1 st class
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- 2. 2 OBJECTIVES • Get familiar with the most widely used words in agricultural engineering. • Be able to form simple phrases with the words learned in class. • Be able to name the pictures shown as a way to remember english names. • Focus on the useful vocabulary needed for further practice.
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- 4. 4 BASIC AGRICULTURAL LINGO AGRICULTURAL CYCLE • Seeding • Germination • Pollination • Irrigation
- 6. 6 GERMINATION Germination stages Vital conditions necessary for this process are: • Water • Air • Temperature • Energy • Viability • Enzymes
- 9. 9 Soil moisture probe: Used to report soil moisture at the root level. IRRIGATION Set up your irrigation system
- 10. 10 FARM SYSTEMS Get a rough idea of what kind yield we might expect at harvest.
- 11. 11 THE ANDES Big challenges in the Andes (Practice) Groundwater is difficult to extract in the Andes Crops are vulnerable to insect pests Crops are vulnerable to sprouts How can we reduce this vulnerability? By using chickens are predators By early harvesting Surface water sources are vulnerable to environmental changes Construct sentences using the following subjects • hydrological extremes • increasing wáter demand • A very dinamic land use as a result of rural development
- 12. 12 THE ANDES FOREST LINE (3000 TO 3500 M ALTITUDE) SNOW LINE (4500 TO 5000 M ALTITUDE)
- 13. 13 THE ANDES Andean biomes: • Páramo • Jalca • Puna SOIL QUINOA FIELDS
- 14. 14 HYDROLOGICAL EXTREMES Floods Droughts A man made basin built to act as a wáter reservoir A flood in Peru
- 15. 15 BIG CHALLENGES IN THE ANDEAN FIELDS • METEOROLOGICAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS • Such as precipitation, wind velocity, wind direction and so forth. • COMPLEXITY • DATA SCARCITY • Data scarcity, means too few data points often because it is difficult to get data or the data is small as compared to the amount needed. • THE SURFACE IS UNGAUDED OR POORLY GAUGED
- 16. 16 MAIN TYPES OF HUMAN INTERVENTIONS CULTIVATION Before you sow, what do you do? You plough the field.
- 17. 17 FACT Plowing makes soil porus which helps watter perculate deeper and retain moisture for longer times. Using draft animal to plough the fields Using agricultural machinery like a tractor
- 18. 18 SOME AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Tractor Notice the soil turned over. What is the name of the process being carried out? ……………………. A tractor is used to …………. fields.
- 19. 19 Impact sprinkler: Used to irrigate agricultural ……… SOME AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
- 20. 20 SOME AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY The roller is an …………………tool used for flattening land or breaking up large clumps of …….., especially after ploughing.
- 21. 21 THE ANDES Rain gauge meter Measuring equipment
- 22. 22 AFFORESTATION • Conversion of wasteland into a woodland or forest. • Transformation of land which has not been forested for a period of more than 40 year to Woodland through seeding and planting.
- 23. 23 GRAZING Graze.- Eat grass in a field Andean family taking their livestock to grazing pastures in The Andes, Perú. THE MOST COMMON ANDEAN LIVESTOCKS IN PERU: Llamas, Alpacas, Guanacos, and Vicuñas
- 25. 25 CASSAVA AND CASSAVA STARCH Donuts made of cassava starch
- 26. 26 CEREALS
- 27. 27 Rice crop Rice crop estimation and monitoring during irrigation is vital Crop protection: Tractor spraying soybean field
- 28. 28 Potato ……. Ear of corn
- 30. 30 This purple ………… is used to make a drink called “Chicha Morada” How many kernels does an ear of corn have? The average ear of corn has 800 kernels. Fun fact Every row of corn on a corncob has the same number of kernels.
- 31. 31 THE ANDES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Clean drinking water. Decomposition of wastes. Natural ………….. of crops and other plants.
- 32. 32 AGRICULTURAL MODELS CLIMATE: Precipitation, Potential evapotranspiration SOILS: Soil depth, plant available water content LAND USE/LAND COVER: Root depth, evapotranspiration coefficient WATERSHED: Main and sub-watersheds for point of interest WATER DEMAND: Volume per LULC class
- 33. 33 MODEL OUTPUTS • Actual evapotranspiration mm/year • Water yield mm/year • Water scarcity m3/year
- 34. 34 THE ANDES • HYDROLOGICAL responses • HYDROLOGICAL prediction • HYDROLOGICAL alteration • HYDROLOGICAL conditions • HYDROLOGICAL properties • HYDROLOGICAL extremes To practice pronountiation and special collocations