03 laboratory tests part 3
- 1. Diagnostic Tests Part III Mr. JHONEE BALMEO
- 2. Visualization Procedures Visualization procedures include indirect visualization (noninvasive) and direct visualization (invasive) techniques for visualizing body organ and system functions.
- 3. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations Direct visualization techniques include anoscopy, the viewing of the anal canal;
- 5. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations proctoscopy, the viewing of the rectum
- 6. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations proctosigmoidoscopy, the viewing of the rectum and sigmoid colon
- 7. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations colonoscopy, the viewing of the large intestine.
- 8. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations Indirect visualization of the gastrointestinal tract is achieved by roentgenography. X-rays of the gastrointestinal tract can detect strictures, obstructions, tumors, ulcers, inflammatory disease, or other structural changes such as hiatal hernias
- 9. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations
- 10. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations Visualization of the tract is enhanced by the introduction of a radiopaque substance such as barium.
- 11. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations For examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract or small bowel, the client drinks the barium sulfate. This examination is often referred to as a barium swallow. For examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract, the client is given an enema containing the barium. This examination is commonly referred to as a barium enema.
- 12. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations These x-rays usually include fluoroscopic examination; that is, projection of the xray films onto a screen, which permits continuous observation of the flow of barium. *Nurses are responsible for preparing clients before these studies and for follow-upcare.
- 13. Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations
- 14. Clients with Urinary Alterations Visualization procedures also may be used to evaluate urinary function. An x-ray of the kidneys/ureters/bladder is commonly referred to as a KUB
- 15. Clients with Urinary Alterations
- 16. Clients with Urinary Alterations In an IVP (IV Pyelogram), contrast medium is injected intravenously; during retrograde pyelography, the contrast medium is instilled directly into the kidney pelvis. Following injection or instillation of the contrast medium, x-rays are taken to evaluate urinary tract structures. via the urethra, bladder, and ureters
- 17. Clients with Urinary Alterations
- 18. Clients with Urinary Alterations Renal ultrasonography is a noninvasive test that uses reflected sound waves to visualize the kidneys.
- 19. Chinese man's body riddled with tapeworm parasites Xray can reveal many uses in diagnosing our client’s disease
- 21. Clients with Urinary Alterations During a cystoscopy, the bladder, ureteral orifices, and urethra can be directly visualized using a cystoscope, a lighted instrument inserted through the urethra. Nurses are responsible for preparing clients before these studies and for follow-up care
- 22. Cystoscopy (normal and abnormal)
- 23. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations A number of visualization procedures can be done to examine the cardiovascular system and respiratory tract.
- 24. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations Electrocardiography provides a graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity. Electrodes placed on the skin transmit the electrical impulses to an oscilloscope or graphic recorder.
- 25. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations With the wave forms recorded, the electrocardiogram (ECG) can then be examined to detect dysrhythmias and alterations in conduction indicative of myocardial damage, enlargement of the heart, or drug effects.
- 26. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations Stress electrocardiography uses ECGs to assess the client’s response to an increased cardiac workload during exercise. As the body’s demand for oxygen increases with exercising, the cardiac workload increases, as does the oxygen demand of the heart muscle itself. Clients with coronary artery disease may develop chest pain and characteristic ECG changes during exercise.
- 27. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations Angiography is an invasive procedure requiring informed consent of the client. A radiopaque dye is injected into the vessels to be examined. Using fluoroscopy and x-rays, the flow through the vessels is assessed and areas of narrowing or blockage can be observed.
- 28. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations Coronary angiography is performed to evaluate the extent of coronary artery disease; pulmonary angiography may be performed to assess the pulmonary vascular system, particularly if pulmonary emboli are suspected.
- 30. Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations Other vessels that may be studied include the carotid and cerebral arteries, the renal arteries, and the vessels of the lower extremities.