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0_INTRODUCTION OF PSYCOLOGY - UNIT 1.pdf

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This document provides an introduction to psychology, including definitions of psychology, the development of psychology as a field, the scope and branches of psychology, and methods used in psychology. It defines psychology as the study of the mind and human behavior. It discusses the emergence of psychology as a science in the late 19th century and describes some of its major subfields like clinical, developmental, social, and abnormal psychology. It also outlines several research methods used in psychology like observation, experimentation, introspection, testing, and clinical methods.

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INTRODUCTION OF PSYCHOLOGY MS. SAYLI PATIL, CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR, DR. G.D.POL FOUNDATION, COLLEGE OF NURSING, KHARGHAR.
MEANING OF PSYCHOLOGY • The word psychology is derived from Greek words • PSYCHE means SOUL • LOGOS means STUDY. • Making a combine meaning THE STUDY OF SOUL. • Hence, it is defined as the study of soul or spirit.
• It comprises following phases:- • First phase – science of soul. • Second phase – science of mind. • Third phase – science of consciousness • Last phase – science of behaviour
DEFINITION OF PSYCOLOGY • The scientific process of mental process and the human behaviour is known as psychology. -------------- Oxford American Dictionary. • Psychology is the science which helps to understand and control the behaviour of any organism. --------------William McDougall • Psychology is defined as the study of mental behaviour which includes thinking, reasoning and imagining and bodily behaviour refers to the movements of the body due to sensation. ------------------ Crow and Crow.
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCOLOGY YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1879 First experimental lab of psychology in Germany 1886 Joseph Jastrow- 1st doctorate in psychology at Johns Hopkins University 1888 James McKeen – 1st professor in psychology 1900 Sigmund Freud – introduced theory of psychoanalysis. 1913 John Watson published “Psychology as Behaviour” 1985 Increasing importance on cognitive perception 2000 New subfields such as evolutionary psychology and clinical neuropsychology were developed
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY • Scope of psychology is too broad which describes and explains the behaviour of the individual . • Behaviour is collective type of activities which is involved in our day to day life. • The study of psychology is not only limited to the human being’s behaviour but it also deals with the behaviour of animals, birds, insects and plants.
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY • The scope of psychology describes about the branches and the in- depth knowledge about the subject. • Each branches considers a separate speciality. • Mainly branches is divided into 2 types :- • Pure psychology • Applied psychology.
PURE PSYCHOLOGY General Psychology Experimental Psychology Para- Psychology Geopsychology Physiological Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Abnormal Psychology
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY • Fundamental rights and general principles of psychology were discussed. • Considered as a broad field of psychology. • Various topic were explained in GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY – • Human behaviour • Learning • Perception • Attention • Intelligence • Attitude • Motivation • Emotions
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • A study to describe something new for knowledge. • Human nature is to enthusiastic to identify something new or create new. • So, if nurses have knowledge about this area, she/he can manage many problems of people. • Example- • Human have excellent talent and mind for creating something new in their lives. • They possess good talent about utilizing technology for achieving goal and excellent curiosity to create and know something new, so of nurses have adequate knowledge about this area, they can manage and solve so many problems.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY • Explains about the relationship between biological and physiological processes of behaviour. • The branch of this psychology explains about – • Internal environment • Physiological structure • Function of body (brain, nervous system, sense organs) • Function of glands ( intelligence, knowledge, attitude or emotion) • Specialists in this particular field pay special attention which shows changes in human behaviour due to effect of genetic factor • Bodily factors and drug factors.
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • Deals with abnormal behaviour of an individual in relation to the surrounding. • Explains about – • Disease condition • Its causes • Symptoms • Treatment
• It describes 4 aspects of individual behaviour (4 D’s)— • Deviance • Behaviour i.e deviant from normal behaviour & mostly considers the cultural aspects of society. • Distress • Individual behaviour which may cause distress to individual, family members and society at huge level • Dysfunction • Behaviour which interrupt with daily activities of the person leading to maladjustments. • Danger • Individual behaviour may cause danger to himself or to other members in the family or society.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY • A study of social environment and social people • Human is a social animal who lives in the society so if nurses have a social psychological knowledge then he/she can manage so many problems of the people. • Nurses easily identify social problems of society. • Most people live together, no one can live alone and each person has a different nature, attitude, personality and many more. • Thus if nurses have knowledge of social psychology, he/she can easily understand the nature, personality, social norms, tradition, culture of the society and solve various problems related to human and society.
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • It describes about the growth and development of behavior pattern such as motor skills, intelligence, thinking, emotion and their personality in each and every stage of human being from conception to death • This developmental psychology has further classified into subfields such as -- • child psychology - It describes about the development of behavior of the children from the birth to period reaches till adolescence (age up to 12 years). • adolescent psychology -- It deals with the process of growth and development, personality characteristics, interests, attitudes, aptitudes, behavioral changes and maladjustment during adolescence period • adult psychology -- It describes about the behavior of a matured person and his emotional activities, social behavior and intellectual action. It helps the counselors, workers and the teachers of adult education to better understand and guide the adults properly in their personal and social progress. • Example: Every human being has unique right to create himself/herself and day by day, he/she can develop his/her body, mind and skill. Nurses have knowledge to understand other human’s nature attitude, personality and thus can solve many problems of people.
• GEO- PSYCHOLOGY • Geo-psychology branch explains about the physical environment such as climate weather, soil and landscape in relation with behavior • PARA-PSYCHOLOGY • It describes and explains about the alleged psychic phenomena such as extra sensory perceptions which are present in telepathy, precognition, etc., and paranormal claims (e.g., near death experiences or re-birth).
APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Clinical Psychology Educational Psychology Industrial Psychology Military Psychology Legal Psychology Political Psychology
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY • It is the educational psychology which deals with the application of psychological theories, principles and techniques with human behavior in relation to educational situations. • This field helps the -- • teachers to teach, • learners to learn and • administrator to administer • educational persons to plan and implement effectively. • It helps to design educational system through learning theories, motivation and personality.
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY • This branch deals with the application of psychological theories, principles and techniques of human behavior in relation to the environment of industry. • The subject matter of this branch covers the – • selection, • training and placement of human capital, • builds up the morals of the employer, • develops good relationship between the employer and employees, • solves the problems of the labor, • advertising and sale of the products. • It helps to improve the quality production and bring a good improvement in work output.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY • It helps in improving the ways and methods of identifying the crimes, false witnesses and the other difficult cases. • This branch helps to find out or detect and understand the root causes of the crime, dispute and offence and any other legal issues properly.
MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY • It is that branch of psychology of the human behavior in relation to the military sciences through the use of psychological theories, principles and technique. • The content or the topic covered in this branch are the citizen skills during war period, soldier’s morale, training of fighting practices during critical war time and intelligence services, group behavior, better recruitment and selection of eligible individual for the armed forces, leadership role, judgment of public opinion, fighting capacities, and organizational climate.
POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY • This branch is study of politics and developing political techniques by applying psychological theories, principles and techniques. • The branch of political psychology covers certain topics such as qualities of the leadership, group behavior, art of diplomacy, judgment of public opinions.
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY • A study to understand the unhealthy people's behavior who take treatment in different areas such as hospital, clinic, nursing home, dispensary. • Human is a social animal so he/she can work anywhere in the world. Due to work or livelihood processes, he/she can change his/her mind and develop bodily abnormalities like tension, frustration, imbalance in interpersonal relationships and need to take care of their abnormal situation. • Thus, nurses have knowledge of this field to solve many problems of people.
OTHER AREA IN PSYCHOLOGY Cyber Psychology Sports Psychology Institutional Psychology Human Psychology
METHOD OF PSYCOLOGY METHOD OF PSYCHOLOGY Observation method Experimental method Introspection method Testing method Clinical method Survey method
INTROSPECTION METHOD • The ancient days, the behaviour of humans was analysed through a method of self- examination or self- observation known as introspection. • It is the oldest method of studying an individual’s behaviour. • The word introspection can split into two words,“intro” means inward or within and “spection” means looking. • These two words combined together give the meaning of looking inward or looking within. • It is otherwise called inner perception which helps the individual to get into their own mind. • It is a kind of self-observation or self-examination in which an individual perceives, analyses or assesses and reports his own feelings that has taken part in his mind during the time of mental act. • For example, during the time of anxiety, anger or fear, an individual may be asked to identify by his own examination what he felt, or thought at the period of experiencing such kind of emotion.
MERITS • It helps to understand the behaviour of an individual fully. • Less expensive which does not need any apparatus or laboratory. • Easily available and simple method. • This method helps to provide direct and immediate knowledge of our own mental processes.
• DEMERITS • This type of method cannot be used for mentally challenged , children and animals because they cannot do self-examination. • The result of introspection cannot be verified by another examiner. • This method destroys the process which is aimed to study thus making the study difficult. • For example ask the individual to report his feeling at the time when he gets angry.When he starts looking, his anger gets changed and mental process is modified to another extent. • If the individual does not want to modify the mental process, he should assess it after the process gets finished, instead of assessing during the process. • This method is not applicable for the person who is sick because he may report aches and pains instead of reporting about his actual feelings. • Studying behaviour through introspection method has limited scope because it can be applicable only for normal adult human beings.
OBSERVATIONAL METHOD • Observation is the best and important tool in almost in every scientific study. • Observation method is the collection of data by observing and analysing an individual’s behaviour and interpretation of the perceived behaviour. • This method is otherwise called naturalistic observation. • It is an indirect aspect of studying the mental processes. • In this method, the conditions under which the behaviour is to be observed cannot be controlled, it can be observed in natural situation or settings. • For example, when an individual is angry, the other person can observe his behaviour such as grinding teeth, raising eyebrows, howling, closing fists and any bodily changes, etc. Nurse reports about an undiagnosed patient after observation at the time of admission such as general appearance, restlessness, gesture and temperature, etc.This method is used in observing the group of children playing in playground or studying in classroom. During this time, what they are doing, how they are speaking, how they are playing, can be observed
OBSERVATION PROCESS Adequate planning and preparation Analysis and interpretation of observation Observation of the behaviour Generalization of the results Recording
MERITS • It is an efficient method when compared to other psychological methods. • It is more flexible and natural method. • Highly economical. • It does not need any instrument and laboratory. • This method helps to observe the behaviour in a natural setting instead of controlled setting which give the accurate emotion DEMERITS • Trained observers are required for this method for better observation and interpretation. • It is very difficult to know the mind of others by observing through external behaviour. • It is a difficult task for the observer in recording the event and data in a proper timing. • It is not able to develop proper cause and effect relationship.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD • Experimental method is the most objective and scientific method of analysing the behaviour of individual. • Experiment is the term derived from Latin word experimentum, which means “to try, or “put to the test.” • Experimentation is defined as the observation and recording of an individual’s behaviour under Controlled conditions.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS Stating the problem Formulation of hypothesis Testing of the hypothesis by the result of the environment Arranging the environment Analysis of the result To identify independent and dependent variable
MERITS • The findings can be verified by repeated studies under the same conditions. • Enough subjective information of the problem can be obtained by this method. Results provided by this method are verifiable and more reliable. • The results of the experimental method are specific, accurate and efficient. • Knowledge of cause and effect provided by this method enhances the platform for further experimentation DEMERITS • It requires laboratory environment. It is very expensive and time-consuming method. • It needs specialized knowledge and skilful practices. • All kinds of psychological problems cannot be assessed under this method as it has a limited scope. • Obtaining cooperation of the participants is very difficult. • Assessment tools of the human behaviour are poorly designed.
