1. L E C T 43 Slides 120111 U R., E

S.G. PHADKE PROJECT OFFICER –UWSEIMP (ADB) PROJECT UDAY, UADD ,ON DEPUTATION FROM GOVT. OF M.P. PHED 12.01.2011-SRM UNIVERSITY CAMPUS ,KANCHIPURAM DIST. - CHENNAI SEWERAGE SYSTEMS – TRENDS IN DESIGN,CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (special reference to climate change) PRESENTED BY

CONTENTS WATER- WASTE WATER -SOLID WASTE 1 CLIMATE CHANGE - GLOBLE WARMING - GREEN HOUSE EFFECTS - GREENHOUSE GASES 3 ASPECTS OF WASTE WATER -SEWERAGE SYSTEM DESIGNS AND SPECIFICATIONS-EXECUTION-OPERATION &MAINTENANCE 2 FUTURE ACTION - MITIGATIONS - RESOLUTATIONS 5 POPULATION GROWTH - ECONOMIC GROWTH - CLIMATE CHANGE 4

How long can we survive without food? Several days How long can we survive without water? 2-3 days How long can we survive without air? A minute or two Can we choose the air we breathe and can we add nutrients to the air?

57.6 lakhs packed water bottles Indians buy every day 86 lakhs 650 ml beer bottles Indians buy every day 1.96 crores 300ml bottles of soft drinks Indians buy every day Delhi Edition 3 . FACT FILE

Causes of Death? (Every Year) 26000 3.5 Million 3 Million 1.8 Million

Diarrhoea – Silent killer! Every year it kills worldwide: - 3 Million children below 5 years of age 40 Million children are infested with gastro and related diseases In India every year: - In India 2.4 Million children do not celebrate their 5th Birthday due to deaths caused by contaminated water Every 80 Seconds one valuable life has to depart from this world due to contaminated water

During Evening /Morning Parade Root Cause of water pollution Open Defecation Domestic Wastewater = Sewage Black water = toilet wastewater yellow water = urine alone or + minimal flush water brown water Greywater = sewage - toilet wastewater domestic wastewater except toilet wastewater, or domestic wastewater except toilet & kitchen wastewater Reclaimed Water derived from sewage treated to a standard satisfactory for intended reuse Biosolids sludge not “solid waste” Of the 2.5 Billion people that defecate openly, some 665 million of these live in India. This is of greater concern as 88% of deaths from diarrhea occur because of unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. around 2.6 billion of the 6.86 billion on the planet have no access to any form of basic sanitation. Sanitation is a critical issue as it is linked to both human health and dignity. Poor sanitation is leading directly to a decline in the quality and quantity of available water resources,

GLOBLE WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE-- 83%--U-95% R-73% GLOBLE SANITATION COVERAGE-------59%--U--80% R-39% INDIA’S WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE-- 89%--U-96% R-82% INDIA’S SANITATION COVERAGE-------38%--U--58% R-18% FACT FILE

Collecting plastic bags from dumping ground, river side, ponds is a general scene. SOLID WASTE IS OF GREAT CONCERN TO OUR ENVIRONMENT AND SPECIALLY SEWERAGE SYSTEM.

Preventive Maintenance / Essential Care and Condition Monitoring (PM/ECCM) THREE PHASES OF TREATMENTS WATER WASTE WATER COLLECTION(INTAKE) COLLECTION(SEWERS AND SPH) TREATMENT(WTP) TREATMENT (STP) DISTRIBUTION (LINES &OHT) DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE : FOUR FOLDS PLANNING ORGANISING LEADING CONTROLLING

Cloaca MaximaLalupa, ancient Roman sewer, one of the oldest monuments in the ROMAN FOROUM View of the interior of the Cloaca Maxima

SEWERAGE SYSTEM-1(General) We have to bring the new concepts to work in difficult situations and not to neglect in tackling the safe disposal of liquid waste coming out from communities. We must conserve water bodies, natural water flows and aquifers at any cost. Design considerations and specifications need drastic changes. Need to change mindset of Engineers and community that services need money and can not be given free, taken for granted. Expenses on water are important but sanitation conditions can not be neglected by reasoning of paucity of funds. Need to think of sanitation in totality of waste water disposal, safe disposal of industrial effluent and solid waste management.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM-2 Planning, Design and Specification Issues- All nomenclature for sewerage system design need to be studied properly and techno economic proposal be drawn in the context of local conditions. In small towns onsite sanitation system with final disposal of effluent be ensured. When capital investments are assured for sewerage systems , operation & maintenance cost also to be arranged simultaneously. Holistic approach to connect sewers to each household simultaneously with sewer laying. Mostly sewerage system works are completed and sewer connections are not taken by the public or coverage is very slow. Pay for services should be rational and based on empirical formulae. Working in different soil conditions, dumping and marshy yards need to be redefined. Excavation by machine done protection of soil collapse need to be taken care . For tropical countries like ours sewage treatment methods requiring control of physics & chemistry of sewage generated and proposals based on high energy consumption not be to encouraged .

