![gokeku”kkL=
UNIT - 1
gokeku”kkL=kP;k O;k[;k] vFkZ] Lo:i o O;kIrh ,egRo
gok vkf.k gokeku
gosph vaxs
okrkoj.kkph lajpuk o ?kVd
lkSj”kDrh , lkSj”kDrhP;k forj.kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd
i`Fohps rki larqyu fdaok vkSf’.kd larqyu
UNIT - 2
rkieku , rkiekukP;k forj.kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd
gosP;k rkiekukps HkkSxksfyd forj.k
rkiekukph foijhrrk @ rkiekukpk myVkdze fdaok rkiekukps O;qRdze.k
okjs , ok&;kps izdkj
ok;qHkkj fdaok ok;qnkc, ok;qHkkjkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd
ok;qHkkjkps tkxfrd forj.k](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-210803030553/85/1-climatology-syllabus-marking-system-introduction-2-320.jpg)
![iz”u %& gokeku”kkL=kP;k O;k[;k] vFkZ] Lo:i o O;kIrh egRo o O;kIrh Li’V djk-
mRrj %&gokeku”kkL= vFkkZr Climatology gk “kCn xzhd Hkk’ksrhy vlwu rks Klima + Logos ;k “kCnkiklwu
cuysyk vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ Klima Eg.kts i`Fohpk mrkj o Logos Eg.kts R;kfo’k;hps o.kZu fdaok v/;;u gks;- ;sFks
i`Fohpk mrkj gk v{ko`RrkalnHkkZr vkgs-
^^ i`Fohoj vk<Gwu ;s.kk&;k fofo/k gokekukpk oSKkfud n`f’Vdksukrwu vH;kl dj.kk&;k foKkukP;k
“kk[ksyk gokeku”kkL= vls Eg.krkr-**
1- fdzp&fQYM P;k ers %&
** gokeku“kkL=kr gokekukps Lo:i Li’V d:u R;k gokekukP;k fHkUursph dkj.ks vkf.k R;k fHkUurs”kh
ekuoh thou dls fuxMhr vkgs- ;kpk vH;kl dj.kkjs “kkL= Eg.kts gokeku”kkL= gks;-**
2- vkWfLVu feyj P;k ers %&
** okrkoj.kkP;k fn?kZdkyhu ljkljh fLFkrhps o.kZu dj.kkjs “kkL= Eg.kts gokeku “kkL= gks;-**
3- dksisu o Mh- ykWx ;kP;k ers %&
** gokeku R;kph vaxs R;kP;k forj.kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd rlsp izR;{k R;k ?kVdkps izknsf”kd forj.k
Li’V dj.ks Eg.kts gokeku”kkL= gks;-**
4- fjys o LikWYVj ;kaP;k ers %&
**fn?kZdkyko/khP;k okrkoj.kkP;k ljkljhpk vH;kl Eg.kts gokeku”kkL= gks;-**](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-210803030553/85/1-climatology-syllabus-marking-system-introduction-6-320.jpg)
![gokeku”kkL=kps Lo:i %&
i`FohP;k fofo/k Hkkxkr gokekuke/;s fHkUurk fnlwu ;srs- R;k gokekufo’k;d fHkUurspk Qjd fdaok ifj.kke
ekuokP;k vUu] oL=] fuokjk ;k ewyHkwr xjtkaoj >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- ,o<sp uOgs rj ekuo vkiY;k ewyHkwr xjtk
Hkkxfo.;kdjhrk ts fofo/k O;olk; djrkr- R;k O;olk;koj lq/nk gokekukpk izHkko iMysyk fnlwu ;srks-
mnk- VaqMªk izns”kkr ,Ldheks] dygkjh okGoaVh izns”kkrhy cq”esu] fo’kqoo`Rrh; ouizns”kkrhy fiXeh ;kaP;k thou i/nrh
gokekukuwlkj osxosxG;k fnlwu ;srkr-
i`Fohrykoj fofo/k Hkkxkr jkg.kk&;k yksdkaps LokLFk] “kjhj oSf”k’V;s fofo/k izns”kkrhy fids] ekrh m|ksx]
O;olk;] ouLirh] Hkwfemi;ksx bR;knh ?kVdkaoj gokekukpk izHkko eksB;k izek.kkoj iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- ;k lkscrp