SURVEY METHOD • Method is the observations done outside the laboratories in the actual settings or environment by using survey technique.This is otherwise called field survey method or differential method. • Field survey method is based on individual differences. Hence, all the measures are applied to determining the differences of individual that are involved in this method. • In this method, the investigator or the observer has to go to area or field for investigation.
TYPES TYPE OF SURVEY METHOD QUESTIONNAIRE TECHNIQUE INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE MAIL SURVEY GROUP ADMINISTERED SURVEY DOOR TO DOOR SURVEY PERSONAL INTERVIEW GROUP INTERVIEW TELEPHONE OR ELECTRONIC INTERVIEW
MERITS • Assessment can be done with large group of participants. • It is easy to administer and minimum skill is required. • It has a wide scope. • Generalization in this method is good. • It can be used for numerous topics. • It is more flexible. DEMERITS • There is no proper method of collection of samples in this method which spoils the data. • It needs more knowledge and skill to design questionnaires and instructions. • It is considered as superficial approach.
CLINICAL METHOD • Clinical method is the method of identifying the diagnosis for the treatment of behavioural problems, like anxiety, fear and personal adjustment, etc. • Mostly, it is used in medical and nursing setting. • It gather information from the participants by case histories, interviews, psychological tests and home visits. Clinical method is considered as scientific biographies. • It is getting past information about the individual through family members, teachers, classmates, friends and others who know the client very well. • Information also can be gathered by documents like personal diaries, articles, remembered events, recorded data and cumulative records, etc.
TECHNIQUE USED FOR PROPER DIAGNOSIS • Adequate physical check up • Making out the case history • Client interview. • Direct observation • Using measuring aspects and tests
MERITS • It helps to identify the root cause of the problem and helps to get the solutions. • It provides the in-depth study of the subject. • It helps in diagnosing, treating, guiding and solving the problem. DEMERITS • The information cannot be obtained from the child. • Parents and friends may not provide truthful or proper information. • It is a time consuming method and it is only limited to few people.
TESTING METHOD • Testing method is the method which is used to measure the interest, attitude, aptitude, intelligence, personal and achievements through standardized structured tests or device. TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS • Intelligence tests • Achievement tests • Aptitude tests • Psychological test • Personality tests
USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS • In finding the learning difficulties of the students and helping in getting solution for academic problems like failures, poor achievement, and lack of interest. • In occupational settings. • In the areas of vocational guidance and career counselling. • In diagnosis and also in finding the strengths and difficulties of special children. • In counselling, for the better understanding of the individual’s problem and social problem.
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SUBJECTS • Knowledge is applicable in all aspects, departments and fields nor area. • When one subject is related with other subject, it becomes more effective for personal life and society. • The relationship of psychology with other sciences has a strong connection.
• Philosophy and psychology • Sociology and psychology • Anthropology and psychology • Physiology and psychology • Physics and psychology • Biochemistry and psychology • Psychiatry and psychology.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCOLOGY IN NURSING • To understand the patient • To understand the relatives of the patients • To understand others • To understand self • To understand the psychometric assessment test
TO UNDERSTAND THE PATIENT • A patient who is admitted in hospital might be suffering from physiological and psychological problem • The nature and severity of the illness may be varying from one person to another. • The study of psychology helps the person to understand reason for the behaviour exhibited by the patient, & handle in such a way to treat and help them to adjust with hospital environment, ways of treatment such as medicines, counselling and therapies. • It is easy for the nurse who understands the behaviour of the patient handle them carefully. • Based on the information collected about verbal and observation methods regarding behavioural problem, it helps the medical person to diagnose the disease conditions.
• As a nurse, she must know that the sickness will affect thinking, emotion, sensation and intelligence the patient. • Nurse must know the normal functioning, and then only she can identify the abnormalities found the patient. • Abnormal changes in perception like hallucination and illusion will affect the intellectual performance of an individual severely. • Sometimes the person may not adjust with illness, hospital environment or with the other person admitted along with him, which will affect the memory. • During Illness, patient can learn some maladaptive behaviours. In such conditions, the nurse must help the patient to learn adaptive behaviour instead of learning maladaptive behaviour that will let the patient recover soon. • Individuals may differ on psychological aspects like perception, emotion, values, motivation and personality patterns. As a nurse, she cannot treat everyone in the same way. She must understand individual’s differences first and provide care based on it.
TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIVES OF THE PATIENTS • The relatives of the patient showing their feelings of anxiousness and doubts about the illness of the patient, and sometimes blaming about the care, doctors, nurses, and hospital environment are the multiple problems faced by the nurses. • It is a challenging task for the nurses to handle their relatives, patient care and obeying hospital rules and policy.