SEWERAGE SYSTEM-3 Considerations during designs and public awareness 1. Provide diaphragm chamber before the terminal chamber in case of hotels, lodges, hotels, cattle yards and community halls. 2. Provide grease trap in case of automobile service stations, petrol pumps 3. Never allow rainwater to enter the sewer 4. Fix the closet at least 0.9 m (3 feet) above the road level. 5. More than 8 closets may not be put on 100 mm (4 inches) dia sewer connection. Increase the sewer size accordingly. 6. Never throw clothes, rags, broken crockery's, vegetables in to sewer system 7. Never allow floor wash with heavy chemicals, paints, cements to flow into sewer system. 8. Provide gully, floor trap and gratings as per standards 9. Avoid possible rodent entry into sewer 10. Do not dump animal waste like cow dung etc. to enter sewer directly or indirectly. 11. Do not permit puncturing of manholes, removal of manhole covers. It may be the death-trap besides causing frequent chocking of sewers.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM-4 Causes of Sanitary Sewer Backups Root infiltration - Tree roots are a major cause of backups. Water inflow/infiltration - Rain water entering the sewer pipe causes overflows. Solids - Typical solids that buildup in the pipe and cause backups are grease, dirt, bones, tampons, paper towels, diapers, broken dishware, garbage, concrete, and debris. Structural defects in pipes and manholes - Sags in the line, cracks, holes, protruding laterals, misaligned pipe, offset joints are all possible causes of backups.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM-5 .Construction Activities- Depth and section for execution and it’s implicitly. Working in densely populated areas and heavy traffic conditions need to be explored. Safety and security at works. Working in night be allowed and in built in bid doc. Realistic period of work be given and proportionate completion ,if not done be panelized Water &waste water should get status of business, Like Industry work suffering during rains and festivals in India like Sankranti, Holi, Ganesh ,Durga Dashera&Diwali Mohram, Ed,Crismas days are lost for working on roads. Public criticism and complaints during execution of work need to be addressed immediately. The item of roads making good the same after sewer lying done be introduced separately to avoid public criticism .

TRENCH BOX -CAGE FOR SHORING JABALPUR

SEWERAGE SYSTEM-6 Use of ISI Marked RCC pipes V/S RCC Pipes conforming to IS Use of concept of Invert matching V/S Crown matching Use of NP4/NP3 Pipes V/S NP2 Pipes New sewage Treatment technologies V/S Conventional technology for Indian climate & conditions.

Running and maintenance aspects- Clean sewer lines on a regular basis to remove grease, grit, and other debris that may lead to sewer backups. Establish routine maintenance program. Cleaning should be conducted at an established minimum frequency and more frequently for problem areas such as restaurants that are identified . Cleaning activities may require removal of tree roots and other identified obstructions. During routine maintenance and inspection note the condition of sanitary sewer structures and identify areas that need repair or maintenance. Items to note may include the following: - Cracked/deteriorating pipes - Leaking joints/seals at manhole - Frequent line plugs blockage or repair is required where an overflow is currently occurring . Review previous sewer maintenance records to help identify “hot spots” or areas with frequent maintenance problems and locations of potential system failure.

Sewerage and Sanitation ISSUES OF CONCERN TODAY- Rehabilitation of sewerage systems must be taken up in all the cities where the sewerage system exists but has become non-functional. Total sanitation of cities and towns should be envisaged for approach of effective maintenance of sewerage system Wastewater treatment must be made mandatory for all sizes of urban centres. The smaller urban centres could use less capital-intensive technologies to reduce capital cost as well as maintenance cost of treatment.Technology Pollution of land or water body with untreated wastewater should be made punishable with fine. Recycling/ reuse of wastewater must be encouraged. Technical and financial assistance must be provided for this, if required. All agencies dealing with wastewater must prepare plans for cost recovery from this service. Private sector participation could be encouraged in managing this service to reduce public expenditure. Successful examples of people’s participation in contributing to the cost of construction of sewerage system (e.g. Alandur) must be examined and adopted in other urban centres of the country Motivation and public relations , public private participation need to be attracted to bring water and waste water on the platform of business.