jkT;laLFksoj lw/nk gokekukpk ifj.kke >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- mnk- m’.k dVhaca/kh; izns”kkrhy gokeku m’.k vlysys fnlwu
;srs-
mnk- vkf”k;k [kaMkrhy nf{k.ksdMhy ns”k o vkfQzdk [kaMkrhy dkgh ns”k rj lef”krks’.k dVhca/kkrhy gokeku leks’.k
Lo:ikps fnlwu ;srs-
mnk- la;qDr laLFkkus] ;qjksi [kaMkrhy dkgh ns”k R;kp izek.ks f”kr dVhca/kkrhy gokeku FkaM vlY;kus R;k fBdk.kh ekuoh
olkgrhpk fodkl eksB;k izek.kkoj >kysyk fnlwu ;sr ukgh-
mnk %& lScsfj;kpk izns”k] fxzuyWUM] vykLdk b- ofjy foospuko:u vls Li’V gksrs fd] gokeku gh izknsf”kd fHkUursph
fdYyh vkgs- i`Fohoj loZ= ,dkp izdkjps gokeku vk<Gr ukgh- rj fujfujkG;k izns”kkr fofo/k izdkjP;k gokeku
izdkjkapk vH;kl gokeku”kkL=kr dsyk tkrks- gokeku izdkjkaps Lo:i] rkieku] vknzZrk] ikÅl] gospk nkc] okjs b-
gokekukP;k vaxkoj voyacwu vlrs- ;k vaxkP;k vH;klkiklwup gokeku”kkL=kph lq:okr gksrs-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-210803030553/85/1-climatology-syllabus-marking-system-introduction-7-320.jpg)
![gokeku”kkL=kph O;kIrh %&
b-l- 1500 uarj Hkwxksyk”kkL=kP;k fodklkuarj gokeku“kkL=kpk vH;kl “kkL=h;n`’Vhus lq:
>kyk- FkkWUFkZosV ;k Hkwxksy “kkL=KkP;k ers- gokeku”kkL=kpk vH;kl djrkauk okrkoj.k vkf.k Hkwry ;k
nksUghps v/;;u vko”;d vkgs- R;kpizek.ks gokeku”kkL=kr {ks= fufj{k.k vko”;d vkgs- dkj.k {ks=
fufj{k.kkf”kok; rsFkhy e`nk o izkd`frd ouLirh ;kaps Li:i Li’V gksr ukgh- 18 O;k “krdkaurj
vusd uos la”kks/ku >kys T;ke/;s b-l- 1607 e/;s xWfyyh;ks ;kus rkiekid b-l- 1643 e/;s
Vksjhjksyh ;k “kkL=Kkus ok;wHkkj ekid “kks/kwu dk<yk- rlsp 1735 e/;s tkWtZ gWMys ;kauh O;kikjh
ok&;kph ekfgrh fnyh- rlsp vysD>kaMj OgkWu gEcksYV ;kauh izFker% b-l- 1817 e/;s udk”kkr
lerki js’kkapk mi;ksx dsyk- R;kpizek.ks b-l- 1884 e/;s dksisu ;kauh txkrhy gokekukps ofxZdj.k
dj.kkjk rlsp rkiekukps iÍs n”kZfo.kkjk txkpk udk”kk r;kj dsyk-
gokeku “kkL=kP;k O;kIrh e/;s gokekukps Lo:i gok] gokeku] gosph vaxs] okrkoj.kkph
jpuk] okrkoj.kkps ?kVd] lkSj”kDrh] rkieku] vknzZrk] o`’Vh] ck’ihHkou] no] /kwds] <x] itZU;]
ok;wjk”kh] ok;wHkkj] gokekukps ofxZdj.k b- ?kVdkapk vHlkl izR;{k gokeku “kkL=kr dsyk tkrks-
fdzpQhYM ;k “kkL=Kkus gokeku “kkL=kP;k rhu izeq[k “kk[kkauk ekU;rk fnyh vkgs-
R;ko:u gokeku “kkL=kph O;kIrh vf/kd Li’V gksrs-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-210803030553/85/1-climatology-syllabus-marking-system-introduction-8-320.jpg)
![1- HkkSfrd fdaok izkd`frd gokeku”kkL= %&
izkd`frd gokeku”kkL=kr gok] gokeku R;kaps ?kVdmnk- rkieku] ok;wHkkj] vknzZrk b- ?kVdkaP;k
ijLij lca/kkps fo”ys’k.k dsys tkrs- ,[kkn;k fBdk.kh v{kka”k o R;kph lkxj rGkiklwuph maph] LFkkfud
mBko] ¼ mapl[kyi.kk ½ izpfyr okjs v”kk vusd dkj.kkapk okrkoj.kkP;k izfdz;soj izHkko iMrks- FkksMD;kr
HkkSfrd gokeku”kkL= gokekukP;k fofHkUu ?kVdkapk vH;kl djrs o lkscrp gokekukph izknsf”kd fHkUurk