TO UNDERSTAND OTHERS • Nursing job is not only communicating with the patient and doctors but it needs interaction with other department also. • She is responsible to solve the problems arising in various departments. • Sometimes nurses also feel anxious, depressed and worried due to the family problems like sickness of the loved ones and conditions of the hospital. • Study of psychology helps her to adjust herself with her problems and also adapt with other people and environment. • She gains lot of patience and sympathy by studying psychology.
TO UNDERSTAND SELF • A nurse is a human soul who may have certain strengths and weaknesses. • If the nurses have the knowledge about the psychology, she can identify her strengths and weaknesses herself. • A nurse must know negative attitudes of other religions, caste, and communities because she has to handle all types of group. • Psychology helps the nurse to bring positive thinking in her attitude and desirable changes in her behaviour and attitude towards her patients. • Nursing job is a stressful work and lots of strains on mind and body are perceived or experienced by the nurse. • Nurse manages the stressful situation by the knowledge of psychology.
TO UNDERSTAND THE PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT TEST • The study of psychology helps the nurses to understand the correct and proper method using psychometric assessment test in analysing an individual’s perception, cognitive processes, personality characters, emotional behaviour, level of stress, depression and anxiety, social and professional adjustment. • This helps the prevention of illness, promotion of health, and cure of behavioural, physical and mental problems of patients. • To improve interpersonal skills • Hospitalization • Coping with chronic illness • Compliance with medication
APPLIED PSYCOLOGY TO SOLVE EVERYDAY ISSUES. • Applied psychology is the study which helps to solve everyday problems and issues. • Applied psychology involves in most of the fields • Evolutionary psychology • Clinical psychology • Legal psychology • Occupational health psychology • Counselling psychology • School psychology etc
• People living in this world are facing many problems in their day-to- day life at home, working place and community area. • Applied psychology helps to solve these problems and adjust with environment and to improve and maintain the quality of life.
• PRACTICAL USES FOR PSYCHOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE • LEADERSHIP • MOTIVATION • COMMUNICATION • MEMORY • DECISION MAKING • MONEY MANAGEMENT • ACADEMIC SUCCESS • HEALTH
LEADERSHIP • No one is born as a leader in this world.But the simple techniques and tips practiced by an individual makes him as a skilful leader. • For example,consider that you are the leader for youth in any organization. • Youth people may face many problems, and they themselves have physical and psychological changes happening during these periods. • As a leader,you should select a proper leadership style and maintain leadership position among youths. • Three important things to be followed: • Provide proper and clear guidance but allow the youth to voice opinion fearlessly. • Discuss about the possible solution with the Group. • Pay attention on stimulating ideas and be willing to reinforce for creativity.
MOTIVATION • Motives are the term which means wants, or drives, desires and needs within the person. • Motivation is the process which stimulates the people to do action to achieve the goals. • Motivation of an individual may vary from person to person. • For example, quitting smoking, lose weight, getting gold medal in Olympic, etc. • For these achievements, psychology provides tips and techniques for getting motivated. • Strategies to increase motivation to achieve a task: • Keep your interest high by establishing new or novel elements. • Recurrent or repetitive positive thoughts help to achieve the goal. • Learn new things which build on your current knowledge. • Set proper and clear goals which is directly related to the task. • Reward or appreciate you for the work done.
COMMUNICATION • Communication is an interaction among human beings by which the message is given or received through verbal or nonverbal method. • Research says that nonverbal signals create a large portion of our interpersonal communications. • Communication plays a major role in society, especially for those who are related to medical profession, like nurse and doctors. • Effective communication both verbal and non-verbal helps the nurse during intervention for getting cooperation, • For example: Maintain eye to eye contact • Observe signals • Use proper tone, rhythm and voice to reinforce your information
MEMORY • Memory is defined as the processes that are used to store, acquire, retain and retrieve information latterly. • Human memory has the capacity to preserve and recover information what he has learnt and experienced. • Memory plays a major role in our day-to-day lives at home, work and community places in all the aspects. • Forgetting creates problem in our life, e.g., manager forgets the file where he kept and nurse forgets the knowledge about diseases condition, etc. • Tips to increase memory power: • Pay attention on the information • Rehearse repeatedly what you have learnt • Avoid distraction
DECISION MAKING • Decision making is the cognitive process which results in judge or taking action during certain situation • Techniques to help in better decision making: • Use the “six thinking hats” approach by viewing the situation at different angles, including creativity , Positive, rational, emotional, intuitive and negative perspectives. • Consider the possible benefits and costs before taking any decision.
MONEY MANAGEMENT • Using money is the basic thing which is carried out by all human beings. • Some people do not know how handle the money and get themselves into debts. • Applied psychology helps the person to understand money management. • Strategies for money management: • Start investing in savings without procrastinates. • Commit in advance to allocate some portion of your future earnings for your retirement savings. • Be aware of personal biases which may lead to poor money choice.
ACADEMIC SUCCESS • The students who take the final examination, quizzes or interviews, may become anxious. • Applied psychology teaches about management of anxiety which helps to prevent from forgetting the answers learnt by them. • The students who have attended the repeated tests can recall the materials or remember the learnt answer which obviously leads them in a grand success.
HEALTH • Applied psychology can also be a useful tool for improving, restoring and maintaining our overall health • Apart from various exercises, proper diet will also treat depression. • Health psychology is a branch the provides a wealth of beneficial remedies, which keep you happier and healthier. • Researches have proved that both artificial light and sunlight can decrease the symptoms of season affective disorders. • Exercises and relaxation technique can maintain psychological well-being.