Sewage Treatment METHODS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT_22 BIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL AEROBIC ANAEROBIC 1. SCREENS AND GRIT REMOVAL 2 .SEDIMENTATION 3 . PLATE SETTLERS 4 . SLUDGE THICKENERS 5 .VACUUM FILTERS 6 . CENTRIFUGES 7 .ION-EXCHANGE AN_1 . CONTACT BEDS AN_ 2 . UASB S AN_ 3 SLUDGE DIGESTERS AN_ 4 .ANAEROBIC PONDS SUSPENDED GROWTH ATTACHED GROWTH SG_ 4 .WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS SG_ 3 . AERATED LAGOONS SG_ 2 . EXTENDED AERATION SG_1 . ACTIVATED SLUDGE 8 .REVERSE OSMOSIS 9 .ULTRA-FILTRATION AG_1 . TRICKLING FILTERS AG_ 2 . ROTATING BIO-DISCS AG_3 . LAND TREATMENT AG_4 . ROOT ZONE REED BEDS AG_5 . VERMISTABILIZATION

EFFLUENT STANDARDS FECAL COLIFORM 3 1000 10000 1000 10000 FOR DISCHARGE INTO WATER FOR DISCHARGE ON LAND PARAMETERS SNO <30 BOD (mg/L) <100 1 <50 <200 SS (mg/L) 2 FECAL COLIFORM 3 Permissible (MAX.) Desirable (MIN.) Permissible Desirable FECAL COLIFORM 3

Effects of Global Warming More Heat Extremes Drought Rise in Sea Level Temporary Severe Cold Spell? Rapid Migration of Ecological Zones More Biomass but Lower Nutritional Value Meteorologists found that temperatures in the 1990’s were the highest in more than 100 years. Greenhouse Gases Water Vapor(Clouds) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous (N2O) and Nitric Oxides Ozone Transparent to visible light but absorb infrared

SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASES Global warming is due to natural cycle of Earth’s warming &cooling. Most scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the "greenhouse effect" Because of human activities Greenhouse Gas Emission Increases. To Much Greenhouse Gases Cause warming that results Climate Change.

Why should we care? Global average temperatures are expected to increase by about 2-13°F (1-7°C) by the end of the century. That may not sound like a lot, so what’s the big deal? The problem is that small changes in global average temperature can lead to really large changes in the environment. Let’s look at some of the expected changes.

Arctic sea- ice floating in the Arctic Ocean. The North Pole is among the world's most sensitive regions with regards to global warming (Photo: WWF)

Over 20 million people without access to safe water supply and 100 million without safe sanitation, No more than 300 of the country's 4,378 cities and towns have sewer systems, and many of those systems do not have treatment plants. The bulk of municipal sewage flows untreated into rivers, lakes or the sea. GLOBAL POPULATION-----6,862,000,000 (100 %) INDIA’S POPULATION-----1,120,300,000 (16.32 %) DURING 1990-2000 GLOBLE POPULATION INCREASED BY 15 % (5.226 TO 6.055 BILLION) IN LAST DECADE INCREASE IN URBAN POPULATION - 27.5 % WHILE RURAL POPULATION INCREASE IS ONLY - 8 % FACT FILE

In 2004, world population reached 6.56 billion, and is growing at an annual rate of 1.2 per cent, or 77 million people per year. In 1950, 68% of the world’s population was in developing countries, with 8% in least developed countries. Urbanization: Facts and Figures Global Facts and Figures In 1800, only 2% of the world’s population was urbanized In 1950, only 30% of the world population was urban. In 2000, 47%. of the world population was urban More than half of the world’s population is living in urban by 2010 By 2030, it is expected that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas. Almost 180,000 people are added to the urban population each day It is estimated that there are almost a billion poor people in the world, of this over 750 million live in urban areas without adequate shelter and basic services.

Urban Agglomerations, or More Mega Cities In 1950, there was only one city with a population of over 10 million inhabitants: New York City. By 2015, it is expected that there will be 23 cities with a population over 10 million. Of the 23 cities expected to reach 10 million plus by 2015, 19 of them will be in developing countries. In 2000 there were 22 cities with a population of between 5 and 10 million; there were 402 cities with a population of 1 to 5 million; and 433 cities in the .5 to 1 million category.

