Unit 8 notes
- 1. WWII
- 2. Warm-up Nov. 2 Which of the following list of events of WWII in the correct chronological order? A. Pearl Harbor, Germany’s invasion of France, V-E day, D-day B. Germany invades the USSR, D-day, Pearl Harbor, the atomic bomb C. the USSR conquers Berlin, the atomic bomb, D-day, President Roosevelt dies D. Germany’s invasion of France, Pearl Harbor, D-day, the atomic bomb
- 3. Rise of Dictators • WWI and the worldwide economic depression of the 1920’s and 1930’s weakened or destroyed the governments of many nations. • Desperate for some relief from poverty, hunger, and political instability, people began to embrace new ideas about government and to support politicians who promised them solutions.
- 4. Italy • Benito Mussolini – leader of Italy • Government – Fascist Dictatorship • Goals – Make Italy a world power again and acquire new territory • Acts of Aggression – Invaded Ethiopia, Libya, and Albania
- 5. Spain • Francisco Franco – Fascist ruler who led rebellion against new communist government • Government – Fascist Dictatorship • Acts of Aggression – – Spanish Civil War – Between Communist and Fascist
- 6. Japan • Leaders– Hirohito (Emperor), Hideki Tojo (Premier) • Government – Constitutional Monarchy controlled by militaristic leaders • Goals – Establish Japanese Empire in Asia and the Pacific • Acts of Aggression – Invaded Manchuria – Attacked China – Attacked European colonies of Burma, Indonesia, & Indochina – Attacked U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor
- 7. 7 TREATY OF VERSAILLES ISSUES TO BE SETTLED • TERRITORIAL ADJUSTMENTS • REPARATIONS • ARMAMENT RESTRICTIONS • WAR GUILT • LEAGUE OF NATIONS
- 8. 8 1. In January, 1921, there were 64 marks to the dollar. 2. By November, 1923 this had changed to 4,200,000,000,000 marks to the dollar…. PRICE OF A LOAF OF BREAD 1. In 1918 a loaf of bread cost just over half a mark. 2. By 1922 the cost had risen to 163 marks for a loaf of bread. 3. By November of 1923 a loaf of bread cost 201 billion marks GERMAN ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AFTER WORLD WAR I
- 9. Rise of the Nazi Party & Adolf Hitler • Majority of Germans hated Allies from WWI for what they did to Germany • This led to the rise of new political parties – Nazi Party - Led by Adolf Hitler • Nazi’s tried to seize control of the government, but the plan failed and Hitler was arrested • While in Prison Hitler wrote Mien Kampf – In this book he called for the unification of Germans – Argued for the creation of an “Aryan Race” – Inferior races should be enslaved – Jew were the reason many of the worlds problems
- 10. Rise of the Nazi Party & Adolf Hitler • After his release form prison Hitler changed his approach • Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 • Once in office Hitler called for new elections – Cracked down on communist and socialist parties • 1934 Nazi party voted to give Hitler dictatorial powers • He declared himself Fuhrer and began rebuilding Germany’s army
- 11. Germany • Adolf Hitler – leader of Germany in WWII • Government – Fascist Dictatorship • Goals – Restore Germany to past glory – Acquire new territory – Unite all Germans under German rule – Eliminate “undesirables” from Germany – “extermination policies” – Holocaust – mass killing of Jews and other “undesirables” by Nazis during World War II – Concentration Camps – camps where “undesirables” were executed by Hitler’s Nazi Party – Establish dominant position in the world • Early Acts of Aggression – Invaded the Rhineland – Unified with Austria – Demanded the Sudetenland – Conquered Czechoslovakia – Signed Non-Aggression Pact with Soviet Union
- 12. 12 Czechoslovakia's main defense were in the Sudetenland
- 13. 13 Early War • Acts of Appeasement – as Hitler acts out aggression, the powers in Europe (British & France) attempt to prevent another world war by appeasing Hitler • Munich Agreement – after Czechoslovakia, France & Great Britain meet Hitler in Munich to discuss his aggression – Hitler promises to stop attacks if allowed to keep previously conquered lands
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- 15. 15 Germany Vs USSR • The World is shocked when two bitter enemies, Germany and the USSR sign a Nonaggression Pact promising not to attack each other
- 16. World War II Begins • Following the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, France and Great Britain declared war on Germany and World War II began
- 17. Fall of France • Fall of France – very little happened in WWII until 1940 when Germany invaded France through Belgium. • New German military tactics allowed them to move through Belgium in one week and attack the French and British armies in Northern France before the French were completely ready. • The German attack combined the use of tanks & aircraft to break through French & British lines and drive them apart. • The British & French armies, who were expecting the battles to be like WWI battles, were surprised by the new tactics. The British army narrowly escaped complete destruction thanks to an evacuation at Dunkirk. • The French Army, divided and quickly encircled, was forced to surrender.