fuekZ.k dj.kk&;k ?kVdkaps fu;kstu djrs-
2- mi;ksftr fdaok O;kogkfjd gokeku”kkL= %&
;k “kk[kspk ewG mÌs”k gokeku vkf.k brj foKkukP;k ikjLikjhd lca/kkps foospu dj.ks gs vkgs- ;k varxZr
ekuoh thou vf/kd lq[ke; cufo.;klkBh gokekuklca/kh Kkukpk d”kk izdkjs mi;ksx dsyk tkbZy ;kpk
vH;kl mi;ksftr fdaok O;kogkfjd gokeku”kkL=kr dsyk tkrks- ;k varxZr gokekuke/;s gks.kkjs ifjorZu vkf.k
gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkauk la”kks/khr o ifjekthZr d:uekuoh fdz;k izfdz;kalkBh vf/kd vuqdwy
cufo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks- ;ke/kwup gokeku “kkL=kaP;k vusd ufou “kk[kkapk fodkl >kyk vkgs- mnk %&
d`’kh gokeku “kkL=] fpfdRlk gokeku”kkL= vkf.k okLrw gokeku”kkL= b-
3- izknsf”kd gokeku”kkL= %&
gokeku “kkL=kph gh “kk[kk gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkps izknsf”kd fHkUursP;k vk/kkjkoj oxhZdj.k djrs-
gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkapk R;k izns”kkr jkg.kk&;k yksdkaP;k “kkfjjhd oSf”k’V;s] olkgrh o R;kaph vFkZO;oLFkk
;koj iM.kk&;k izHkkokP;k foospukpk ;ke/;s lekos”k dsyk tkrks- gokeku izns”kkpk vkdkj o foLrkjkP;k
n`f’Vus txkps o`gn (Macro)gokeku izns”k] e/;e gokeku izns”k(meso)]lq{e gokeku izns”k
(micro)gokeku izns”k vls foHkktu d:u gokekukpk vH;kl dsyk tkrks-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-210803030553/85/1-climatology-syllabus-marking-system-introduction-9-320.jpg)
![gokeku”kkL=kP;k vH;klkps mfÌ’V]egRo fdaok oSf”k’V;s %&
1- gokeku”kkL=kr gokekukP;k fofo/k vaxkpk vH;kl dsyk tkrks-mnk %& rkieku] itZU;] okjs] ok;wHkkj b-
2- gokekukpk ekuokP;k thoui/nrhoj izHkko iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- ,[kkn;k izns”kkrhy yksdkapk vkgkj] iks’kk[k] ?kjs fdaok oLrh]
O;olk; lkekU; thou i/nrh ;koj rsFkhy gokekukpk izHkko >kysyk fnlwu ;srks-
3- i`Fohph fof”k’V dVhca/kkuwlkj foHkkx.kh >kysyh vkgs- R;koj lq/nk gokekukpk izHkko vlY;kus i`Fohoj fofo/krk fuekZ.k
>kysyh fnlrs-
mnk %& m’.k okGoaVh izns”k] Hkwe/; lkxjh izns”k] fgekPNkfnr izns”k] ioZrh; izns”k b-
4- gokeku”kkL=kr gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkapk vH;kl d:u izkd`frd gokeku”kkL= o izknsf”kd gokeku”kkL= b- pk vH;kl
dsyk tkrks-
5- gokekukaP;k ?kVdkapk izHkko ekuo] ouLirh] izk.kh] HkkSfrd ?kVd mnk-& e`nk] [kMd b- ?kVdkaoj fofo/k Lo:ikpk izHko
>kysyk fnlrks- ;k n`’Vhus gokeku “kkL=kps egRo fnlwu ;srs-
6- gokekukpk izHkko izkd`frd ?kVdkacjkscjp lkekftd]vkfFkZd] jktdh; ?kVdkaoj >kysyk fnlwu ;srks-
7- gokeku “kkL=kP;k mfÌ’Vkr txke/;s oknGs fdaok vkorZ] egkiwj] vo’kZu] vks>ksu {k;] Hkwdai]Tokykeq[kh] iznq’k.k b- Hk;kud
leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr- R;k n`f’Vus ofjy leL;k fuokj.;kdjhrk gokeku “kkL=kps egRo o vH;kl dj.ks egRokps Bjrs-