Estimated world population from 1950 to 2050

List of most populous cities in India- CENSUS-2001 MILLION PLUS TOWNS-27 CITIES West Bengal 1,007,532 Howrah Uttar Pradesh 1,091,918 Varanasi Maharashtra 1,193,512 Kalyan-Dombivali Uttar Pradesh 1,068,772 Meerut Haryana 1,055,938 Faridabad Gujarat 1,306,227 Vadodara Maharashtra 1,077,236 Nashik Maharashtra 1,012,472 Pimpri-Chinchwad Uttar Pradesh 1,275,134 Agra Punjab 1,398,467 Ludhiana Madhya Pradesh 1,437,354 Bhopal Maharashtra 1,262,551 Thane Madhya Pradesh 1,474,968 Indore Bihar 1,366,444 Patna Maharashtra 2,052,066 Nagpur Uttar Pradesh 2,185,927 Lucknow Rajasthan 2,322,575 Jaipur Uttar Pradesh 2,551,337 Kanpur Gujarat 2,433,835 Surat Maharashtra 2,538,473 Pune Gujarat 3,520,085 Ahmedabad Andhra Pradesh 3,637,483 Hyderabad Tamil Nadu 4,343,645 Chennai West Bengal 4,572,876 Kolkata Karnataka 4,301,326 Bangalore Delhi 9,879,172 Delhi Maharashtra 11,978,450 Mumbai

Sewage generation and treatment in Class I cities and Class II towns (2001 population basis) * Estimated sewage of the cities having STPs 1742.6 (6.0%) 22939 (78.7%) 14334 (49.2%) 8605 (29.5%) 6190 (21.3%) 29129 (100%) 893 ** All Class I cities and Class II towns 34.1 (1.15%) 2822 (95.2%) 2822 (95.2%) Nil 200 (>143*) (4.8%) (In 22 towns) 2965 (100%) 489 ** Class II towns having 0.5 to 1 lac population 1708.5 (6.5%) 20117 (76.9%) 11512 (44%) 8605 (32.9%) 6047(23.1%) (In 112 cities) 26164 (100%) 414 ** All the above Class I cities together 32.5 3696 3323 373 322 (In 36 cities) 4018 224 Class I cities having 1 to 2 lac population 4 4039 3235 804 768 (In 34 cities) 4807 119 Class I cities having 2 to 5 lac population 123 3351 2058 1293 485 (In 13 cities) 3836 32 Class I cities having 5 to 10 lac population 1549 9031 2896 6135 4472 (In 29 cities) 13503 39 Class I cities having more than 10 lac population Planned treatment capacity, MLD Total capacity gap, MLD (A+B) Sewage generation in cities having no STPs, MLD (B) Capacity gap in cities having STPs, MLD (A) Installed sewage treatment capacity, MLD Sewage generation, MLD Number of cities City category & population

WATER QUALITY CRITERIA Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria Below-E pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l E Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less D Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less C Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less B Outdoor bathing (Organised) Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less A Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection Criteria Class of water Designated-Best-Use

CHOICE OF WATER SOURCE FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESS - >3 1.5 TO 3 <1.5 FLORIDES (mg/L) >600 250 TO 600 50 TO 250 <50 CLORIDES (mg/L) <3.8 >10.3 3.8 TO 5 & 9 TO 10.3 5 TO 6 & 8.5 TO 9 6 TO 8.5 pH >20000 5000 TO 20000 100 TO 5000 50 TO 100 AVERAGE COLIFORM,MOST PROBABLE NUMBER(MNP) (PER 100ml.) >4 2.5 TO 4 1.5 TO 2.5 0.75 TO 1.5 AVERAGE BOD(5DAYS)(mg/L) REJECTABLE SOURCE POOR SOURCE GOOD SOURCE EXCELLENT SOURCE

What is Sustainable Development? Many definitions but can usefully think of SD in terms of 10 challenges: - Clean air - Transportation - Clean water - Housing - Food - Jobs - Energy - Waste disposal - Land use - Health care Key is integration across all three domains of SD: social, economic and environmental

Conclusion There are technological solutions to the crisis, but they demand political action. Together they comprise the Seven Steps to RESOLVE TODAY WE WATER ENGINEERS as ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER TOO for a sustainable world .Nothing unknown or new but to act with commitment: 1.Stop throwing waste in to the nature -Ban pollution of natural resources 2. Maximize Efficiency of water and waste water systems by changes in designs ,execution ,O&M & Conservation of water bodies , Water & Waste water schemes should be executed simultaneously and connectivity be included in project itself . 3.Transcend Fossil/Nuke , conserve energy 4.Convert to Renewable, do not use any thing which is not recyclable . 5.Go Organic , 6.Assure Social Democracy , 7.Empower Women/Control Population

The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems. –Mahatma Gandhi Quote's by Dr. A. P.J. Abdul Kalam "Look at the sky. We are not alone. The whole universe is friendly to us and conspires only to give the best to those who dream and work"

FOR TIME AND ATTENTION GIVEN [email_address] Tel.-R-0755-2499282 Mob. 98262-64526 THANK YOU...... “ A man ceases to be a beginner in any given science and becomes a master in that science when he has learned that he is going to be a beginner all his life.” GLIMPSES OF MY LECTURE AT SRM UNIVERSITY ,CHENNAI ON 12 JAN. 2011- FOLLOWS IN NEXT ppt

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