- 18. Battle of Britain • Battle of Britain – Germany defeated and occupied France in a matter of weeks. • With France out of the war, Germany was able to concentrate all of its resources on defeating Great Britain. • Rather than invading the island nation, the Germans decided to force the British to surrender by using submarines to cut off supplies from the U.S. and airplanes to bomb them into submission. • The Battle of Britain was fought in the skies over England where the British Air Force, aided by newly invented radar, battled successfully against superior numbers of German aircraft. Despite German plans, the British held on throughout 1940.
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- 24. US Involvement • Cash-Carry Policy – the US would sell supplies to any country, but they had to pay cash and come pick up the supplies themselves • Lend-Lease Act– allowed the US to lend or lease war materials to any nation whose defense was vital to US – In reality the gave weapons to Britain and abandoned neutrality
- 26. 26 Japan Attacks the US • US put a trade embargo on Japan • US code breakers learn that Japan plans to attack the US. • The Japanese surprise attack of Pearl Harbor brought the United States into WWII • Dec. 7, 1941
- 27. Internment Camps • Internment Camps were places where the United States put Japanese Americans to keep an eye on them. • Discrimination against Japanese-Americans • Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) • Reparations 27
- 29. 29 Preparing for War • 5 Million volunteers & 10 Million draftees • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – Nurses, radio operators, ambulance drivers – anything not involving direct combat • Production – Automobiles – Tanks, Boats, Planes – Mechanical Pencils – bombs parts – A war ship could be made in four days
- 30. Warm up Nov. 4 The US economy and industry during the war years can best be described as A. slow because there was not much production B. booming because production increased and jobs were abundant C. hurting because jobs were scarce D. improved because men finally made enough for women to stay home
- 31. 31 Labor Issues • Women & Minorities in Military – for first time, large numbers of women & minorities serve in military in World War II – still mostly white males in military • Rosie the Riveter – Symbol of women in the workforce during WWII • Scientist retooled – Penicillin – Manhattan Project
- 32. 32 Fed. Gov’t takes control • Office of Price Administration (OPA) – Froze prices – Raised income taxes – Rationing – meat, shoes, sugar, gas • War Production Board (WPB) – Converted businesses – Collected scrap iron, tin, paper, rags,
- 33. Citizens Pitch In • Rationing - method of limiting food by using rations to purchase food – govt. issues limited amount of rations to each family
- 34. US at War European Theater – North Africa – 1942 – U.S. troops land in North Africa and open a second front against Germany & Italy – Italian Invasion – 1943 – Allied invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland leads to the fall of the fascist government and forces Germany to divert resources to protect its southern flank – Stalingrad – considered to be the turning point in WWII
- 35. 35 US at War • D-Day – June 6, 1944 - D-Day invasion begins the liberation of France and Europe. Germany was attacked from the Soviet Union, Italy, and France – Largest land-sea-air operation in army history – 3 million troops • By September the Allies had freed France, Belgium, & Luxembourg • Shortly after Roosevelt re-elected to a 4th term
- 37. 37 BUILDUP FOR D- DAY IN ENGLAND: 3,000,000 men in 52 divisions 80,000 trucks; 10,000 tanks 5200 bombers, 5500 fighters 2400 transport planes from 163 airfields 1200 naval ships: 2 battleships, 23 cruisers, 105 destroyers 2500 landing craft
- 38. 38 ALLIES ADVANCE RAPIDLY ACROSS FRANCE AFTER BREAKING OUT OF NORMANDY IN OPERATION COBRA.