8- txkr fof”k’V Hkkxkr] fof”k’V izdkjps gokeku fnlwu ;srs- o gokekukojhy cnykpk vH;kl dj.ks gs gokeku “kkL=kps
mfÌ’V; vkgs-
9- gokekukP;k vusd ?kVdkapk ifj.kke vkiY;k “kkfjjhd o ckSfn~/kd {kersoj iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- R;k n`’Vhus gokekukpk vH;kl
dj.ks gs gokeku “kkL=kps mfÌ’V; vkgs-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-210803030553/85/1-climatology-syllabus-marking-system-introduction-10-320.jpg)
1. climatology syllabus, marking system & introduction
- 1. Gondwana University, Gadchiroli Mahatma Gandhi Arts Science And Late N.P. Commerce College, Armori Dist. Gadchiroli department of geography b.a.i sem – ii SUBJECT- climatology Topic- Climatology Syllabus , Marking System & Introduction of Climatology Presented By Dr. Vijay P. Gorde Assistant Professor of Geography M.A. B.Ed., NET, Ph.D.
- 2. gokeku”kkL= UNIT - 1 gokeku”kkL=kP;k O;k[;k] vFkZ] Lo:i o O;kIrh ,egRo gok vkf.k gokeku gosph vaxs okrkoj.kkph lajpuk o ?kVd lkSj”kDrh , lkSj”kDrhP;k forj.kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd i`Fohps rki larqyu fdaok vkSf’.kd larqyu UNIT - 2 rkieku , rkiekukP;k forj.kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd gosP;k rkiekukps HkkSxksfyd forj.k rkiekukph foijhrrk @ rkiekukpk myVkdze fdaok rkiekukps O;qRdze.k okjs , ok&;kps izdkj ok;qHkkj fdaok ok;qnkc, ok;qHkkjkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd ok;qHkkjkps tkxfrd forj.k
- 3. gokeku”kkL= UNIT – 3 vknzZrk ck’ihHkou no fcanw vkf.klkanzhHkou /kwds, <xkph @ es?kkaph fufeZrh izdkj o`’Vh , o`’Vhph :is itZU;kph fufeZrh , itZU;kps izdkj ok;wjk”khph fufeZrh ok;wjk”khps ofxZdj.k vk?kkMhph fufeZrh o Lo:i , vk?kkMhps izdkj UNIT – 4 vkorZ vkorkZps izdkj izR;korZ vkorZ o izR;korZ ;krhy Qjd - ekuoh thoukr gokekukps egRo FkkWUFkZosVP;k gokeku izns”kkps vk/kkj Dksisups gokeku izns”k , izns”kkps izdkj - tkxfrd rkiekuok< R;kps dkj.ks ifj.kke o mik;
- 4. Theory Paper Pattern Sr.No. Paper Pattern Marks 1 Theory 60 2 Internal Assessment 15 3 Practical Exam. 25 Total 100 Sr.no. Types of Question Question No. Marks Total 1. Shorts question Q.No. 1 (A) 1X6=06 12 (B) 1X6=06 2. Long question Q.No. 1 (A) 1X12=12 12 3. Long question Q.No. 1 (A) 1X12=12 12 4. Shorts question Q.No. 1 (A) 1X6=06 12 (B) 1X6=06 5. Objective question A,B,C,D,E,F 2X6=12 12 Total question 05 5X12=60 60 Gondwana University, Gadchiroli Geography Paper Pattern- Winter & Summer Examination
- 5. Gondwana University, Gadchiroli Mahatma Gandhi Arts Science And Late N.P. Commerce College, Armori Dist. Gadchiroli department of geography b.a.i sem – ii SUBJECT- climatology Topic- Defination Nature Scope of Climatology And Objective & Importance of Climatology Presented By Dr. Vijay P. Gorde Assistant Professor of Geography M.A. B.Ed., NET, Ph.D.
