week 2.pptx

CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES, AND ETHICS
OF RESEARCH

THREE STUDENT RESEARCHERS WERE COMPLAINING
REGARDING THEIR RESEARCH. HERE ARE SOME OF
THEIR LINES.
Student 1: I hate it. I kept on changing my topics. Everytime I presented a topic, Mr. Lucero
won’t approve.
Student 2: What were your topics?
Student 1: First I had “ The Presence of Ghosts in an Abandoned Building in Kawit” then I
also had “ What do people think 5 minutes before they die?” and also I had “ What would the
education system of the Philippines if WW2 did not happen?”.
Student 3: Mine is worse because sir kept on asking me what to do and how I do my
research. My plans were revised and my procedures were improved. Right now, I had a lot of
revisions.
Student 1: What was your study and how do you want to do it?
Student 3: The Impact of Modular Learning to Students’ Understanding. I want to make a
survey on the students if modular has an impact on their learning.
Student 2: Last year when Sir Lucero asked us to do a mini research, he called up the
attention of one group for they conducted the study in just one day and their respondents
were their close friends.

Based on the conversation above, what was wrong with the topics presented
by Student 1? Student 1 had all the topics presented disapproved because the
three topics are not observable and there is no way a researcher can gather
data to answer the research. Ghosts are not observable, patients who died
cannot answer what they felt 5 minutes before they die. For the case of WW2,
we cannot go back to the time before WW2 and change it or we cannot have
another Philippines which was not part of WW2. These topics are not empirical
in nature. What about student 2? Mr. Lucero wanted to know the hows of doing
the research for the topic entails careful analysis and planning.
Interviewing the students will not suffice the research. Multiple methods
must be done. And for Student 3, careful selection of respondents is a MUST
and research must not be done hurriedly.
Now that you have a little glimpse of the characteristics of research, you
should learn how it is done. First, let us learn more characteristics.

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH?
A. Empirical - based on observations and
experimentation on theories.
B. Systematic - follows orderly and sequential
procedure.
C. Controlled - all variables except those that are
tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
D. Analytical - There is critical analysis of all data used
so that there is no error in their interpretation
E. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical - all findings are
logically based on empirical
F. Employs quantitative or statistical methods - data
are transformed into numerical measures and are
treated statistically

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH?
G. Original work
H. Must be patient and unhurried activity - to
ensure accuracy
I. Require effort-making capacity
J. Requires courage
K. Has logical roots that help to establish facts or
principles
L. Replicability - The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the

THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
 Researcher‘s area of interest
 Availability of funds
 Investigator‘s ability and training
2. Find background information about your chosen topic
(Review of Related Literature).
3. Plan your research design including your sample
(Methodology).

THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions
(for qualitative research) and closed-ended
questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for
quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities).
5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis
(for qualitative research) and statistical tools (for
quantitative research).
6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative
research) conclusions (for quantitative research) and
recommendations.
7. Define new problem.

RESEARCH ETHICS
A. Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications. Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and publication status. Do
not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
B. Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental
design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony,
and other aspects of research where objectivity is
expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-
deception. Disclose personal or financial interests
that may affect research.

RESEARCH ETHICS
C. Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity;
strive for consistency of thought and action.
D. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep
good records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
E. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
F. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and
other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission. Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never
plagiarize.

RESEARCH ETHICS
G. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as
papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records,
trade or military secrets, and patient records.
H. Respect for colleagues. Respect your colleagues and treat them
fairly.
I. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
J. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when
using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.
K. Human Subjects Protection. When conducting research on human
subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being
referred to in the following statements. Write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her
students.
a. Responsible Publication c. Respect for colleagues
b. Non-discrimination d. Responsible Mentoring
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely
affected by the research and its results.
a. Care c. Respect for colleagues
b. Human subjects protection d. Social Responsibility
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part
in the study.
a. Voluntary participation c. Risk of harm

4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no
submission to another should be done.
a. Objectivity c. carefulness
b. Legality d. responsible publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research
skills when conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality c. Legality
b. Competence d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and
accuracy.
a. Honesty c. Competence
b. Objectivity d. Carefulness

7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be
actualized.
a. Integrity c. Social Responsibility
b. Legality d. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and
considerations.
a. Openness c. Non-discrimination
b. Respect for intellectual property d. Responsible
mentoring

9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified
in which of the following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately c. Surprising him or
her with a questionnaire
b. Writing him or her a letter d. Using a padrino
system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in
which of the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the
questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of
the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview

A. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
SITUATIONS. IDENTIFY WHICH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH IS
DESCRIBED.
1. Ben list all the procedures in doing his research from step 1 to the last step.
2. A medical technologist who is in the profession for almost 2 decades conducted a
study on the use of aloe vera as possible treatment to COVID19 due to anti-bacterial
properties of aloe vera.
3. Trish made sure that all pots containing the same seedlings receive same amount
of water and sunlight everyday. Only the type of soil is varied.
4. Tim asked a guidance counsellor to help him analyse the data with utmost
precision.
5. Nena conducted a study on the belief of Christians towards the pandemic rather
than the existence of God.
6. Brix carefully followed the set time frame in the conduct of his study to acquire the
best result.
7. Ana, even if many times she was discouraged that her topic is too risky, still
pursued her research in the mountains where is about to immerse

B. B. WHICH ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
ARE VIOLATED BY EACH
RESEARCHER?
8. Researcher A, told everybody the result of her research, and that Juan, her
respondent used prohibited drugs since he was 12 years old.
9. Researcher B killed a frog in order to have an actual observation on the
complexities of the internal organs of the animal.
10. Researcher C kept the result of his research because he is afraid that other
scholars might criticise his work.
11. Researcher D kept on copying literatures and studies in some scholarly articles for
his work without asking permission or citing the source.
12. Without asking the consent of the school principal, researcher E, surveyed directly
the students of Medellin National High School.
13. The result of the research was found out to be unappealing to researcher F so
what he did, he changed the result favourable to the existing literature.
14. Researcher G unable to find the interview record of his respondent. All he knew he
put it somewhere.
15. Researcher H, after asking permission from the LGU allowing him to study a
particular community with the restriction that he must not take videos of the area,
took a video of the ritual done by the elders secretly.

ASSIGNMENT
Quantitative Vs. Qualitative
Research and its research
Designs (for Qualitative and
for Quantitative)

week 2.pptx

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to week 2.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

week 2.pptx