- 39. 39 US TROOPS MARCH IN A VICTORY PARADE AFTER THE LIBERATION OF PARIS IN LATE AUGUST 1944
- 40. 40 Battle of the Bulge • October 1944 Allies captured their first German city. • Hitler wanted to mount offensive. • US prisoners were taken to a field and slaughtered.
- 41. Yalta Conference • Yalta Conference of the “Big Three” about what to do at conclusion of World War II. Allies were winning war and meeting in February 1945 was to set post-war policies – Big Three – leaders of Allies – Churchill (British), Stalin (USSR), FDR (US)
- 42. 42 Victory in Europe • US troops entered Germany from the west and Russia entered from the east. • With troops closing in on him Hitler commits suicide. • On May 8, 1945 Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich • V-E Day Victory in Europe – May 8, 1945 – Germany surrenders • Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
- 43. 43 War in the Pacific • “island hopping” • Battle of Midway • Guadalcanal • Iwo Jima • Okinawa
- 44. War in the Pacific • Battle of Coral Sea – 1942 – U.S. prevents Japanese from being able to invade Australia by stopping them at the Battle of Coral Sea • Battle of Midway – 1942 – U.S. stops Japanese advance toward Hawaii and changes the balance of naval power in the Pacific at the Battle of Midway • Philippines – 1944 – U.S. troops retake the Philippines from the Japanese
- 45. War in the pacific • Battle of Iwo Jima – 1945 – U.S. takes important step toward preparing for invasion of Japan by winning • Battle of Okinawa – 1945 – Okinawa invasion brings U.S. a step closer to Japan mainland & gives military idea of how costly invasion of Japan would be
- 46. 46FAMOUS PHOTOGRAPH OF THE FLAG RAISING ON MOUNT SURIBACHI ON IWO JIMA
- 47. Manhattan Project • Manhattan Project - Code name for the Atomic bomb • Headed by J. Robert Oppenhiemer • July 16, 1945 1st successful test of the Atomic Bomb • Tested in Los Alamos, New Mexico
- 48. 48 MODEL OF “LITTLE BOY” ATOMIC BOMB CREW OF THE ENOLA GAY THE PLANE THAT DROPPED THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB ON JAPAN ENOLA GAY, PLANE THAT DROPPED THE BOMB
- 49. 49 • Hiroshima – Aug. 6, 1945 U.S. drops atomic bomb on City of Hiroshima • 70,000 Killed
- 50. A second Atomic Bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED
- 51. 51 V J DAY – Victory in Japan, August 14, 1945 WWII ends
- 52. 52 Nuremberg War Trials – after war, Nazi leaders are put on trial for war crimes
- 53. 53 WW II DEATHS PER COUNTRY
- 54. The Home Front • Economic Gains – Unemployment fell to as low as 1.2% – Weekly wages rose by 35% • Population Shifts • Baby Boomers • GI Bill of Rights 54
- 55. Cold War
- 56. Warm-up Nov. 13 The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to A. punish Germany for WWII B. prevent Germany from rearming C. keep Communist countries weak D. help Western Europe recover
- 57. Cold War • Cold War - Conflict between the U.S.A and the Soviet Union – Never fought each other directly
- 58. The United Nations • Formed after WWII • The United Nations - Main job is to work for world peace after WWII 1. Also tries to improve people’s lives (food, money and technology) • 1947 – UN decided to split Palestine into 2 nations (Palestine ruled by England) 1. One Arab and one Jewish (most people in Palestine were Arab) • 1948 – Jewish settlers declared the founding of Israel • Arab nations immediately attacked it • Israel won the war plus others in following years
- 60. Soviet Expansion • Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe at the end of WWII • Stalin worried that people might elect anti-Soviet governments • He set up pro-Soviet communist governments in Eastern Europe • Wanted to avoid another invasion form the west • U.S. thought communist wanted to take over the world
- 61. Containing the Soviets • Truman Gov. used containment policy • Containment Policy - U.S. would work in military and nonmilitary ways to prevent communism from spreading.
