1- BONES OF LOWER LIMB WITH MORE DETAILS.ppt
- 2. OBJECTIVES To Recognize different parts of lower limb To Describe the vessels and nerves of lower limb To Define different land marks in different regions of lower limb
- 3. INTRODUCTION TO LOWER LIMB The lower limb is directly anchored to the axial skeleton by a sacroiliac joint and by strong ligaments, which link the pelvic bone to the sacrum
- 4. Components of the Lower Limb 1. Gluteal Region Hip bone 2. Thigh Femur Knee Patella 3. Leg Tibia (medial) Fibula (lateral) 4. Foot Tarsals (7) Metatarsals (5) Phalanges (14)
- 5. Function of the Lower Limb Locomotion Carry weight of entire erect body Points for muscular attachments
- 6. Bones of the Lower Limb There are 31 bones found in the lower limb: hip bone (1) femur (1) patella (1) tibia (1) fibula (1) tarsals (7) metatarsals (5) phalanges (14)
- 7. GLUTEAL REGION HIP BONES The two symmetrical hip bones are part of the pelvic girdle, the bony structure that attaches the axial skeleton to the lower limbs The hip bones have three articulations: Sacroiliac joint – articulation with sacrum. Pubic symphysis – articulation with the corresponding hip bone. Hip joint – articulation with the head of femur.
- 8. JOINTS OF THE HIP BONE
- 9. COMPOSITION OF THE HIP BONE The hip bone is made up of the three parts: 1. Ilium 2. Pubis 3. Ischium Prior to puberty, the triradiate cartilage separates these constituents. At the age of 15-17, the three parts begin to fuse. Their fusion forms a cup-shaped socket known as the acetabulum, which becomes complete at 20-25 years of age.
- 10. HIP BONES
- 11. HIP BONES (after fuse)
- 12. The Ilium bone, which is the upper flattened part of the bone, possesses the iliac crest. This can be felt through the skin along its entire length; it ends in front at the anterior superior iliac spine and behind at the posterior superior iliac spine. FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 14. The iliac tubercle lies about 2 in. (5 cm) behind the anterior superior spine. Below the anterior superior iliac spine is a prominence, the anterior inferior iliac spine; a similar prominence, the posterior inferior iliac spine, is located below the posterior superior iliac spine. Above and behind the acetabulum, the ilium possesses a large notch, the greater sciatic notch FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 16. The ischium is L shaped bone, possessing an upper thicker part, the body, and a lower thinner part, the ramus. The ischial spine projects from the posterior border of the ischium and intervenes between the greater and lesser sciatic notches. FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 18. The ischial tuberosity forms the posterior aspect of the lower part of the body of the bone. The greater and lesser sciatic notches are converted into greater and lesser sciatic foramina by the presence of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 20. The pubis can be divided into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The bodies of the two pubic bones articulate with each other in the midline anteriorly at the symphysis pubis; the superior ramus joins the ilium and ischium at the acetabulum, and the inferior ramus joins the ischial ramus FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 22. The obturator foramen in life is filled in by the obturator membrane. The pubic crest forms the upper border of the body of the pubis, and it ends laterally as the pubic tubercle. On the outer surface of the hip bone is a deep depression, called the acetabulum, that articulates with the almost spherical head of the femur to form the hip joint FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 25. The inferior margin of the acetabulum is deficient and is marked by the acetabular notch. The articular surface of the acetabulum is limited to a horseshoe-shaped area and is covered with hyaline cartilage. The floor of the acetabulum is none articular and is called the acetabular fossa FEATURES ON THE SURFACE OF HIP BONE
- 27. THIGH FEMUR BONE Largest, longest, strongest bone in the body!! Receives a lot of stress Articulates with acetabulum proximally Articulates with tibia and patella distally
- 29. FEMUR BONE The upper end of the femur has a head, a neck, and greater and lesser trochanters. The head forms about two thirds of a sphere and articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. In the center of the head is a small depression, called the fovea capitis, for the attachment of the ligament of the head.
- 30. FEMUR BONE
- 31. FEMUR BONE The neck, which connects the head to the shaft, passes downward, backward, and laterally The greater and lesser trochanters are large eminences situated at the junction of the neck and the shaft. Connecting the two trochanters are the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, where the iliofemoral ligament is attached, and a prominent intertrochanteric crest posteriorly
- 32. FEMUR BONE
- 34. FEMUR BONE The shaft of the femur is smooth and rounded on its anterior surface but posteriorly has a ridge, which is called by “linea aspera”, to which are attached muscles and intermuscular septa. The margins of the linea aspera diverge above and below.
- 35. Linea aspera
- 36. FEMUR BONE The medial margin continues below as the medial supracondylar ridge to the adductor tubercle on the medial condyle. The lateral margin becomes continuous below with the lateral supracondylar ridge
- 38. FEMUR BONE The lower end of the femur has lateral and medial condyles, separated posteriorly by the intercondylar notch. The anterior surfaces of the condyles are joined by an articular surface for the patella. The two condyles take part in the formation of the knee joint.
- 40. PATELLA The patella is the largest sesamoid bone (i.e., a bone that develops within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle in front of the knee joint). The patella has a triangular shape, with anterior and posterior surfaces. The apex of the patella is situated inferiorly, and is connected to the tibial tuberosity by the patella ligament (ligamentum patellae). The base forms the superior aspect of the bone, and provides the attachment area for the quadriceps tendon.