- 6. iz”u %& gokeku”kkL=kP;k O;k[;k] vFkZ] Lo:i o O;kIrh egRo o O;kIrh Li’V djk- mRrj %&gokeku”kkL= vFkkZr Climatology gk “kCn xzhd Hkk’ksrhy vlwu rks Klima + Logos ;k “kCnkiklwu cuysyk vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ Klima Eg.kts i`Fohpk mrkj o Logos Eg.kts R;kfo’k;hps o.kZu fdaok v/;;u gks;- ;sFks i`Fohpk mrkj gk v{ko`RrkalnHkkZr vkgs- ^^ i`Fohoj vk<Gwu ;s.kk&;k fofo/k gokekukpk oSKkfud n`f’Vdksukrwu vH;kl dj.kk&;k foKkukP;k “kk[ksyk gokeku”kkL= vls Eg.krkr-** 1- fdzp&fQYM P;k ers %& ** gokeku“kkL=kr gokekukps Lo:i Li’V d:u R;k gokekukP;k fHkUursph dkj.ks vkf.k R;k fHkUurs”kh ekuoh thou dls fuxMhr vkgs- ;kpk vH;kl dj.kkjs “kkL= Eg.kts gokeku”kkL= gks;-** 2- vkWfLVu feyj P;k ers %& ** okrkoj.kkP;k fn?kZdkyhu ljkljh fLFkrhps o.kZu dj.kkjs “kkL= Eg.kts gokeku “kkL= gks;-** 3- dksisu o Mh- ykWx ;kP;k ers %& ** gokeku R;kph vaxs R;kP;k forj.kkoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd rlsp izR;{k R;k ?kVdkps izknsf”kd forj.k Li’V dj.ks Eg.kts gokeku”kkL= gks;-** 4- fjys o LikWYVj ;kaP;k ers %& **fn?kZdkyko/khP;k okrkoj.kkP;k ljkljhpk vH;kl Eg.kts gokeku”kkL= gks;-**
- 7. gokeku”kkL=kps Lo:i %& i`FohP;k fofo/k Hkkxkr gokekuke/;s fHkUurk fnlwu ;srs- R;k gokekufo’k;d fHkUurspk Qjd fdaok ifj.kke ekuokP;k vUu] oL=] fuokjk ;k ewyHkwr xjtkaoj >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- ,o<sp uOgs rj ekuo vkiY;k ewyHkwr xjtk Hkkxfo.;kdjhrk ts fofo/k O;olk; djrkr- R;k O;olk;koj lq/nk gokekukpk izHkko iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- mnk- VaqMªk izns”kkr ,Ldheks] dygkjh okGoaVh izns”kkrhy cq”esu] fo’kqoo`Rrh; ouizns”kkrhy fiXeh ;kaP;k thou i/nrh gokekukuwlkj osxosxG;k fnlwu ;srkr- i`Fohrykoj fofo/k Hkkxkr jkg.kk&;k yksdkaps LokLFk] “kjhj oSf”k’V;s fofo/k izns”kkrhy fids] ekrh m|ksx] O;olk;] ouLirh] Hkwfemi;ksx bR;knh ?kVdkaoj gokekukpk izHkko eksB;k izek.kkoj iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- ;k lkscrp jkT;laLFksoj lw/nk gokekukpk ifj.kke >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- mnk- m’.k dVhaca/kh; izns”kkrhy gokeku m’.k vlysys fnlwu ;srs- mnk- vkf”k;k [kaMkrhy nf{k.ksdMhy ns”k o vkfQzdk [kaMkrhy dkgh ns”k rj lef”krks’.k dVhca/kkrhy gokeku leks’.k Lo:ikps fnlwu ;srs- mnk- la;qDr laLFkkus] ;qjksi [kaMkrhy dkgh ns”k R;kp izek.ks f”kr dVhca/kkrhy gokeku FkaM vlY;kus R;k fBdk.kh ekuoh olkgrhpk fodkl eksB;k izek.kkoj >kysyk fnlwu ;sr ukgh- mnk %& lScsfj;kpk izns”k] fxzuyWUM] vykLdk b- ofjy foospuko:u vls Li’V gksrs fd] gokeku gh izknsf”kd fHkUursph fdYyh vkgs- i`Fohoj loZ= ,dkp izdkjps gokeku vk<Gr ukgh- rj fujfujkG;k izns”kkr fofo/k izdkjP;k gokeku izdkjkapk vH;kl gokeku”kkL=kr dsyk tkrks- gokeku izdkjkaps Lo:i] rkieku] vknzZrk] ikÅl] gospk nkc] okjs b- gokekukP;k vaxkoj voyacwu vlrs- ;k vaxkP;k vH;klkiklwup gokeku”kkL=kph lq:okr gksrs-