- 62. Containing the Soviets Continued • U.S. helped Greece and Turkey defeat communist forces • Truman Doctrine – said the U.S. would help any free nation attempting to resist communism
- 63. The Marshall Plan • European countries needed help after WWII • 1947 – U.S. announced the Marshall Plan 1. Named after Secretary of State George Marshall • Marshall Plan - Goal was to rebuild the cities, farms and industries of Europe • U.S. thought that it would help Europe to resist communism
- 64. The Marshall Plan Continued • Offered Marshall Plan to the Soviets and Eastern Europe • Stalin turned it down because he feared that it would threaten communist rule – Soviet Union developed own plan for Eastern Europe called COMECON
- 65. Berlin Airlift • 1945 – Germany divided into zones • Parts controlled by U.S., England, and France became West Germany • Part controlled by Soviets became East Germany • Former German capital of Berlin was also divided into halves – It was located inside the Soviet controlled East Germany
- 67. Berlin Airlift Continued • Soviets wanted west out of Berlin and East Germany • 1948 – soviets close all ground routes into the city • Berlin Airlift - U.S. and England flew supplies into West Berlin for nearly a year
- 68. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Western European countries, Canada, U.S. and Iceland promised to defend each Other in case of an attack • Warsaw Pact – Eastern Europe formed a similar alliance • Europe was divided into two groups
- 69. Balance of Terror • 1950’s U.S. and Russia develop Hydrogen Bomb and missiles to carry nuclear weapons • Threat of nuclear war becomes possibility
- 70. McCarthyism – McCarthyism – The desire to stop the spread of communism also involved preventing it from spreading to the U.S., Led by Senator Joseph McCarthy – A series of “Red Scares”, highlighted by Senator Joseph McCarthy’s statements about alleged communist infiltration of the government and the army, led to the civil rights violations of those who were communists, were suspected of being communists, or were suspected of knowing someone who might be a communist.
- 71. Cold War “Thaw” • Mid 1950s – Both American and Soviet leaders wanted to reduce cold war tensions • After Stalin’s Death Nikita Khrushchev takes control of USSR • Khrushchev called for peaceful coexistence (Soviets would compete with the west but avoid war)
- 72. Cold War “Thaw” • Stated that the USSR would surpass the west economically • Tried to make the USSR more economically competitive – Tied to improve working conditions and housing and to increase consumer good – Emphasized technological research
- 73. Cold War “Thaw” • 1957 – Soviet launched the worlds 1st space satellite (Sputnik I) • Stunned the U.S.A. and boosted the Soviet’s prestige • Both superpowers continued a massive military buildup
- 74. Cold War “Thaw” • Planned a four-power summit for Paris in May 1960 • Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane and captured its pilot shortly before the summit • Khrushchev denounced the U.S.A and cancelled the summit
- 75. Trouble in Berlin • 1960 – John F Kennedy became president • East Germans went to West Berlin to escape communism • Communist built the Berlin Wall – Guards shot anyone tying to escape
- 77. Bay of Pigs • 1959- Fidel Castro took over Cuba • Began taking over American owned businesses
- 78. Bay of Pigs Continued • Bay of Pigs - Kennedy approved plan for anti - Castro Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro (American help) 1. Invaders were crushed at the Bay of Pigs
- 79. Cuban Missile Crises • Cuban Missile Crises - Russia began putting nuclear missiles in Cuba • U.S. responded by blockading Cuba • Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if U.S. promised not to invade Cuba • Closest we ever came to nuclear war • Both sides began trying to improve relations
- 81. Warm-up Nov. 13 How is the Truman Doctrine related to communism? A. It makes it illegal to join the communist party. B. It is the constitution of the communists in Europe. C. It pledged aid to nations trying to combat communist takeover. D. It was the financial doctrine used to execute the Marshall Plan.
