US History Ch. 10 Section 3 Notes
- 1. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Objectives • Understand how the United States military contributed to the Allied victory in the war. • Describe the aims of the Fourteen Points. • Analyze the decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference. • Explain why the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty ending World War I. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 2. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Terms and People • convoy – group of ships that traveled together for protection against German U-boats • Vladimir Lenin – radical communist leader who took over Russia in March 1917 • John J. Pershing – General who led American forces in Europe • Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for lasting peace through international openness and cooperation • self-determination – the right of people to choose their own form of government The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 3. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Terms and People (continued) • League of Nations – world organization to promote peaceful cooperation between countries • Henry Cabot Lodge – Republican Senator who opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles • reparations – payments for war damages • “irreconcilables” – Senate isolationists who opposed any treaty that included a League of Nations • “reservationists” – Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles as written but were open to compromise The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 4. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 How did Americans affect the end of World War I and its peace settlements? 1.When the United States entered World War I in the spring of 1917, the war was at a deadly, bloody stalemate along the Western Front. The American entry into the war would play a key role in the Allied victory. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 5. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 2. When the United States entered the war in 1917, Germany increased U-boat attacks, hoping to win the war before American troops could make a difference. Convoys of British and American ships, protected by warships, provided better safety at sea. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 6. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Several factors gave the Central Powers an advantage on land. • The Allies were exhausted from years of fighting. • Russia was torn apart by revolutions at home. • Communists gained control of Russia, and their leader Vladimir Lenin signed a treaty with Germany in 1918, ending Russian involvement in the war. • The closing of the Eastern Front allowed Germany to send more troops to the Western Front. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 7. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 In the spring of 1918, Germany began an all-out offensive on the Western Front. The attacks threatened to break through Allied defenses and open a path to Paris. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins More American soldiers began to arrive, and U.S. troops carried more of the burden of fighting.
- 8. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 3. General John J. Pershing turned millions of untrained American men into soldiers, then led them in France. • The arrival of American soldiers gave the Allies a military advantage. • They fought bravely in many battles. • By the end of the war, 1.3 million Americans had served at the front. More than 50,000 of them died. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 9. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 By the fall of 1918, the German front was collapsing. Many German and Austro-Hungarian soldiers deserted, mutinied, or refused to fight. 4. On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered to the Allies in Compiegne, France. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 10. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 The war took a huge toll on those involved. • Nearly 5 million Allied soldiers and 8 million Central Powers soldiers were killed in the fighting. • In addition, 6.5 million civilians died during the conflict. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 11. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 In early 1919, President Wilson traveled to Versailles, France for a peace conference. • He met with European leaders and presented a plan for peace based on his Fourteen Points. • 5. Wilson’s vision of a postwar world was grounded in the idea of “peace without victory.” The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 12. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Wilson’s Fourteen Points made specific proposals to promote future peace. Practice open diplomacy. • Allow freedom of the seas. • Encourage free trade. • Reduce arms stockpiles. • • Scale back colonialism. • Encourage self-determination of nations. • Establish a League of Nations. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 13. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Allied leaders at Versailles wanted reparations. • European leaders did not share Wilson’s vision of peace without victory. • They wanted Germany to pay for war damages. • They also wanted to protect European colonialism and expand their countries’ territories. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 14. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 One by one, Wilson’s Fourteen Points were rejected, leaving only the League of Nations. • The League of Nations was an organization where countries could come together to resolve disputes peacefully. • Wilson’s proposal to create a League of Nations was added to the Treaty of Versailles. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 15. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 The Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe and broke up the Ottoman Empire. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 16. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Wilson returned to face a hostile Senate, where two groups opposed the treaty. • The “reservationists,” led by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the treaty as written but were willing to negotiate changes. • The “irreconcilables” were isolationists who opposed the League of Nations. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 17. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Wilson was unwilling to compromise on the treaty. • On a speaking tour to promote the League of Nations in September 1919, Wilson became ill and suffered a stroke. • As he lay near death, the Senate voted, refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins
- 18. Chapter Section 25 3 Section 1 Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz The ColdWilson, War, and Peace War Begins