0_INTRODUCTION OF PSYCOLOGY - UNIT 1.pdf

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0_INTRODUCTION OF PSYCOLOGY - UNIT 1.pdf

  • 1. INTRODUCTION OF PSYCHOLOGY MS. SAYLI PATIL, CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR, DR. G.D.POL FOUNDATION, COLLEGE OF NURSING, KHARGHAR.
  • 2. MEANING OF PSYCHOLOGY • The word psychology is derived from Greek words • PSYCHE means SOUL • LOGOS means STUDY. • Making a combine meaning THE STUDY OF SOUL. • Hence, it is defined as the study of soul or spirit.
  • 3. • It comprises following phases:- • First phase – science of soul. • Second phase – science of mind. • Third phase – science of consciousness • Last phase – science of behaviour
  • 4. DEFINITION OF PSYCOLOGY • The scientific process of mental process and the human behaviour is known as psychology. -------------- Oxford American Dictionary. • Psychology is the science which helps to understand and control the behaviour of any organism. --------------William McDougall • Psychology is defined as the study of mental behaviour which includes thinking, reasoning and imagining and bodily behaviour refers to the movements of the body due to sensation. ------------------ Crow and Crow.
  • 5. DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCOLOGY YEAR DEVELOPMENT 1879 First experimental lab of psychology in Germany 1886 Joseph Jastrow- 1st doctorate in psychology at Johns Hopkins University 1888 James McKeen – 1st professor in psychology 1900 Sigmund Freud – introduced theory of psychoanalysis. 1913 John Watson published “Psychology as Behaviour” 1985 Increasing importance on cognitive perception 2000 New subfields such as evolutionary psychology and clinical neuropsychology were developed
  • 6. SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY • Scope of psychology is too broad which describes and explains the behaviour of the individual . • Behaviour is collective type of activities which is involved in our day to day life. • The study of psychology is not only limited to the human being’s behaviour but it also deals with the behaviour of animals, birds, insects and plants.
  • 7. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY • The scope of psychology describes about the branches and the in- depth knowledge about the subject. • Each branches considers a separate speciality. • Mainly branches is divided into 2 types :- • Pure psychology • Applied psychology.
  • 8. PURE PSYCHOLOGY General Psychology Experimental Psychology Para- Psychology Geopsychology Physiological Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Abnormal Psychology
  • 9. GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY • Fundamental rights and general principles of psychology were discussed. • Considered as a broad field of psychology. • Various topic were explained in GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY – • Human behaviour • Learning • Perception • Attention • Intelligence • Attitude • Motivation • Emotions
  • 10. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • A study to describe something new for knowledge. • Human nature is to enthusiastic to identify something new or create new. • So, if nurses have knowledge about this area, she/he can manage many problems of people. • Example- • Human have excellent talent and mind for creating something new in their lives. • They possess good talent about utilizing technology for achieving goal and excellent curiosity to create and know something new, so of nurses have adequate knowledge about this area, they can manage and solve so many problems.
  • 11. PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY • Explains about the relationship between biological and physiological processes of behaviour. • The branch of this psychology explains about – • Internal environment • Physiological structure • Function of body (brain, nervous system, sense organs) • Function of glands ( intelligence, knowledge, attitude or emotion) • Specialists in this particular field pay special attention which shows changes in human behaviour due to effect of genetic factor • Bodily factors and drug factors.
  • 12. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY • Deals with abnormal behaviour of an individual in relation to the surrounding. • Explains about – • Disease condition • Its causes • Symptoms • Treatment
  • 13. • It describes 4 aspects of individual behaviour (4 D’s)— • Deviance • Behaviour i.e deviant from normal behaviour & mostly considers the cultural aspects of society. • Distress • Individual behaviour which may cause distress to individual, family members and society at huge level • Dysfunction • Behaviour which interrupt with daily activities of the person leading to maladjustments. • Danger • Individual behaviour may cause danger to himself or to other members in the family or society.
  • 14. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY • A study of social environment and social people • Human is a social animal who lives in the society so if nurses have a social psychological knowledge then he/she can manage so many problems of the people. • Nurses easily identify social problems of society. • Most people live together, no one can live alone and each person has a different nature, attitude, personality and many more. • Thus if nurses have knowledge of social psychology, he/she can easily understand the nature, personality, social norms, tradition, culture of the society and solve various problems related to human and society.
  • 15. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • It describes about the growth and development of behavior pattern such as motor skills, intelligence, thinking, emotion and their personality in each and every stage of human being from conception to death • This developmental psychology has further classified into subfields such as -- • child psychology - It describes about the development of behavior of the children from the birth to period reaches till adolescence (age up to 12 years). • adolescent psychology -- It deals with the process of growth and development, personality characteristics, interests, attitudes, aptitudes, behavioral changes and maladjustment during adolescence period • adult psychology -- It describes about the behavior of a matured person and his emotional activities, social behavior and intellectual action. It helps the counselors, workers and the teachers of adult education to better understand and guide the adults properly in their personal and social progress. • Example: Every human being has unique right to create himself/herself and day by day, he/she can develop his/her body, mind and skill. Nurses have knowledge to understand other human’s nature attitude, personality and thus can solve many problems of people.
  • 16. • GEO- PSYCHOLOGY • Geo-psychology branch explains about the physical environment such as climate weather, soil and landscape in relation with behavior • PARA-PSYCHOLOGY • It describes and explains about the alleged psychic phenomena such as extra sensory perceptions which are present in telepathy, precognition, etc., and paranormal claims (e.g., near death experiences or re-birth).