- 83. The Brezhnev Era • Military spending stifled growth in other sectors 1. Many industries technology was outdated by 20 years 2. Farmers were only 1/6 as productive as American counterparts 3. Forced to again import grain from the West
- 85. The Brezhnev Era • Increased the Soviet nuclear arsenal and conventional weapons - Felt military power gave the USSR a stronger position in world diplomacy
- 87. Cold War in Asia • China- Communist gained control 1. Led by Mao Zedong • Former Chinese Gov. ( led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to island of Formosa (Modern day Taiwan) Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek
- 88. Cold War in Asia Continued • U.S. saw this a part of a communist plot to rule the world • Japan – General Macarthur became military ruler – Created a new democracy – Also kept Japanese Emperor as a symbol of the nation – U.S. helped rebuild Japan – U.S. and Japan became close allies
- 89. Cold War in Asia Continued • Korea – had been Japanese colony since 1910 1. Split into North and South after WWII 2. June 1950- communist North Korea invaded South Korea
- 90. The Korean War • United Nations sent troops from 16 countries to defend South Korea • Gen. Macarthur appointed to lead the U.N. forces • Landed forces behind enemy lines • Retook South Korean capital within weeks • U.S. decided to free North Korea from communist rule
- 91. The Korean War • Tried to cut it off from China • China entered the war • Macarthur wanted to bomb China • Truman was afraid that it would start World War III • Macarthur publicly said that Truman was denying him the tools he needed to win the war • Truman fired Macarthur
- 92. End of the Korean War • War became unpopular in America • Truman retired • 1952- Dwight Eisenhower becomes president
- 93. End of the Korean War Continued • Eisenhower went to Korea let China know he would compromise to end the war • Also let China know he would use atomic bomb if war continued
- 94. Background of the Vietnam War • 1950- France wanted U.S. to help it keep Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh led Vietnamese communist to victory against the French
- 95. The Geneva Accords • Meeting held in Geneva Switzerland • Divided Vietnam into two halves 1. North was communist – led by Ho Chi Minh 2. South was noncommunist – led by Ngo Dinh Diem • Accords called for free elections to in 1956 1. Diem refused to hold elections in the south (knew he would lose) • U.S. sent military advisors to help him keep control
- 96. Vietcong • Vietcong - South Vietnamese communist • Goal was to drive Diem and the Americans out and reunite Vietnam • 1961 – JFK becomes president and sends more military advisors 1. Let the military overthrow Diem 2. Believed a better leader could win the war
- 97. Deeper U.S. Involvement • 1963 Lyndon B Johnson became president 1. 1st President to send combat troops to Vietnam
- 98. Deeper U.S. Involvement Continued • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave President Johnson the power to take all necessary measures to protect Americans in Vietnam • Johnson used this as a declaration of war – Began bombing North Vietnam
- 99. Debate over war • Most people supported the war in the beginning • Military leaders told everyone that the war was going well • Some people wanted the U.S. to launch a full scale of North Vietnam • Some people wanted the U.S. to pull out 1. Soldiers had little support among the Vietnamese people 2. Couldn’t tell who the enemy was
- 100. The Tet Offensive • The Tet Offensive - January 1968 – Vietcong launched surprise attacks on all cities in South Vietnam • Supposed to be a holiday ceasefire (Tet is Vietnamese new year) • After this the government had a hard time convincing the public the US was winning the war
- 101. The Tet Offensive Continued • Tet Offensive showed the American people that the war was far from over • People found it hard to believe the Government • Ending the war became more important than winning
- 103. Nixon Ends the War • 1968 – Richard Nixon elected president 1. Promised to end the war
- 104. Nixon Ends the War Continued • Withdrew American soldiers and turned the war over to the South Vietnamese army • 1972 – last American troops were withdrawn • More bombs dropped on Vietnam than in all of WWII • MIAs – remained 1. Vietnam remained a painful scar in American history
- 105. Nixon Eases the Cold War • Nixon thought of foreign policy in terms of power not morals 1. Believed the enemies of your enemies were your friends • Tried to divide China and Russia