- 8. gokeku”kkL=kph O;kIrh %& b-l- 1500 uarj Hkwxksyk”kkL=kP;k fodklkuarj gokeku“kkL=kpk vH;kl “kkL=h;n`’Vhus lq: >kyk- FkkWUFkZosV ;k Hkwxksy “kkL=KkP;k ers- gokeku”kkL=kpk vH;kl djrkauk okrkoj.k vkf.k Hkwry ;k nksUghps v/;;u vko”;d vkgs- R;kpizek.ks gokeku”kkL=kr {ks= fufj{k.k vko”;d vkgs- dkj.k {ks= fufj{k.kkf”kok; rsFkhy e`nk o izkd`frd ouLirh ;kaps Li:i Li’V gksr ukgh- 18 O;k “krdkaurj vusd uos la”kks/ku >kys T;ke/;s b-l- 1607 e/;s xWfyyh;ks ;kus rkiekid b-l- 1643 e/;s Vksjhjksyh ;k “kkL=Kkus ok;wHkkj ekid “kks/kwu dk<yk- rlsp 1735 e/;s tkWtZ gWMys ;kauh O;kikjh ok&;kph ekfgrh fnyh- rlsp vysD>kaMj OgkWu gEcksYV ;kauh izFker% b-l- 1817 e/;s udk”kkr lerki js’kkapk mi;ksx dsyk- R;kpizek.ks b-l- 1884 e/;s dksisu ;kauh txkrhy gokekukps ofxZdj.k dj.kkjk rlsp rkiekukps iÍs n”kZfo.kkjk txkpk udk”kk r;kj dsyk- gokeku “kkL=kP;k O;kIrh e/;s gokekukps Lo:i gok] gokeku] gosph vaxs] okrkoj.kkph jpuk] okrkoj.kkps ?kVd] lkSj”kDrh] rkieku] vknzZrk] o`’Vh] ck’ihHkou] no] /kwds] <x] itZU;] ok;wjk”kh] ok;wHkkj] gokekukps ofxZdj.k b- ?kVdkapk vHlkl izR;{k gokeku “kkL=kr dsyk tkrks- fdzpQhYM ;k “kkL=Kkus gokeku “kkL=kP;k rhu izeq[k “kk[kkauk ekU;rk fnyh vkgs- R;ko:u gokeku “kkL=kph O;kIrh vf/kd Li’V gksrs-
- 9. 1- HkkSfrd fdaok izkd`frd gokeku”kkL= %& izkd`frd gokeku”kkL=kr gok] gokeku R;kaps ?kVdmnk- rkieku] ok;wHkkj] vknzZrk b- ?kVdkaP;k ijLij lca/kkps fo”ys’k.k dsys tkrs- ,[kkn;k fBdk.kh v{kka”k o R;kph lkxj rGkiklwuph maph] LFkkfud mBko] ¼ mapl[kyi.kk ½ izpfyr okjs v”kk vusd dkj.kkapk okrkoj.kkP;k izfdz;soj izHkko iMrks- FkksMD;kr HkkSfrd gokeku”kkL= gokekukP;k fofHkUu ?kVdkapk vH;kl djrs o lkscrp gokekukph izknsf”kd fHkUurk fuekZ.k dj.kk&;k ?kVdkaps fu;kstu djrs- 2- mi;ksftr fdaok O;kogkfjd gokeku”kkL= %& ;k “kk[kspk ewG mÌs”k gokeku vkf.k brj foKkukP;k ikjLikjhd lca/kkps foospu dj.ks gs vkgs- ;k varxZr ekuoh thou vf/kd lq[ke; cufo.;klkBh gokekuklca/kh Kkukpk d”kk izdkjs mi;ksx dsyk tkbZy ;kpk vH;kl mi;ksftr fdaok O;kogkfjd gokeku”kkL=kr dsyk tkrks- ;k varxZr gokekuke/;s gks.kkjs ifjorZu vkf.k gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkauk la”kks/khr