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Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include: 1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand. 2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore. 3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids. 4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.

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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Nucleus
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DNA strand(split double helix) The first process, transcription, occurs inside the nucleus. During transcription the mRNA copy is made. We first start with the split double helix. Follow the next steps to see how transcription happens.
PROMTER REGION The promoter region acts like a light switch, turning the gene on and off. The start codon is START CODON where the process beings.
PROMTER REGION START CODON
PROMTER REGION START CODON
PROMTER REGION START CODON
PROMTER REGION The coding region encodes the information for which protein to produce. CODING REGION
PROMTER REGION TERMINATION SEQUENCE The Termination Sequence is the ending codon that detects the end of transcription.
PROMTER REGION The RNA polymerase is the enzyme that produces RNA and guides the synthesis of a new RNA POLYMERASE strand of nucleic acid.
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION The mRNA strand holds the genetic codes to make proteins.
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
PROMTER REGION
NUCLEAR PORE
NUCLEAR PORE The nuclear pore is where the mRNA strand leaves. The nuclear pore transfers the mRNA strand to the cytoplasm.
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A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A
RIBOSOME The ribosome reads the mRNA strand. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A
codon codon codon The codon is a sequence of three nucleotides. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A tRNA The tRNA strand reads the mRNA and carries amino acids needed to make a protein.
U A C ANTICODON The anticodon codes for a certain amino acid. AMINO ACID The anticodon U A C codes for Tyrosine.
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
The ribosome attached to the mRNA strand. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C The tRNA attaches to the mRNA strand. TYR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C TYR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C TYR
Another tRNA attaches to the mRNA strand. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY The amino acids join together PEPTIDE BOND with a peptide bond.
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY PEPTIDE BOND A peptide is the bond between amino acids.
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U As the ribosome moves farther down the mRNA strand the first tRNA falls off but leaves its amino acids. TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
This process continues. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G C C U C A C A G U A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C A C C TYR GLY THR THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR THR
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C C G C A TYR GLY THR THR ALA
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A G C A TYR GLY THR THR ALA
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A G C A TYR GLY THR THR ALA
codon codon codon Stop codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C U TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
The process ends when the last tRNA hits a stop codon. codon codon codon Stop codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C U TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C U TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
The tRNA falls off and the ribosome leaves. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
Now there is a chain of amino acids. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
The amino acid will fold up.
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The unique structure of each structure protein gives it its function.
The translation and transcription process continues in order to produce many different proteins.

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Flipbook m and a

  • 41. DNA strand(split double helix) The first process, transcription, occurs inside the nucleus. During transcription the mRNA copy is made. We first start with the split double helix. Follow the next steps to see how transcription happens.
  • 42. PROMTER REGION The promoter region acts like a light switch, turning the gene on and off. The start codon is START CODON where the process beings.
  • 43. PROMTER REGION START CODON
  • 44. PROMTER REGION START CODON
  • 45. PROMTER REGION START CODON
  • 46. PROMTER REGION The coding region encodes the information for which protein to produce. CODING REGION
  • 47. PROMTER REGION TERMINATION SEQUENCE The Termination Sequence is the ending codon that detects the end of transcription.
  • 48. PROMTER REGION The RNA polymerase is the enzyme that produces RNA and guides the synthesis of a new RNA POLYMERASE strand of nucleic acid.
  • 63. PROMTER REGION The mRNA strand holds the genetic codes to make proteins.
  • 72. NUCLEAR PORE The nuclear pore is where the mRNA strand leaves. The nuclear pore transfers the mRNA strand to the cytoplasm.
  • 84. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A
  • 85. RIBOSOME The ribosome reads the mRNA strand. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A
  • 86. codon codon codon The codon is a sequence of three nucleotides. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A
  • 87. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A tRNA The tRNA strand reads the mRNA and carries amino acids needed to make a protein.
  • 88. U A C ANTICODON The anticodon codes for a certain amino acid. AMINO ACID The anticodon U A C codes for Tyrosine.
  • 89. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 90. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 91. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 92. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 93. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 94. The ribosome attached to the mRNA strand. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 95. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 96. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 97. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 98. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 99. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C
  • 100. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C The tRNA attaches to the mRNA strand. TYR
  • 101. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C TYR
  • 102. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C TYR
  • 103. Another tRNA attaches to the mRNA strand. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
  • 104. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
  • 105. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
  • 106. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
  • 107. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
  • 108. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY
  • 109. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY The amino acids join together PEPTIDE BOND with a peptide bond.
  • 110. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A U A C G G U TYR GLY PEPTIDE BOND A peptide is the bond between amino acids.
  • 111. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U As the ribosome moves farther down the mRNA strand the first tRNA falls off but leaves its amino acids. TYR GLY
  • 112. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 113. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 114. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 115. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 116. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 117. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 118. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
  • 119. This process continues. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
  • 120. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
  • 121. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
  • 122. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G C C U C A C A G U A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U TYR GLY
  • 123. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
  • 124. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY
  • 125. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 126. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A G G U A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 127. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 128. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 129. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 130. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 131. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 132. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 133. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 134. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR
  • 135. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C A C C TYR GLY THR THR
  • 136. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U U A A C C TYR GLY THR THR
  • 137. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C C G C A TYR GLY THR THR ALA
  • 138. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A G C A TYR GLY THR THR ALA
  • 139. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A G C A TYR GLY THR THR ALA
  • 140. codon codon codon Stop codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C U TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
  • 141. The process ends when the last tRNA hits a stop codon. codon codon codon Stop codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C U TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
  • 142. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A A C U TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
  • 143. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
  • 144. The tRNA falls off and the ribosome leaves. codon codon codon A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
  • 145. Now there is a chain of amino acids. A U G C C A U G G G U U C A C A U U C A U G G C A A C U G A TYR GLY THR THR ALA MET PHE ASN GLY STOP
  • 146. The amino acid will fold up.
  • 154. The unique structure of each structure protein gives it its function.
  • 155. The translation and transcription process continues in order to produce many different proteins.