  • 17. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Clinical Psychology Educational Psychology Industrial Psychology Military Psychology Legal Psychology Political Psychology
  • 18. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY • It is the educational psychology which deals with the application of psychological theories, principles and techniques with human behavior in relation to educational situations. • This field helps the -- • teachers to teach, • learners to learn and • administrator to administer • educational persons to plan and implement effectively. • It helps to design educational system through learning theories, motivation and personality.
  • 19. INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY • This branch deals with the application of psychological theories, principles and techniques of human behavior in relation to the environment of industry. • The subject matter of this branch covers the – • selection, • training and placement of human capital, • builds up the morals of the employer, • develops good relationship between the employer and employees, • solves the problems of the labor, • advertising and sale of the products. • It helps to improve the quality production and bring a good improvement in work output.
  • 20. LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY • It helps in improving the ways and methods of identifying the crimes, false witnesses and the other difficult cases. • This branch helps to find out or detect and understand the root causes of the crime, dispute and offence and any other legal issues properly.
  • 21. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY • It is that branch of psychology of the human behavior in relation to the military sciences through the use of psychological theories, principles and technique. • The content or the topic covered in this branch are the citizen skills during war period, soldier’s morale, training of fighting practices during critical war time and intelligence services, group behavior, better recruitment and selection of eligible individual for the armed forces, leadership role, judgment of public opinion, fighting capacities, and organizational climate.
  • 22. POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY • This branch is study of politics and developing political techniques by applying psychological theories, principles and techniques. • The branch of political psychology covers certain topics such as qualities of the leadership, group behavior, art of diplomacy, judgment of public opinions.
  • 23. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY • A study to understand the unhealthy people's behavior who take treatment in different areas such as hospital, clinic, nursing home, dispensary. • Human is a social animal so he/she can work anywhere in the world. Due to work or livelihood processes, he/she can change his/her mind and develop bodily abnormalities like tension, frustration, imbalance in interpersonal relationships and need to take care of their abnormal situation. • Thus, nurses have knowledge of this field to solve many problems of people.
  • 25. METHOD OF PSYCOLOGY METHOD OF PSYCHOLOGY Observation method Experimental method Introspection method Testing method Clinical method Survey method
  • 26. INTROSPECTION METHOD • The ancient days, the behaviour of humans was analysed through a method of self- examination or self- observation known as introspection. • It is the oldest method of studying an individual’s behaviour. • The word introspection can split into two words,“intro” means inward or within and “spection” means looking. • These two words combined together give the meaning of looking inward or looking within. • It is otherwise called inner perception which helps the individual to get into their own mind. • It is a kind of self-observation or self-examination in which an individual perceives, analyses or assesses and reports his own feelings that has taken part in his mind during the time of mental act. • For example, during the time of anxiety, anger or fear, an individual may be asked to identify by his own examination what he felt, or thought at the period of experiencing such kind of emotion.
  • 27. MERITS • It helps to understand the behaviour of an individual fully. • Less expensive which does not need any apparatus or laboratory. • Easily available and simple method. • This method helps to provide direct and immediate knowledge of our own mental processes.
  • 28. • DEMERITS • This type of method cannot be used for mentally challenged , children and animals because they cannot do self-examination. • The result of introspection cannot be verified by another examiner. • This method destroys the process which is aimed to study thus making the study difficult. • For example ask the individual to report his feeling at the time when he gets angry.When he starts looking, his anger gets changed and mental process is modified to another extent. • If the individual does not want to modify the mental process, he should assess it after the process gets finished, instead of assessing during the process. • This method is not applicable for the person who is sick because he may report aches and pains instead of reporting about his actual feelings. • Studying behaviour through introspection method has limited scope because it can be applicable only for normal adult human beings.
  • 29. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD • Observation is the best and important tool in almost in every scientific study. • Observation method is the collection of data by observing and analysing an individual’s behaviour and interpretation of the perceived behaviour. • This method is otherwise called naturalistic observation. • It is an indirect aspect of studying the mental processes. • In this method, the conditions under which the behaviour is to be observed cannot be controlled, it can be observed in natural situation or settings. • For example, when an individual is angry, the other person can observe his behaviour such as grinding teeth, raising eyebrows, howling, closing fists and any bodily changes, etc. Nurse reports about an undiagnosed patient after observation at the time of admission such as general appearance, restlessness, gesture and temperature, etc.This method is used in observing the group of children playing in playground or studying in classroom. During this time, what they are doing, how they are speaking, how they are playing, can be observed
  • 30. OBSERVATION PROCESS Adequate planning and preparation Analysis and interpretation of observation Observation of the behaviour Generalization of the results Recording
  • 31. MERITS • It is an efficient method when compared to other psychological methods. • It is more flexible and natural method. • Highly economical. • It does not need any instrument and laboratory. • This method helps to observe the behaviour in a natural setting instead of controlled setting which give the accurate emotion DEMERITS • Trained observers are required for this method for better observation and interpretation. • It is very difficult to know the mind of others by observing through external behaviour. • It is a difficult task for the observer in recording the event and data in a proper timing. • It is not able to develop proper cause and effect relationship.
  • 32. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD • Experimental method is the most objective and scientific method of analysing the behaviour of individual. • Experiment is the term derived from Latin word experimentum, which means “to try, or “put to the test.” • Experimentation is defined as the observation and recording of an individual’s behaviour under Controlled conditions.
