemists find extraordinary subjects for research. 21
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- 23. REFERENCES • Adams, J.M., Hooper, J.J., 2001. Clays, in: Veyssière, K.H.J.B.W.C.C.F.I.J.K.M. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (Second Edition). Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 1236–1242. • Bergaya, F., Lagaly, G., 2013. Chapter 1 - General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science, in: Faïza Bergaya and Gerhard Lagaly (Ed.), Developments in Clay Science, Handbook of Clay Science. Elsevier, pp. 1–19. • Brigatti, M.F., Galán, E., Theng, B.K.G., 2013. Chapter 2 - Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals, in: Faïza Bergaya and Gerhard Lagaly (Ed.), Developments in Clay Science, Handbook of Clay Science. Elsevier, pp. 21–81. • Callister, W.D., 2012. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, 4 edition. ed. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. • Meunier, A., 2010. Clays, Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 2005 edition. ed. Springer • Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C., 1997. X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, 2 edition. ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York. 23
- 24. REFERENCES • Murray, H.H., 2007. Applied Clay Mineralogy, Volume 2: Occurrences, Processing and Applications of Kaolins, Bentonites, Palygorskitesepiolite, and Common Clays, 1 edition. ed. Elsevier Science, Boston. • Negrón-Mendoza, A., 2011. Clay, in: Gargaud, M., Amils, P.R., Quintanilla, J.C., II, H.J. (Jim) C., Irvine, W.M., Pinti, P.D.L., Viso, M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 316–319. • Nesse, W.D., 2012. Introduction To Mineralogy. Oxford University Press, New York. • Poppe, L. J., Paskevich, V. F., Hathaway, J. C., Blackwood, D. S., 2001. A laboratory manual for X-ray powder diffraction. US Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1(041), 1-88. • Velde, B.B., Meunier, A., 2008. The Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks, 2008 edition. ed. Springer, Berlin. • Zhu, H., Njuguna, J., 2014. 7 - Nanolayered silicates/clay minerals: uses and effects on health, in: Njuguna, J., Pielichowski, K., Zhu, H. (Eds.), Health and Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 133–146. 24
- 25. 25 Meunier, 2010
- 26. Meunier, 2010 26
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- 32. Brigatti et al., 2013 32
- 33. 33 Guggenheim et al., 2006
- 34. 34Meunier, 2010 M: montmorillonite B: beidellite S: saponite V: vermiculite
- 35. Velde, 2013 35