- 106. Nixon Eases the Cold War Continued • Nixon Traveled to Russia for Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) • Signed 1st agreement with Russia to limit the growth of nuclear missiles • Both sides were allowed 4,000 missiles between them
- 107. Carter’s Foreign Policy • Jimmy Carter served as president from 1977 to 1981 • Wanted to help 3rd world countries • Worried about human rights – peoples basic rights because they are human
- 108. Carter’s Foreign Policy Continued • 1977 - Signed a treaty that gave the Panama Canal back to Panama in 2000
- 109. Carter’s Foreign Policy Continued • 1979 – Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan – Soviets invade Afghanistan attempting to make area communist – long war and Soviets can not get Afghanistan to surrender – eventually U.S.S.R. leaves area and loss has large effects on decline of U.S.S.R. • U.S. imposed an embargo on grain shipments to the Soviet Union • U.S. boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow
- 110. Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East • President Carter experienced both his greatest achievement and worst setback in the Middle East • Camp David Accords – Egypt became the 1st of Israel’s neighbors to recognize its right to exist
- 111. Carter’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East Continued • 1979 – Group of Iranians seized the American embassy and hold hostages for over a year • The Iranian Hostage Crisis – Islamic revolutionary group overthrow Shah or Iran – U.S. supports and houses Shan – Iranian revolutionaries storm U.S. embassy in Iran and take hostages – Pres. Carter attempts rescue of hostages and attempt is disaster – eight are killed – eventually, after Iraq invades Iran, hostages are released • American hostages were freed in January 1981
- 112. Ronald Reagan • Became president in 1980 • Called Soviet Union an Evil Empire • Began most expensive arms build up in history • Defense system “star wars” • His Economic policy was called Reganomics. He wanted to give Tax cuts to everyone, spent billions of $ on defense
- 113. Ronald Reagan • Reagan challenged communist everywhere • Smuggled weapons to the rebels in Afghanistan • Backed the Contra rebels in Nicaragua • Iran Contra Affair - Nicaragua is communist – U.S. supports fighting revolution – Contras are the anti- Communist side – U.S. supports Contras and trains them to fight – Congress finds out about Contras and forces training and aid to stop – White House then sells weapons to Iran and gives the money to Contras • Backed the Government in El Salvador against communist rebels • Invaded the Caribbean Island nation of Grenada to overthrow a communist government
- 114. Reforming the Soviet Union • 1985 – Soviet Union was in trouble • Top leaders were old and sick • Communist economy was falling apart • Soviet Union was bogged down in a no win situation in Afghanistan • People didn’t have comfortable lives or freedom • Eastern Communist nations became restless due to seeing how prosperous the West was
- 115. Reforming the Soviet Union Continued • Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of Soviet Union • Wanted stop arms race (Bankrupting Country) • Wanted to reform system • Allowed people to criticize government
- 116. Reforming the Soviet Union Continued • Reagan and Gorbachev liked and trusted each other • Soviet Union agreed not to use force to control Eastern Europe and to end the war in Afghanistan in exchange for the U.S. ending the arms race • 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev signed an agreement to destroy all of their medium range nuclear missiles
- 117. The Soviet Union Collapses • 1988 – George Bush became president • 1989 -Soviet Union pulled the last troops out of Afghanistan • 1989 – Berlin Wall was torn down • 1990 - East and West Germany officially reunited • Eastern European freed themselves from Communism
- 118. The Soviet Union Collapses Continued • August 1991 – Hard line Communist leaders tried to seize control of the government • Boris Yeltsin led the fight to defeat the communist and became very popular • 1. He was wiling to break completely with communism
- 119. The Soviet Union Collapses Continued • Gorbachev lost power as a result of not being trusted by either the people or the communist • December 25, 1991 – The Soviet flag was lowered for the last time in the Kremlin • Collapse of the Soviet Union meant the end of the Cold War