  • 33. EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS Stating the problem Formulation of hypothesis Testing of the hypothesis by the result of the environment Arranging the environment Analysis of the result To identify independent and dependent variable
  • 34. MERITS • The findings can be verified by repeated studies under the same conditions. • Enough subjective information of the problem can be obtained by this method. Results provided by this method are verifiable and more reliable. • The results of the experimental method are specific, accurate and efficient. • Knowledge of cause and effect provided by this method enhances the platform for further experimentation DEMERITS • It requires laboratory environment. It is very expensive and time-consuming method. • It needs specialized knowledge and skilful practices. • All kinds of psychological problems cannot be assessed under this method as it has a limited scope. • Obtaining cooperation of the participants is very difficult. • Assessment tools of the human behaviour are poorly designed.
  • 35. SURVEY METHOD • Method is the observations done outside the laboratories in the actual settings or environment by using survey technique.This is otherwise called field survey method or differential method. • Field survey method is based on individual differences. Hence, all the measures are applied to determining the differences of individual that are involved in this method. • In this method, the investigator or the observer has to go to area or field for investigation.
  • 37. MERITS • Assessment can be done with large group of participants. • It is easy to administer and minimum skill is required. • It has a wide scope. • Generalization in this method is good. • It can be used for numerous topics. • It is more flexible. DEMERITS • There is no proper method of collection of samples in this method which spoils the data. • It needs more knowledge and skill to design questionnaires and instructions. • It is considered as superficial approach.
  • 38. CLINICAL METHOD • Clinical method is the method of identifying the diagnosis for the treatment of behavioural problems, like anxiety, fear and personal adjustment, etc. • Mostly, it is used in medical and nursing setting. • It gather information from the participants by case histories, interviews, psychological tests and home visits. Clinical method is considered as scientific biographies. • It is getting past information about the individual through family members, teachers, classmates, friends and others who know the client very well. • Information also can be gathered by documents like personal diaries, articles, remembered events, recorded data and cumulative records, etc.
  • 39. TECHNIQUE USED FOR PROPER DIAGNOSIS • Adequate physical check up • Making out the case history • Client interview. • Direct observation • Using measuring aspects and tests
  • 40. MERITS • It helps to identify the root cause of the problem and helps to get the solutions. • It provides the in-depth study of the subject. • It helps in diagnosing, treating, guiding and solving the problem. DEMERITS • The information cannot be obtained from the child. • Parents and friends may not provide truthful or proper information. • It is a time consuming method and it is only limited to few people.
  • 41. TESTING METHOD • Testing method is the method which is used to measure the interest, attitude, aptitude, intelligence, personal and achievements through standardized structured tests or device. TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS • Intelligence tests • Achievement tests • Aptitude tests • Psychological test • Personality tests
  • 42. USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS • In finding the learning difficulties of the students and helping in getting solution for academic problems like failures, poor achievement, and lack of interest. • In occupational settings. • In the areas of vocational guidance and career counselling. • In diagnosis and also in finding the strengths and difficulties of special children. • In counselling, for the better understanding of the individual’s problem and social problem.
  • 43. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SUBJECTS • Knowledge is applicable in all aspects, departments and fields nor area. • When one subject is related with other subject, it becomes more effective for personal life and society. • The relationship of psychology with other sciences has a strong connection.
  • 44. • Philosophy and psychology • Sociology and psychology • Anthropology and psychology • Physiology and psychology • Physics and psychology • Biochemistry and psychology • Psychiatry and psychology.
  • 45. SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCOLOGY IN NURSING • To understand the patient • To understand the relatives of the patients • To understand others • To understand self • To understand the psychometric assessment test
  • 46. TO UNDERSTAND THE PATIENT • A patient who is admitted in hospital might be suffering from physiological and psychological problem • The nature and severity of the illness may be varying from one person to another. • The study of psychology helps the person to understand reason for the behaviour exhibited by the patient, & handle in such a way to treat and help them to adjust with hospital environment, ways of treatment such as medicines, counselling and therapies. • It is easy for the nurse who understands the behaviour of the patient handle them carefully. • Based on the information collected about verbal and observation methods regarding behavioural problem, it helps the medical person to diagnose the disease conditions.
  • 47. • As a nurse, she must know that the sickness will affect thinking, emotion, sensation and intelligence the patient. • Nurse must know the normal functioning, and then only she can identify the abnormalities found the patient. • Abnormal changes in perception like hallucination and illusion will affect the intellectual performance of an individual severely. • Sometimes the person may not adjust with illness, hospital environment or with the other person admitted along with him, which will affect the memory. • During Illness, patient can learn some maladaptive behaviours. In such conditions, the nurse must help the patient to learn adaptive behaviour instead of learning maladaptive behaviour that will let the patient recover soon. • Individuals may differ on psychological aspects like perception, emotion, values, motivation and personality patterns. As a nurse, she cannot treat everyone in the same way. She must understand individual’s differences first and provide care based on it.
  • 48. TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIVES OF THE PATIENTS • The relatives of the patient showing their feelings of anxiousness and doubts about the illness of the patient, and sometimes blaming about the care, doctors, nurses, and hospital environment are the multiple problems faced by the nurses. • It is a challenging task for the nurses to handle their relatives, patient care and obeying hospital rules and policy.
  • 49. TO UNDERSTAND OTHERS • Nursing job is not only communicating with the patient and doctors but it needs interaction with other department also. • She is responsible to solve the problems arising in various departments. • Sometimes nurses also feel anxious, depressed and worried due to the family problems like sickness of the loved ones and conditions of the hospital. • Study of psychology helps her to adjust herself with her problems and also adapt with other people and environment. • She gains lot of patience and sympathy by studying psychology.