- 43. PATELLA The posterior surface articulates with the condyles of the femur. The patella is situated in an exposed position in front of the knee joint and can easily be palpated through the skin
- 45. BONES OF THE LEG Tibia The Tibia is the large weight-bearing medial bone of the leg. It articulates with the condyles of the femur and the head of the fibula above and with the talus and the distal end of the fibula below. It has an expanded upper end, a smaller lower end, and a shaft.
- 47. Tibia The Shaft of the tibia is triangular in cross section, presenting three borders and three surfaces. Its anterior and medial borders, with the medial surface between them, are subcutaneous. The anterior border is prominent and forms the shin. At the junction of the anterior border with the upper end of the tibia is the tuberosity, which receives the attachment of the ligamentum
- 48. Tibia The anterior border becomes rounded below, where it becomes continuous with the medial malleolus. The lateral or interosseous border gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. The posterior surface of the shaft shows an oblique line, the soleal line,
- 50. Tibia The lower end of the Tibia is slightly expanded and on its inferior aspect shows a saddle-shaped articular surface for the talus. The lower end is prolonged downward medially to form the medial malleolus. The lateral surface of the medial malleolus articulates with the talus.
- 51. Fibula The fibula is the slender lateral bone of the leg. It takes no part in the articulation at the knee joint, but below it forms the lateral malleolus of the ankle joint. It takes no part in the transmission of body weight, but it provides attachment for muscles. The fibula has an expanded upper end, a shaft, and a lower end.
- 53. Fibula The upper end, or head, It possesses an articular surface for articulation with the lateral condyle of the tibia. The shaft of the fibula is long and slender. Typically, it has four borders and four surfaces. The medial or interosseous border gives attachment to the interosseous membrane
- 54. Fibula The lower end of the fibula forms the triangular lateral malleolus, which is subcutaneous. On the medial surface of the lateral malleolus is a triangular articular facet for articulation with the lateral aspect of the talus. Below and behind the articular facet is a depression called the malleolar fossa.
- 56. Foot Anatomy The foot consists of 26 bones: 14 phalangeal, 5 metatarsal, and 7 tarsal. Toes are used to balance and propel the body. Metatarsal Bones gives elasticity to the foot in weight bearing. Tarsal Bones located between the bones of the lower leg and the metatarsals are extremely important for support and locomotion.
- 57. Foot Bones Tibia Fibula Talus Calcaneus Tarsals (5) Metatarsals (5) Proximal phalanges (5) Middle phalanges (4) Distal phalanges (5)
- 58. The foot About 26 bones in the human foot provide structural support. They can be grouped into 3 parts, as follows: 1. The tarsal bones (7) 2. The metatarsal bones (5) 3. The phalanges (14)
- 60. The tarsal bones The tarsal bones are: 1. the calcaneum, 2. the talus, 3. the navicular, 4. the cuboid, and 5. the three cuneiform bones. Only the talus articulates with the tibia and the fibula at the ankle joint.
- 63. Calcaneum The calcaneum bone is the largest bone of the foot and forms the prominence of the heel. It articulates above with the talus and in front with the cuboid. It has six surfaces.
- 64. Calcaneum
- 65. Calcaneus surfaces ( 6 surface) The anterior surface is small and forms the articular facet that articulates with the cuboid bone. The posterior surface forms the prominence of the heel and gives attachment to the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon). The superior surface is dominated by two articular facets for the talus, separated by a roughened groove, the sulcus calcanei. The inferior surface has an anterior tubercle
- 66. Calcaneum
- 67. Calcaneus surfaces ( 6 surface) The medial surface possesses a large, shelflike process, which assists in the support of the talus. The lateral surface is almost flat.
- 68. Talus The talus articulates above at the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, below with the calcaneum, and in front with the navicular bone. It possesses: 1. Head 2. Neck and
- 69. Talus
- 70. Navicular Bone The tuberosity of the navicular bone can be seen and felt on the medial border of the foot 1 in. (2.5 cm) in front of and below the medial malleolus; it gives attachment to the main part of the tibialis posterior tendon.
- 71. Cuboid Bone A deep groove on the inferior aspect of the cuboid bone lodges the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle.
- 72. Cuneiform Bones The three small, wedge-shaped cuneiform bones articulate proximally with the navicular bone and distally with the first three metatarsal bones. Their wedge shape contributes really to the formation and maintenance of the transverse
- 73. Cuneiform Bones
- 74. Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges The metatarsal bones and phalanges, each possesses a head distally, a shaft, and a base proximally. The five metatarsals are numbered from the medial to the lateral side.
- 75. Proximal phalanges Middle phalanges Distal phalanges
- 76. Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges The first metatarsal bone is large and strong and plays an important role in supporting the weight of the body. The head is grooved on its inferior aspect by the medial and lateral sesamoid bones in the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis.
- 77. Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges The fifth metatarsal has a prominent tubercle on its base that can be easily palpated along the lateral border of the foot. The tubercle gives attachment to the peroneus brevis tendon. Each toe has three phalanges except the big toe, which possesses only two.