o ifjekthZr d:uekuoh fdz;k izfdz;kalkBh vf/kd vuqdwy cufo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk tkrks- ;ke/kwup gokeku “kkL=kaP;k vusd ufou “kk[kkapk fodkl >kyk vkgs- mnk %& d`’kh gokeku “kkL=] fpfdRlk gokeku”kkL= vkf.k okLrw gokeku”kkL= b- 3- izknsf”kd gokeku”kkL= %& gokeku “kkL=kph gh “kk[kk gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkps izknsf”kd fHkUursP;k vk/kkjkoj oxhZdj.k djrs- gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkapk R;k izns”kkr jkg.kk&;k yksdkaP;k “kkfjjhd oSf”k’V;s] olkgrh o R;kaph vFkZO;oLFkk ;koj iM.kk&;k izHkkokP;k foospukpk ;ke/;s lekos”k dsyk tkrks- gokeku izns”kkpk vkdkj o foLrkjkP;k n`f’Vus txkps o`gn (Macro)gokeku izns”k] e/;e gokeku izns”k(meso)]lq{e gokeku izns”k (micro)gokeku izns”k vls foHkktu d:u gokekukpk vH;kl dsyk tkrks-
- 10. gokeku”kkL=kP;k vH;klkps mfÌ’V]egRo fdaok oSf”k’V;s %& 1- gokeku”kkL=kr gokekukP;k fofo/k vaxkpk vH;kl dsyk tkrks-mnk %& rkieku] itZU;] okjs] ok;wHkkj b- 2- gokekukpk ekuokP;k thoui/nrhoj izHkko iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- ,[kkn;k izns”kkrhy yksdkapk vkgkj] iks’kk[k] ?kjs fdaok oLrh] O;olk; lkekU; thou i/nrh ;koj rsFkhy gokekukpk izHkko >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- 3- i`Fohph fof”k’V dVhca/kkuwlkj foHkkx.kh >kysyh vkgs- R;koj lq/nk gokekukpk izHkko vlY;kus i`Fohoj fofo/krk fuekZ.k >kysyh fnlrs- mnk %& m’.k okGoaVh izns”k] Hkwe/; lkxjh izns”k] fgekPNkfnr izns”k] ioZrh; izns”k b- 4- gokeku”kkL=kr gokekukP;k fofo/k ?kVdkapk vH;kl d:u izkd`frd gokeku”kkL= o izknsf”kd gokeku”kkL= b- pk vH;kl dsyk tkrks- 5- gokekukaP;k ?kVdkapk izHkko ekuo] ouLirh] izk.kh] HkkSfrd ?kVd mnk-& e`nk] [kMd b- ?kVdkaoj fofo/k Lo:ikpk izHko >kysyk fnlrks- ;k n`’Vhus gokeku “kkL=kps egRo fnlwu ;srs- 6- gokekukpk izHkko izkd`frd ?kVdkacjkscjp lkekftd]vkfFkZd] jktdh; ?kVdkaoj >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- 7- gokeku “kkL=kP;k mfÌ’Vkr txke/;s oknGs fdaok vkorZ] egkiwj] vo’kZu] vks>ksu {k;] Hkwdai]Tokykeq[kh] iznq’k.k b- Hk;kud leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr- R;k n`f’Vus ofjy leL;k fuokj.;kdjhrk gokeku “kkL=kps egRo o vH;kl dj.ks egRokps Bjrs- 8- txkr fof”k’V Hkkxkr] fof”k’V izdkjps gokeku fnlwu ;srs- o gokekukojhy cnykpk vH;kl dj.ks gs gokeku “kkL=kps mfÌ’V; vkgs- 9- gokekukP;k vusd ?kVdkapk ifj.kke vkiY;k “kkfjjhd o ckSfn~/kd {kersoj iMysyk fnlwu ;srks- R;k n`’Vhus gokekukpk vH;kl dj.ks gs gokeku “kkL=kps mfÌ’V; vkgs-