  • 50. TO UNDERSTAND SELF • A nurse is a human soul who may have certain strengths and weaknesses. • If the nurses have the knowledge about the psychology, she can identify her strengths and weaknesses herself. • A nurse must know negative attitudes of other religions, caste, and communities because she has to handle all types of group. • Psychology helps the nurse to bring positive thinking in her attitude and desirable changes in her behaviour and attitude towards her patients. • Nursing job is a stressful work and lots of strains on mind and body are perceived or experienced by the nurse. • Nurse manages the stressful situation by the knowledge of psychology.
  • 51. TO UNDERSTAND THE PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT TEST • The study of psychology helps the nurses to understand the correct and proper method using psychometric assessment test in analysing an individual’s perception, cognitive processes, personality characters, emotional behaviour, level of stress, depression and anxiety, social and professional adjustment. • This helps the prevention of illness, promotion of health, and cure of behavioural, physical and mental problems of patients. • To improve interpersonal skills • Hospitalization • Coping with chronic illness • Compliance with medication
  • 52. APPLIED PSYCOLOGY TO SOLVE EVERYDAY ISSUES. • Applied psychology is the study which helps to solve everyday problems and issues. • Applied psychology involves in most of the fields • Evolutionary psychology • Clinical psychology • Legal psychology • Occupational health psychology • Counselling psychology • School psychology etc
  • 53. • People living in this world are facing many problems in their day-to- day life at home, working place and community area. • Applied psychology helps to solve these problems and adjust with environment and to improve and maintain the quality of life.
  • 54. • PRACTICAL USES FOR PSYCHOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE • LEADERSHIP • MOTIVATION • COMMUNICATION • MEMORY • DECISION MAKING • MONEY MANAGEMENT • ACADEMIC SUCCESS • HEALTH
  • 55. LEADERSHIP • No one is born as a leader in this world.But the simple techniques and tips practiced by an individual makes him as a skilful leader. • For example,consider that you are the leader for youth in any organization. • Youth people may face many problems, and they themselves have physical and psychological changes happening during these periods. • As a leader,you should select a proper leadership style and maintain leadership position among youths. • Three important things to be followed: • Provide proper and clear guidance but allow the youth to voice opinion fearlessly. • Discuss about the possible solution with the Group. • Pay attention on stimulating ideas and be willing to reinforce for creativity.
  • 56. MOTIVATION • Motives are the term which means wants, or drives, desires and needs within the person. • Motivation is the process which stimulates the people to do action to achieve the goals. • Motivation of an individual may vary from person to person. • For example, quitting smoking, lose weight, getting gold medal in Olympic, etc. • For these achievements, psychology provides tips and techniques for getting motivated. • Strategies to increase motivation to achieve a task: • Keep your interest high by establishing new or novel elements. • Recurrent or repetitive positive thoughts help to achieve the goal. • Learn new things which build on your current knowledge. • Set proper and clear goals which is directly related to the task. • Reward or appreciate you for the work done.
  • 57. COMMUNICATION • Communication is an interaction among human beings by which the message is given or received through verbal or nonverbal method. • Research says that nonverbal signals create a large portion of our interpersonal communications. • Communication plays a major role in society, especially for those who are related to medical profession, like nurse and doctors. • Effective communication both verbal and non-verbal helps the nurse during intervention for getting cooperation, • For example: Maintain eye to eye contact • Observe signals • Use proper tone, rhythm and voice to reinforce your information
  • 58. MEMORY • Memory is defined as the processes that are used to store, acquire, retain and retrieve information latterly. • Human memory has the capacity to preserve and recover information what he has learnt and experienced. • Memory plays a major role in our day-to-day lives at home, work and community places in all the aspects. • Forgetting creates problem in our life, e.g., manager forgets the file where he kept and nurse forgets the knowledge about diseases condition, etc. • Tips to increase memory power: • Pay attention on the information • Rehearse repeatedly what you have learnt • Avoid distraction
  • 59. DECISION MAKING • Decision making is the cognitive process which results in judge or taking action during certain situation • Techniques to help in better decision making: • Use the “six thinking hats” approach by viewing the situation at different angles, including creativity , Positive, rational, emotional, intuitive and negative perspectives. • Consider the possible benefits and costs before taking any decision.
  • 60. MONEY MANAGEMENT • Using money is the basic thing which is carried out by all human beings. • Some people do not know how handle the money and get themselves into debts. • Applied psychology helps the person to understand money management. • Strategies for money management: • Start investing in savings without procrastinates. • Commit in advance to allocate some portion of your future earnings for your retirement savings. • Be aware of personal biases which may lead to poor money choice.
  • 61. ACADEMIC SUCCESS • The students who take the final examination, quizzes or interviews, may become anxious. • Applied psychology teaches about management of anxiety which helps to prevent from forgetting the answers learnt by them. • The students who have attended the repeated tests can recall the materials or remember the learnt answer which obviously leads them in a grand success.
  • 62. HEALTH • Applied psychology can also be a useful tool for improving, restoring and maintaining our overall health • Apart from various exercises, proper diet will also treat depression. • Health psychology is a branch the provides a wealth of beneficial remedies, which keep you happier and healthier. • Researches have proved that both artificial light and sunlight can decrease the symptoms of season affective disorders. • Exercises and relaxation technique can maintain psychological well-being.